Dagger

File:Dagger Iran Luristan 2600-2350 BCE Bronze.jpg, Iran, 2600–2350 BCE]]

File:Poignard 0.188.1 2 fond.jpg dagger from the Muséum de Toulouse]]

File:Puñal íbero de frontón (M.A.N.) 01.jpg

File:Bronze age, Kurdistan, Sine.jpg, Museum of Sanandaj]]

File:Puñal ibero de Almedinilla - M.A.N.jpg

{{See also|Chronology of bladed weapons}}

The earliest daggers were made of materials such as flint, ivory or bone in Neolithic times.

Copper daggers appeared first in the early Bronze Age, in the 3rd millennium BC,Sheridan, Alison, A Beaker Period Copper Dagger Blade from the Silees River near Ross Lough, Co. Fermanagh, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 56 (1993), pp. 61–62 and copper daggers of Early Minoan III (2400–2000 BC) were recovered at Knossos.C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes Knossos fieldnotes, Modern Antiquarian (2007)]

File:Persepolis-Darafsh 1 (107).JPG, a type of ancient dagger, worn by an Achaemenid guard in Persepolis, Iran]]

In ancient Egypt, daggers were usually made of copper or bronze, while royalty had gold weapons. At least since pre-dynastic Egypt,Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards, Cyril John Gadd, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, 1970 ({{circa|3100 BC}}) daggers were adorned as ceremonial objects with golden hilts and later even more ornate and varied construction. One early silver dagger was recovered with a midrib design. The 1924 opening of the tomb of Tutankhamun revealed two daggers, one with a gold blade, and one of smelted iron. It is held that mummies of the Eleventh Dynasty were buried with bronze sabres; and there is a bronze dagger of Thut-mes III. (Eighteenth Dynasty), {{circa|B.C. 1600}}, and bronze armour, swords and daggers of Mene-ptah II. of the (Nineteenth Dynasty) {{circa|B.C 1300}}.{{cite book |last1=Burton |first1=Richard F. |title=The Book of the Sword |url=https://archive.org/details/booksword00unkngoog |date=1884 |publisher=London Chatto & Windus |location=Piccadilly |page=[https://archive.org/details/booksword00unkngoog/page/n122 80]}}

Iron production did not begin until 1200 BC, and iron ore was not found in Egypt, making the iron dagger rare, and the context suggests that the iron dagger was valued on a level equal to that of its ceremonial gold counterpart.{{cite book|title =Tutankhamun's armies: battle and conquest during ancient Egypt's late eighteenth dynasty|author =Jay Cassell|editor=Peter J. Fiduccia|publisher =John Wiley and Sons|year=2007|page=77 |isbn =978-0-471-74358-3}} These facts, and the composition of the dagger had long suggested a meteoritic origin,{{cite web

| url =http://www.incose-cc.org/king-tutankhamuns-dagger/

| title =King Tutankhamun's Dagger

| last =Anderson

| first =George

| date =1 March 2010

| publisher =INCOSE Chesapeake Chapter

| access-date =5 June 2016

| quote =History is replete with eyewitness accounts of meteors falling from the sky and impacting the earth. Further, there is a continuous record of metal being recovered from the meteoric remnants and frequently being described or labeled as meteoric iron.

| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20181008161104/http://www.incose-cc.org/king-tutankhamuns-dagger/

| archive-date =8 October 2018

| url-status =dead

}} however, evidence for its meteoritic origin was not entirely conclusive until June 2016 when researchers using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry confirmed similar proportions of metals (Iron, 10% nickel, and 0.6% cobalt) in a meteorite discovered in the area, deposited by an ancient meteor shower.

{{cite journal

| title =The meteoritic origin of Tutankhamun's iron dagger blade

| journal =Meteoritics & Planetary Science

| volume =51

| issue =7

| pages =1301–1309

| publisher = Wiley Online

| doi =10.1111/maps.12664 |year =2016

| last1 =Comelli

| first1 =Daniela

| last2 =d'Orazio

| first2 =Massimo

| last3 =Folco

| first3 =Luigi

| bibcode =2016M&PS...51.1301C|display-authors=etal |doi-access =free

| hdl =11568/794614

| hdl-access =free

}}"Early View (Online Version of Record published before inclusion in a printed issue)".

