DDC-I

The origins of DDC International A/S lay in Dansk Datamatik Center, a Danish software research and development organization that was formed in 1979 to demonstrate the value of using modern techniques, especially those involving formal methods, in software design and development. Among its several projects was the creation of a compiler system for the programming language Ada. Ada was a difficult language to implement and early compiler projects for it often proved disappointments.Whitaker, "Ada—The Project", pp. 217–218. But the DDC compiler design was sound and it first passed the United States Department of Defense-sponsored Ada Compiler Validation Capability (ACVC) standardized suite of language and runtime tests on a VAX/VMS system in September 1984.Bundgaard, "The development of an Ada front end for small computers", p. 322. As such, it was the first European Ada compiler to meet this standard.Clemmensen, "Retargeting and rehosting the DDC Ada compiler system", p. 22.

Success of the Ada project led to a separate company being formed in 1985, called DDC International A/S, with the purpose of commercializing the Ada compiler system product.Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", p. 351. Like its originator, it was based in Lyngby, Denmark. Ole N. Oest was named the managing director of DDC International.Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", expanded version, p. 11. In 1986, DDC-I, Inc. was founded as the American subsidiary company.{{cite web |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_az/01900368 |title=DDC-I, INC. |publisher=OpenCorporates |access-date=September 20, 2015}} Located in Phoenix, Arizona, it focused on sales, customer support, and engineering consulting activities in the United States.

Image:Dansk Cardin and Textil Fabrik building in Lyngby.jpg

DDC-I established a business in selling the Ada compiler system product, named DACS, directly to firms, both as software to develop projects in Ada with, and as source code to computer makers and others, who would rehost or retarget it to other processors and operating systems.

The first business sold both native compilers and cross compilers, with the latter more common since Ada was primarily used in the embedded systems realm. One of the first cross compilers that DDC-I developed was from VAX/VMS to the Intel 8086 and Intel 80286; the effort was already underway by early 1985.Bundgaard, "The development of an Ada front end for small computers", p. 328. It began as a joint venture with the Italian defense electronics company Selenia that would target both their MARA-860 and MARA-286 multi-microprocessor computers, based on the 8086 and 80286 architectures, and generic embedded and OS-hosting 8086 and 80286 systems.DDC Ada Compiler Retargeter's Group, Newsletter No 2, pp. 35–36. This work was the start of what would become the largest-selling product line for the firm. DDC-I developed a reputation for quality Ada cross compilers and runtime systems for Intel 80x86 processors.Rehmer, "The HADS Team", p. 300.

The second business made use of what became termed the DDC OEM Compiler Kit,Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", pp. 354. who could be using the Ada front end for compilers to other hosts or targets or for other tools such as VLSI. In a September 1985 meeting in Lund, Sweden, several of the OEM Kit customers formed the DDC Ada Compiler Retargeter's Group.{{cite news |title=Products |magazine=Journal of Pascal, Ada & Modula-2 |date=March–April 1986 |volume=5 |page=70 }} It held at least three meetings over the course of 1985 and 1986. The early OEM customers included the University of Lund, Defence Materiel Administration, and Ericsson Radio Systems in Sweden; Softplan and Nokia Information Systems in Finland; Selenia and Olivetti in Italy; ICL Defence Systems and STL Ltd in the United Kingdom; Aitech Software Engineering in Israel; and Advanced Computer Techniques, Rockwell Collins, Control Data Corporation, and General Systems Group in the United States.DDC Ada Compiler Retargeter's Group, Newsletter No 1, pp. 7–8; No 2, pp. 5–7; No 3, pp. 13–15a.

Image:DDC International corridor 1990.jpg

Later developers were often less well versed in formal methods and did not use them in their work on the compiler.Bjørner and Havelund, "40 Years of Formal Methods", p. 48. This was even more so in the case of companies retargeting the compiler, many of which were unfamiliar with the Ada language.Rehmer, "The HADS Team", p. 306.Schilling, "Use of Ada in a Commercial, Small Company Environment", pp. 89–91.

DDC-I was in the same market as several other Ada compiler firms, including Alsys, TeleSoft, Verdix, Tartan Laboratories, and TLD Systems.{{cite news |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EFea26Iy2kQC&pg=PA57 |title=C, Ada & Lisp: A Tale of Three Languages |first=Ed |last=Acly |magazine=Computerworld |date=March 25, 1985 |page=ID-1}} (DDC-I would go on to stay in business longer than any of these others.)

As with other Ada compiler vendors, much of the time of DDC-I engineers was spent in conforming to the large, difficult ACVC tests.Rehmer, "The HADS Team", pp. 305, 306, 307.Rosen, "The Ada paradox(es)", p. 29.

Starting in 1988 and continuing for several years, DDC-I consultants collaborated with Honeywell Air Transport Systems to retarget and optimize the DDC-I Ada compiler to the AMD 29050 processor.Rehmer, "The HADS Team", pp. 299, 302. This DDC-I-based cross compiler system was used to develop the primary flight software for the Boeing 777 airliner. This software, named the Airplane Information Management System, would become arguably the best-known of any Ada-in-use project, civilian or military.{{cite news |url=http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1035608 |title=There's Still Some Life Left in Ada |first=Alexander |last=Wolfe |magazine=ACM Queue |date=October 2004 }} Also at http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/1040000/1035608/p28-wolfe.pdf{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Some 550 developers at Honeywell worked on the flight system and it was publicized as a major Ada success story.{{cite news |url=http://archive.adaic.com/projects/atwork/boeing.html |title=Boeing Flies on 99% Ada |publisher=Ada Information Clearinghouse |access-date=October 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105021316/http://archive.adaic.com/projects/atwork/boeing.html |archive-date=November 5, 2015 }}

Image:DDC-I New York office 1993.jpg

In October 1991, it was announced that DDC-I had acquired the Ada and JOVIAL language embedded systems business of InterACT, which had become a venture of Advanced Computer Techniques.{{cite press release |title=DDC International Acquires Cross Tools Business of InterACT; Forms New Business Unit |publisher=DDC-I |date=October 4, 1991}} This wholly owned New York-based entity was briefly named DDC-Inter before being subsumed into DDC-I proper. This brought Ada cross compilers for the MIL-STD-1750A and MIPS R3000 processors, and JOVIAL language cross compilers for the MIL-STD-1750A and Zilog Z8002 into the product line. The MIPS product was one which DDC-I emphasised, with engineering efforts that included automatic recognition of certain tasking optimizations,Schilling and Nielsen, "Automatic compiler recognition of monitor tasks", pp. 91, 100–102. and work in the U.S. Air Force-sponsored Common Ada Runtime System (CARTS) project towards providing standard interfaces into Ada runtime environments.Mancusi et al., "Real and Virtual Interrupt Support: The Mapping of a CARTS Feature to Two Different Architectures".Fergany et al., "The implementation of asynchronous entry calls on two different architectures".

At the end of 1993, the New York office was closed, and its work transferred to the Phoenix office.

By the early 1990s, DDC-I offered Ada native compilers for VAX/VMS, Sun-3 and SPARC under SunOS, and Intel 80386 under UNIX System V and OS/2, and offered cross compilers for the Motorola 680x0 and Intel i860 in addition to the abovementioned targets.{{cite news |title=DDC International News |publisher=DDC International A/S |date=Summer 1992}}{{cite news |title=Ada Validated Compilers List |publisher=Ada Information Clearinghouse |date=July 1, 1992 |pages=8–10}}