{{cite news

| last =Panko

| first =Ben

| title =King Tut's dagger made from an ancient meteorite

| newspaper =Science

| publisher =American Association for the Advancement of Science

| date =2 June 2016

| url =https://www.science.org/content/article/king-tut-s-dagger-made-ancient-meteorite

| access-date =5 June 2016}}

One of the earliest objects made of smelted iron is a dagger dating to before 2000 BC, found in a context that suggests it was treated as an ornamental object of great value. Found in a Hattic royal tomb dated about 2500 BC, at Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia, the dagger has a smelted iron blade and a gold handle.{{cite book |title =Out of the fiery furnace: the impact of metals on the history of mankind |author =Robert Raymond |publisher =Penn State Press |year =1986 |page=[https://archive.org/details/outoffieryfurnac0000raym/page/61 61] |isbn =978-0-271-00441-9 |url =https://archive.org/details/outoffieryfurnac0000raym/page/61 }}

The artisans and blacksmiths of Iberia in what is now southern Spain and southwestern France produced various iron daggers and swords of high quality from the 5th to the 3rd century BC, in ornamentation and patterns influenced by Greek, Punic (Carthaginian), and Phoenician culture.Wise, Terence, Armies of the Carthaginian Wars, 265–146 BC, London: Osprey Publishing Ltd., {{ISBN|0-85045-430-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-85045-430-7}} (1982), pp. 20–21Keay, Simon (Prof.), [http://www.swanhellenic.com/library/phoenicians-carthaginians-and-romans-in-southern-iberia-13715.html Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Romans in Southern Iberia] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907090040/http://www.swanhellenic.com/library/phoenicians-carthaginians-and-romans-in-southern-iberia-13715.html |date=2011-09-07 }}, Swan Hellenic's Online Library & Archive, 30 June 2011, retrieved 2 August 2011 The exceptional purity of Iberian iron and the sophisticated method of forging, which included cold hammering, produced double-edged weapons of excellent quality. One can find technologically advanced designs such as folding knives rusted among the artifacts of many Second Iberian Iron Age cremation burials or in Roman Empire excavations all around Spain and the Mediterranean.De Fontcuberta, Eduardo A., Bandolero Blades, Tactical-Life.com, Tactical Knives (September 2010), retrieved 13 August 2011 Iberian infantrymen carried several types of iron daggers, most of them based on shortened versions of double-edged swords, but the true Iberian dagger had a triangular-shaped blade. Hannibal and his Carthaginian armies later adopted Iberian daggers and swords. The Lusitanii, a pre-Celtic people dominating the lands west of Iberia (most of modern Portugal and Extremadura) successfully held off the Roman Empire for many years with a variety of innovative tactics and light weapons, including iron-bladed short spears and daggers modeled after Iberian patterns.

During the Roman Empire, legionaries were issued a pugio (from the Latin {{lang|la|pugnō}}, or "fight"), a double-edged iron thrusting dagger with a blade of {{convert|7-12|in|cm|abbr=on}}. The design and fabrication of the pugio was taken directly from Iberian daggers and short swords; the Romans even adopted the triangular-bladed Iberian dagger, which they called the parazonium. Like the gladius, the pugio was most often used as a thrusting (stabbing weapon). As an extreme close-quarter combat weapon, the pugio was the Roman soldier's last line of defense. The pugio was a convenient utility knife when not in battle.{{cite book |title =A concise dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities |url =https://archive.org/details/aconcisediction00corngoog |author =Sir William Smith |publisher =Murray |year=1898 |page=[https://archive.org/details/aconcisediction00corngoog/page/n75 66] |editor=Francis Warre Cornish }}

{{further|Anelace|Baselard|Bollock dagger|Misericorde (weapon)|Rondel dagger}}

The term dagger appears only in the Late Middle Ages, reflecting the fact that while the dagger had been known in antiquity, it had disappeared during the Early Middle Ages, replaced by the hewing knife or seax.Underwood, Richard (1999) Anglo-Saxon Weapons and Warfare Stroud, England: Tempus, {{ISBN|0-7524-1910-2}} p70.Gale, David (1989) The Seax in Weapons and Warfare in Anglo-Saxon England Oxford, England: Oxbow {{ISBN|0-947816-21-6}}

File:De Fechtbuch Talhoffer 169.jpg (1467)]]

The dagger reappeared in the 12th century as the "knightly dagger", or more properly, cross-hilt or quillon dagger,Capwell, p. 28 and Thompson, p. 25. The term "quillon" is a modern invention, though it is commonly used and was developed into a common arm and tool for civilian use by the late medieval period.{{cite book |title =Knight |author =Christopher Gravett |publisher =Penguin |year=2007 |page=17 |isbn = 978-0-7566-6762-7}}

File:ReproMedievalDaggers.JPG, Rondel dagger, and a Quillon dagger]]

The earliest known depiction of a cross-hilt dagger is the so-called "Guido relief" inside the Grossmünster of Zürich ({{circa|1120}}).Daniel Gutscher, Das Grossmünster in Zürich (1983), 120–121, 214–215. Some depictions of the fully developed cross-hilt dagger are found in the Morgan Bible ({{circa|1240}}). Many of these cross-hilt daggers resemble miniature swords, with cross guards and pommels very similar in form to swords of the period.See Thompson, p. 10 and Peterson, plate 25, for good examples of this type in the Museum of London Others, however, are not an exact match to known sword designs, having for instance pommel caps, large hollow star shaped pommels on so-called "Burgundian Heraldic daggers" or antenna style cross and pommel, reminiscent of Hallstatt era daggers.See Capwell pp. 28, 122-123, Thompson pp. 24-25, and Peterson plates 26-29 The cross-hilt type persisted well into the RenaissancePeterson plate 46 and Dean p.96, No. 100

The Old French term dague appears to have referred to these weapons in the 13th century, alongside other terms such as poignal and basilard. The Middle English dagger is used from the 1380s.

During this time, the dagger was often employed in the role of a secondary defense weapon in close combat. The knightly dagger evolved into the larger baselard knife in the 14th century. During the 14th century, it became fairly common for knights to fight on foot to strengthen the infantry defensive line. This necessitated more use of daggers. At Agincourt (1415) archers used them to dispatch dismounted knights by thrusting the narrow blades through helmet vents and other apertures.{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Logan |title=Daggers and Bayonets |url=https://archive.org/details/daggersbayonetsh00thom |url-access=limited |date=1999 |publisher=Spellmount ltd. |location=United Kingdom |page=[https://archive.org/details/daggersbayonetsh00thom/page/n27 24] |isbn=9781862270275}} The baselard was considered an intermediate between a short sword and a long dagger, and became popular also as a civilian weapon. Sloane MS. 2593 ({{circa|1400}}) records a song satirizing the use of oversized baselard knives as fashion accessories.prenegarde prenegarde, thus bere I myn baselard [https://books.google.com/books?id=s9iobZUO8nUC ed. Pickering 1836]. Weapons of this sort called anelace, somewhere between a large dagger and a short sword, were much in use in 14th century England as civilians' accoutrements, worn "suspended by a ring from the girdle".{{Cite book |last=French |first=George Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amMKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA184 |title=A Catalogue of the Antiquities and Works of Art, Volume 1 |publisher=Harrison and sons |year=1869 |location=London |pages=184}}

In the Late Middle Ages, knives with blade designs that emphasized thrusting attacks, such as the stiletto, became increasingly popular, and some thrusting knives commonly referred to as 'daggers' ceased to have a cutting edge. This was a response to the deployment of heavy armour, such as maille and plate armour, where cutting attacks were ineffective and focus was on thrusts with narrow blades to punch through mail or aim at armour plate intersections (or the eye slits of the helmet visor). The shape of their hilt sometimes classes these late medieval thrusting weapons as either roundel, bollock or ear daggers. The term dagger is coined in this time, as are the Early Modern German equivalents dolch (tolch) and degen (tegen). In the German school of fencing, Johannes Liechtenauer (Ms. 3227a) and his successors (specifically Andres Lignizer in Cod. 44 A 8) taught fighting with the dagger.{{cite book |title =Schools and Masters of Fencing: From the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century |author=Egerton Castle |publisher =Courier Dover Publications |year=2003 |page=246 |isbn = 978-0-486-42826-0}}

In some respects, these techniques resemble modern knife fighting but emphasize thrusting strokes almost exclusively, instead of slashes and cuts. When used offensively, a standard attack frequently employed the reverse or icepick grip, stabbing downward with the blade to increase thrust and penetrative force. This was done primarily because the blade point frequently had to penetrate or push apart an opponent's steel chain mail or plate armour to inflict an injury. The disadvantage of employing the medieval dagger in this manner was that it could easily be blocked by various techniques, most notably by a block with the weaponless arm while simultaneously attacking with a weapon held in the right hand.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} Another disadvantage was the reduction in effective blade reach to the opponent when using a reverse grip. As the wearing of armour fell out of favor, dagger fighting techniques began to evolve, emphasizing the use of the dagger with a conventional or forward grip.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} In contrast, the reverse or icepick grip was retained when attacking an unsuspecting opponent from behind, such as in an assassination.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

{{further|Stiletto|Parrying dagger|Dirk}}

File:Dagger horse head Louvre OA7892 full.jpg dagger known as the Khanjar, Louvre.]]