Image:DDC International corridor 1992.jpg

In the early 1990s, DDC-I worked on redesigning the compiler system for the wide-ranging Ada 95 revision of the language standard. They used a new object-based programming design and still adhered to a formal methods approach as well, using VDM-SL.{{cite report |title=A Practical Approach to Applying the Object Model to Construction of an Ada 9X Compiler System |first=Jørgen |last=Bundgaard |publisher=DDC-I |date=November 17, 1992}} The work was done under sponsorship of the European Community-based Open Microprocessor Initiative's Global Language and Uniform Environment -project (OMI/GLUE), where DDC-I's role was to create a compiler targeting the Architecture Neutral Distribution Format (ANDF) intermediate form, with the intention of bringing Ada 95 to more platforms quickly.Bundgaard, "An ANDF based Ada 95 compiler system", p. 436. As part of this work, DDC-I collaborated with the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency in expanding some of ANDF's abilities to express semantics of Ada and the fast-growing programming language C++.{{cite web |url=http://www.tendra.org/tdf-diag3 |title=TDF Diagnostic Specification |publisher=Defence Evaluation and Research Agency |date=July 30, 1998 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411073706/http://www.tendra.org/tdf-diag3 |archive-date=April 11, 2016 |url-status=dead }} Work in Ada-specific areas, such as bounds-checking elimination, was done to get optimal run-time performance.Møller, "Run-time check elimination for Ada 9X", pp. 122, 126–128.

The Ada software environment was originally thought to be a promising market.{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-11-25-fi-1680-story.html |title=Small Firms Capitalize on Pentagon Software |agency=Reuters |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=November 25, 1985}}

But the Ada compiler business proved to be a difficult one to be in.Rosen, "The Ada paradox(es)", p. 34. During this time, 1987–97, a U.S. government mandate for Ada use was in effect, albeit with some waivers granted.Sward, "The rise, fall and persistence of Ada", p. 71.

Many of the advantages of the language for general-purpose programming were not seen as such by the general software engineering community or by educators.Rosen, "The Ada paradox(es)", pp. 32–33. The sales situation was challenging, with periodic small layoffs. Despite consolidation among other Ada tool providers, DDC-I remained an independent company.{{cite book |title=Ada and Beyond: Software Policies for the Department of Defense |publisher=Committee on the Past and Present Contexts for the Use of Ada in the Department of Defense, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council |date=1997 |page=11}}

In any case, DDC-I was an enthusiastic advocate of the Ada language, for use in the companySchilling, "Use of Ada in a Commercial, Small Company Environment", pp. 89, 93. and externally. A paper one of its engineers published in 1993 assessed Ada 95's object-oriented features favorably to those of C++ and attracted some attention.Jorgensen, "A Comparison of the Object Oriented Features of Ada 9X and C++", pp. 140–141.

Image:DDC-I Phoenix office view 1993.jpg

At the same time, the firm attempted to expand and augment its product line. The RAISE toolset was available, as was Cedar, a design tool for real-time systems. Also offered was Beologic, a tool to develop and run state/event parts of applications, that had been licensed from Bang & Olufsen and integrated with the Ada compiler system.{{cite web |url=http://sw-eng.falls-church.va.us/ajpo_databases/products_tools2.html |title=Ada Products & Tools: Part 2 |publisher=Ada Joint Program Office |date=November 20, 1998}}

The biggest effort was in the direction of C++. DDC-I began offering 1st Object Exec, a C++-based real-time operating system intended for direct, object-level support of embedded applications.{{cite news |url=http://www.drdobbs.com/new-products/184402848 |title=DDC International A/S Introduces 1st Object Exec |magazine=Dr. Dobb's Journal |date=March 1994}} Despite considerable efforts during 1993–94, 1st Object Exec failed to gain traction in the marketplace.

The one area where Ada did gain a solid foothold was in real-time, high-reliability, high-integrity, safety-critical applications such as aerospace.Rosen, "The Ada paradox(es)", pp. 33–34.{{cite web |url=http://www.seas.gwu.edu/~mfeldman/ada-project-summary.html |title=Who's Using Ada? Real-World Projects Powered by the Ada Programming Language |first=Michael B. |last=Feldman |publisher=George Washington University |date=November 2014 |access-date=October 7, 2015 |archive-date=August 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831212010/http://www.seas.gwu.edu/~mfeldman/ada-project-summary.html |url-status=dead }}

Based on its experience with Honeywell and other customers, DDC-I acquired expertise in the mapping of Ada language and runtime features to the requirements of safety-critical certifications, in particular those for the DO-178B (Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification) standard, and provided tools for that process.Frost, "An Ada95 Solution for Certification of Embedded Safety Critical Applications", pp. 52–53

Such applications continued even after the Ada mandate was dropped in 1997.

For instance, in 1997 the firm was awarded a joint contract with Sikorsky Aircraft and Boeing Defense & Space Group's Helicopters Division to develop software to be used in the Boeing/Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche.{{Cite news|title=High-tech aircraft contract|url=http://phoenix.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/1997/05/19/daily11.html|newspaper=Phoenix Business Journal|date=May 23, 1997}}

In March 1998, DDC-I acquired from Texas Instruments the development and sales and marketing rights to the Tartan Ada compilers for the Intel i960, Motorola 680x0, and MIL-STD-1750A targets.{{cite press release |title=Texas Instruments appoints DDC-I Exclusive Distributor for Three Ada Products |publisher=DDC-I, Texas Instruments |date=March 13, 1998}}

Support for mixed language development was added in 2000 with the addition of the programming language C as part of DDC-I's mixed-language integrated development environment for SCORE (for Safety-Critical, Object-oriented, Real-time Embedded).{{cite web |url=http://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~dirk/ada-belgium/events/00/000314-sigada-b.html |title=DDC-I's New SCORE Ada System Uses Open Standards |work=Conference Announcements |publisher=SIGAda |date=March 2, 2000 |access-date=January 17, 2016}} Leveraging the ANDF format, the DWARF standardized debugging format, and the OMI protocol for communicating with target board debug monitors, SCORE was able to provide a common building and debugging environment for real-time application developers. Support for Embedded C++ was added to SCORE in 2003, by which time it could integrate with a variety of target board scenarios on Intel x86 and Power PC processors.{{cite web |url=http://docplayer.net/8078561-Ddc-i-s-score-technology-including-integration-with-ose-rtos.html |title=DDC-I's SCORE Technology – including Integration with OSE RTOS |publisher=DDC-I |access-date=January 11, 2016 }} The C and Embedded C++ compilers for ANDF came from a licensing arrangement for the TenDRA Compiler (later DDC-I became the maintainer of those compilers). Subsequently, Ada 95 support for the older 1750A and TMS320C4x processors was added to SCORE.{{cite press release|url=http://www.ddci.com/displayNews.php?fn=news_SCORE-for-TMS320C40-DSPs_release.php |title=DDC-I Announces Availability of SCORE Integrated Development Environment for TMS320C40 DSP |publisher=DDC-I |date=December 4, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072848/http://www.ddci.com/displayNews.php?fn=news_SCORE-for-TMS320C40-DSPs_release.php |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}

By April 2003 the industry move away from Ada and the declining position of the aircraft industry had taken its toll and DDC-I suffered significant financial losses.

DDC-I decided to close its Denmark office in Lyngby and move all operations to Phoenix.Bjørner, Gram, Oest, and Rystrøm, "Dansk Datamatik Center", expanded version, p. 2.

In September 2005, the company named Bob Morris, formerly of LynuxWorks, as its president and chief executive officer.{{cite press release|url=http://www.ddci.com/displayNews.php?fn=news_Bob_Morris_New_President_release.php |title=DDC-I Names Bob Morris as President and Chief Executive Officer |publisher=DDC-I |date=September 1, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216140711/http://www.ddci.com/displayNews.php?fn=news_Bob_Morris_New_President_release.php |archive-date=2016-02-16 }} Oest became Chief Technology Officer. In April 2006, DDC-I moved to new offices in northern Phoenix, stating that it was expanding and that it expected revenue to grow 40–50 percent over the previous year.{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060424005327/en/DDC-I-Moves-Headquarters#.VgUZ9peYH2Q |title=DDC-I Inc. Moves Headquarters |publisher=BusinessWire |date=April 24, 2006}}

Since 2006, the company has been contributing to the Java Expert Group for Safety Critical Java.{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/DDC-I+Joins+Safety-Critical+Java+Expert+Group-a0154576726|title=DDC-I Joins Safety-Critical Java Expert Group|publisher=The Free Library|date=November 17, 2006|access-date=August 25, 2010|archive-date=October 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021052952/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/DDC-I+Joins+Safety-Critical+Java+Expert+Group-a0154576726|url-status=dead}}

This work, which uses the Real-time specification for Java as a base and then specifies language and library subsets and coding rules for use to provide sufficient determinism, is seen by the firm's representatives as making Java possibly equal or superior to either Ada or C++ as a language for safety-critical applications.{{cite news |url=http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-19/issue-3/departments/opinion/java-computer-language-eyes-safety-critical-real-time-applications.html |title=Java computer language eyes safety-critical, real-time applications |first1=Johan O. |last1=Nielsen |first2=Alex J. |last2=Plans |magazine=Military & Aerospace Electronics |date=March 2008}}

The company has viewed the safety-critical Java profile as one that can help the defense industry deal with the issue of aging software and hardware applications.{{cite news |url=http://mil-embedded.com/articles/merging-software-contemporary-system-design/ |title=Merging legacy software into contemporary system design |first=Ole N. |last=Oest |magazine=Military Embedded Systems |date=April 2, 2008}}

By 2008, DDC-I was referring to Ada as a legacy language and offering semi-automated tools and professional services to help customers migrate to newer solutions.{{cite news |url=http://mil-embedded.com/articles/migrating-complex-embedded-systems/ |title=Migrating complex embedded systems |first=Ole N. |last=Oest |magazine=Military Embedded Systems |date=June 24, 2008}}

In November 2008, the company entered the embedded real-time operating system (RTOS) market with two products, Deos and HeartOS.{{Cite news |url=http://www.embedded.com/electronics-news/4136360/NEWS-DDC-I-enters-embedded-RTOS-market-with-Deos-and-HeartOS |title=News: DDC-I enters embedded RTOS market with Deos and HeartOS |magazine=EE Times |date=November 17, 2008 |first=Bernard |last=Cole}}{{Cite press release|url=http://embedded-computing.com/ddc-i-purpose-rtos-offerings |title=DDC-I Enters Embedded RTOS Market |magazine=Embedded Computing Design |date=November 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710191240/http://embedded-computing.com/ddc-i-purpose-rtos-offerings |archive-date=2011-07-10 }}{{Cite press release |url=http://www.mil-embedded.com/news/db/?14280 |title=DDC-I Announces Highest Performance and Most Readily Certifiable Safety-Critical RTOS |magazine=Military Embedded Systems |date=November 17, 2008}} Both were based on underlying software technology originated at Honeywell International and already deployed on many commercial and military aircraft. As part of the action, DDC-I hired some of the key Honeywell engineering staff who had designed Deos.

Other firms in the same RTOS market segment as DDC-I include LynuxWorks, Wind River Systems, SYSGO, and Express Logic.{{cite news |url=http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/topstories/Real-Time-Operating-Systems-Addressing-the-Certification-Security-and-Standards-Dilemmas_81672.html#.ViS_qyuYH2Q |title=Real Time Operating Systems Addressing the Certification, Security and Standards Dilemmas |first=Ed |last=McKenna |magazine=Avionics |date=April 2014}}

Following its entry into the RTOS market segment in 2008, products and services associated with the Deos RTOS quickly became the core business focus and primary area of R&D investment for DDC-I. Major additions to the Deos product line and the year of introduction include: 2011 - ARINC 653 interface support, 2014 - expansion of support for ARM Cortex-A based processors in addition to the existing support for x86 and PowerPC processors, 2015 - addition of support for the Future Airborne Capability Environment (FACE) Safety Base Operating System Segment (OSS) profile, 2017 - multicore processor support via its SafeMC Technology, 2019 - received FACE Conformance Certificate for OSS Safety Base profile to FACE Technical Standard, Edition 3.0, 2021 - first RTOS to receive a FACE Conformance Certificate for OSS Safety Base and Extended profiles to FACE Technical Standard, Edition 3.1, 2023 - completion of second multicore DO-178C Design Assurance Level A (DAL A) verification on multiple ARM and PowerPC processors.

• Deos is a time and space partitioned real-time operating system (RTOS) that was first certified to DO-178B DAL A in 1998. Deos contains several patented architectural features including enhancements for processor utilization, binary software reuse and safe scheduling for multi-core processors. Deos users have the ability to add on optional ARINC 653 personality modules designed to fit different application needs. Deos supports the processors ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, and x86, and is supported by popular SSL/TLS libraries such as wolfSSL.{{Cite web|url=http://www.embeddedstar.com/weblog/2010/04/15/ddci-do178b-powerquicc/|last=Cheung|first=Ken|title=DDC-I Deos RTOS Supports Freescale e300 and e500 Core|publisher=Embeddedstar|access-date=2010-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620005650/http://www.embeddedstar.com/weblog/2010/04/15/ddci-do178b-powerquicc/|archive-date=2010-06-20|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-products/processors/4113260/DDC-I-s-Safety-Critical-RTOS-now-available-for-Intel-s-Atom-CPU|last=Cole|first=Bernard|title=DDC-I's Safety-Critical RTOS now available for Intel's Atom CPU|magazine=EETimes|date=September 22, 2009}} It was listed as one of the Hot 100 Electronic Products of 2009 by EDN magazine.{{Cite web|url=http://www.edn.com/article/458392-The_Hot_100_Electronic_Products_of_2009.php |title=The Hot 100 Electronic Products of 2009 |magazine=EDN |date=December 15, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403034306/http://www.edn.com/article/458392-The_Hot_100_Electronic_Products_of_2009.php |archive-date=April 3, 2012 }}
• HeartOS is a POSIX-based hard real-time operating system, designed for small to medium embedded applications including safety-critical types. It supports ARM, PowerPC, x86{{Cite web|url=http://www.drdobbs.com/embedded-systems/224000177;jsessionid=1AYJC20GMZP1FQE1GHRSKH4ATMY32JVN|title=HeartOS RTOS Support for ARM Processor|magazine=Dr. Dobb's|date=March 19, 2010}} and other 16-bit and 32-bit processors. It is configurable without the POSIX interface layer for memory-constrained systems.
• OpenArbor is an Eclipse-based integrated development environment for C, Embedded C++, and Ada application development. It was announced in 2007.{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20071015005398/en/DDC-I-Announces-Eclipse-Based-Mixed-Language-Development-Suite |title=DDC-I Announces Eclipse-Based Mixed Language Development Suite for Real-Time Embedded Development |publisher=Business Wire |date=October 15, 2007}}
• SCORE is a mixed-language set of integrated tools for safety-critical, object-oriented, real-time embedded software applications, supporting Ada, C, and Embedded C++ applications for a variety of embedded architectures.{{cite web |url=http://www.ddci.com/products_SCORE.php |title=SCORE (Safety Critical, Object-oriented, Real-time Embedded) Mixed-Language Integrated Development Environment |publisher=DDC-I |access-date=January 10, 2016}}
• Legacy Ada 83 and JOVIAL compiler system products also continue to be supported.{{cite web |url=http://www.ddci.com/products_Legacy.php |title=Mature Development Systems, Field Proven on Hundreds of Applications |publisher=DDC-I |access-date=January 10, 2016}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book |first1=Dines |last1=Bjørner |first2=Christian |last2=Gram |first3=Ole N. |last3=Oest |first4=Leif |last4=Rystrøm |chapter=Dansk Datamatik Center |editor-first= John |editor-last=Impagliazzo |editor2-first=Per |editor2-last=Lundin |editor3-first=Benkt |editor3-last=Wangler |title=History of Nordic Computing 3: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |pages=350–359}} A slightly expanded version of this chapter is available online at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221271386_Dansk_Datamatik_Center. A further expanded version is part of Bjørner's online memoir at http://www.imm.dtu.dk/~dibj/trivia/node5.html. A slides presentation by Gram based on the paper is available online as [http://dsv.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.113460.1355384755!/menu/standard/file/GramDDC_History_1.pdf Why Dansk Datamatik Center?]
• {{cite conference |contribution=40 Years of Formal Methods: Some Obstacles and Some Possibilities? |first1=Dines |last1=Bjørner |first2=Klaus |last2=Havelund |title=FM 2014: Formal Methods: 19th International Symposium, Singapore, May 12–16, 2014. Proceedings |publisher=Springer |pages=42–61}}
• {{cite conference |contribution=The development of an Ada front end for small computers |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=324426.324403&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=714561176&CFTOKEN=13720305 |first=Jørgen |last=Bundgaard |date=May 1985 |title=SIGAda '85: Proceedings of the 1985 annual ACM SIGAda international conference on Ada |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=321–328}}
• {{cite conference |contribution=An ANDF based Ada 95 compiler system |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=376718&CFID=572092371&CFTOKEN=62697441 |first=Jørgen |last=Bundgaard |title=Proceedings of the conference on TRI-Ada '95, November 5–10, 1995 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=436–445 }}
• {{cite conference |contribution=Formal specification and development of an Ada compiler – a VDM case study |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=800054.802002&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=714561176&CFTOKEN=13720305 |first1=Geert B. |last1=Clemmensen |first2=Ole N. |last2=Oest |title=ICSE '84 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Software engineering |publisher=IEEE Press |date=March 1984 |pages=430–440}}
• {{cite journal |title=Retargeting and rehosting the DDC Ada compiler system: A case study – the Honeywell DPS 6 |first=Geert B. |last=Clemmensen |journal=ACM SIGAda Ada Letters |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=January 1986 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1145/382256.382794|s2cid=16337448 }}
• {{cite conference |title=Newsletter |conference=DDC Ada Compiler Retargeter's Group |volume=1 |date=November 1985}}
• {{cite conference |title=Newsletter |conference=DDC Ada Compiler Retargeter's Group |volume=2 |date=August 1986}}
• {{cite conference |title=Newsletter |conference=DDC Ada Compiler Retargeter's Group |volume=3 |date=December 1986}}
• {{cite conference |contribution=The implementation of asynchronous entry calls on two different architectures |first1=Adel |last1=Fergany |first2=Leland |last2=Szewerenko |first3=Moshe |last3=Rabinowitz |first4=Eliezer N. |last4=Solomon |first5=Marc |last5=Pitarys |first6=Clive L. |last6=Benjamin |title=NAECON 1993: Proceedings of the IEEE 1993 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference, May 24–28, 1993 |pages=486–495 }}
• {{cite encyclopedia |first1=John S. |last1=Fitzgerald|first2= Peter Gorm |last2= Larsen|first3= Marcel |last3=Verhoef |editor-last=Wah |editor-first=Benjamin W. |encyclopedia=Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering |title=Vienna Development Method |year=2009 |publisher=Wiley |pages=2971–2982 }}
• {{cite conference |contribution=An Ada95 Solution for Certification of Embedded Safety Critical Applications |first=Jacob |last=Frost |url= |title=Reliable Software Technologies – Ada-Europe '99 |pages=52–63}}
• {{cite conference |contribution=The RAISE Specification Language: A Tutorial |first=Chris |last=George |title=VDM '91: Formal Software Development Methods: 4th International Symposium of VDM Europe, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, October 1991, Proceedings |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=2 |pages=238–319}}
• {{cite journal |title=A portable virtual machine for Ada |first=Leif |last=Ibsen |journal=Software: Practice and Experience |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=17–29 |date=January 1984 |doi=10.1002/spe.4380140104|s2cid=206508565 }}
• {{cite conference |contribution=A Comparison of the Object Oriented Features of Ada 9X and C++ |first=Jesper |last=Jorgensen |url= |title=Ada-Europe '93: 12th Ada-Europe International Conference, Paris, France, June 14–18, 1993. Proceedings |pages=125–141}}
• {{cite conference |contribution=Real and Virtual Interrupt Support: The Mapping of a CARTS Feature to Two Different Architectures |first1=Richard |last1=Mancusi |first2=Joyce L. |last2=Tokar |first3=Moshe |last3=Rabinowitz |first4=Eliezer N. |last4=Solomon |first5=Marc |last5=Pitarys |first6=Clive L. |last6=Benjamin |title=Ada-Europe '93: 12th Ada-Europe International Conference, Paris, France, June 14–18, 1993. Proceedings |pages=314–329}}
• {{cite conference |contribution=Run-time check elimination for Ada 9X |first=Peter Lützen |last=Møller |title=Proceedings of the conference on TRI-Ada '94, November 6–11, 1994 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=122–128 }}
• {{cite book |chapter=The HADS Team |first=Karl |last=Rehmer

| year= 2009 |title=Beautiful Teams: Inspiring and Cautionary Tales from Veteran Team Leaders |editor-first=Andrew |editor-last=Stellman |editor2-first= Jennifer |editor2-last=Greene |publisher=O'Reilly |location=Sebastopol, California |pages=299–312}}

• {{cite journal |first=Jean-Pierre |last=Rosen |title=The Ada paradox(es)

| date=September 2009 |journal=ACM SIGAda Ada Letters |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=28–35 |doi=10.1145/1620593.1620597|s2cid=608405 }}

• {{cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107622 |title=An Interview with Oscar Schachter |publisher=Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota |interviewer=Thomas Haigh |date=7 May 2004}}[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68568693 WorldCat entry]
• {{cite conference |contribution=Use of Ada in a Commercial, Small Company Environment |title=WADAS '93 Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Washington Ada symposium on Ada: June 28 – July 1, 1993 |first=Jonathan L. |last=Schilling |publisher=ACM |pages=89–94 }}
• {{cite journal |first1=Jonathan L. |last1=Schilling |first2=Johan Olmütz |last2=Nielsen| title=Automatic compiler recognition of monitor tasks

| date=May–June 1994 |journal=ACM SIGAda Ada Letters |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=91–104 | doi=10.1145/181468.181474|s2cid=17557993 }}

• {{cite conference |contribution=The rise, fall and persistence of Ada |first=Ricky E. |last=Sward |date=November 2010 |title=SIGAda '10: Proceedings of the ACM SIGAda annual international conference on SIGAda |pages=71–74 |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1879063.1879081&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=551420221&CFTOKEN=60383966 }}
• {{cite book |chapter=Ada—The Project: The DoD High Order Language Working Group |first=William A. |last=Whitaker

| year= 1996 |title=History of Programming Languages—II |chapter-url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=234286.1057816&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=714561176&CFTOKEN=13720305 |editor-first=Thomas J. |editor-last=Bergin |editor2-first= Richard G. |editor2-last=Gibson |publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional |pages=173–232 |isbn=9780201895025 }}

{{refend}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

Image:DDC-I mug.jpg

• {{Official website|www.ddci.com}}
• [https://www.nxp.com/webapp/connect/displayPartnerProfile.sp?partnerId=1%2BM%2B3633&fsrch=1&sr=1&pageNum=1 NXP Semiconductors – Registered Partner entry]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ddc-i, Inc.}}

Category:Software companies based in Arizona

Category:Software companies of Denmark

Category:Companies based in Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality

Category:Companies based in Phoenix, Arizona

Category:Technology companies established in 1985

Category:1985 establishments in Denmark

Category:2003 disestablishments in Denmark

Category:1986 establishments in Arizona

Category:Development software companies

Category:Ada (programming language)

Category:Software companies of the United States