File:Dagger with Zoomorphic Hilt MET DP253146.jpg, {{c.|16th century}}, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dagger_with_Zoomorphic_Hilt_MET_DP253146.jpg Metropolitan Museum of Art] ]]

The dagger was very popular as a fencing and personal defense weapon in 17th and 18th century Spain, where it was referred to as the daga or puñal.{{cite book |title =Blade's Guide to Knives & Their Values |author =Steve Shackleford |publisher =Krause Publications |year=2010 |page=246 |isbn = 978-1-4402-0387-9 }} During the Renaissance Age the dagger was used as part of everyday dress, and daggers were the only weapon commoners were allowed to carry on their person.{{cite book |title=Medieval and Renaissance Dagger Combat |author= Jason Vail |publisher= Paladin Press |year= 2006 |page=16 |isbn = 978-1-58160-517-4 }} In English, the terms poniard and dirk are loaned during the late 16th to early 17th century, the latter in the spelling dork, durk (presumably via Low German, Dutch or Scandinavian dolk, dolch, ultimately from a West Slavic tulich), the modern spelling dirk dating to 18th-century Scots.

Beginning in the 17th century, another form of dagger—the plug bayonet and later the socket bayonet—was used to convert muskets and other longarms into spears by mounting them on the barrel. They were periodically used for eating; the arm was also used for various other tasks such as mending boots, house repairs, and farm jobs. The final function of the dagger was as an obvious and ostentatious means of enhancing a man's apparel, conforming to fashion which dictated that all men carried them.{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Logan |title=Daggers and Bayonets |url=https://archive.org/details/daggersbayonetsh00thom |url-access=limited |date=1999 |publisher=Spellmount ltd. |location=United Kingdom |page=[https://archive.org/details/daggersbayonetsh00thom/page/n25 22], 23,24 |isbn=9781862270275}}

{{main|Combat knife}}

File:Ek knives.JPG

WW1 trench warfare caused daggers and fighting knives to come back in play. They also replaced the sabres worn by officers, which were too long and clumsy for trench warfare. They were worn with pride as a sign of having served front-line duty.

Daggers achieved public notoriety in the 20th century as ornamental uniform regalia during the Fascist dictatorships of Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany. Several other countries, including Japan, have used dress daggers, but never to the same extent. As combat equipment, they were carried by many infantry and commando forces during the Second World War. British Commando and other elite units were issued an exceedingly slender dagger, the Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife, developed by William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes from real-life close-combat experiences gained while serving on the Shanghai Municipal Police Force.Chambers, John W., OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II, Washington, D.C., U.S. National Park Service (2008), p. 191: Fairbairn reportedly engaged in hundreds of street fights in his twenty-year career in Shanghai, where he organized and headed a special anti-riot squad. Much of his body – arms, legs, torso, and even the palms of his hands was covered with scars from knife wounds from those fights. The F-S dagger proved very popular with the commandos, who used it primarily for sentry elimination. Some units of the U.S. Marine Corps Raiders in the Pacific were issued a similar fighting dagger, the Marine Raider stiletto,Walker, Greg, Battle Blades: A Professional's Guide to Combat/Fighting Knives, Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press, {{ISBN|0-87364-732-7}} (1993), p. 77 though this modified design proved less than successful when used in the type of knife combat encountered in the Pacific theaterAlexander, Joseph H., Edson's Raiders: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II, Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press, {{ISBN|1-55750-020-7}} (2001), p. 67Sledge, E. B., With The Old Breed: At Peleleiu and Okinawa, Presidio Press, {{ISBN|978-0-89141-919-8}} (2007), pp. 21–22 due to this version using inferior materials and manufacturing techniques.McCarthy, John (2008). "WWII Marine Raider Stiletto Reborn". Raider Patch (U.S. Marine Raider Association).

During the Vietnam War, the Gerber Mark II, designed by US Army Captain Bud Holzman and Al Mar, was a popular fighting knife pattern privately purchased by many U.S. soldiers and marines who served in that war.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Aside from military forces, most daggers are no longer carried openly, but concealed in clothing. One of the more popular forms of the concealable dagger is the boot knife. The boot knife is nothing more than a shortened dagger that is compact enough to be worn on the lower leg, usually using a sheath clipped or strapped to a boot or other footwear.{{cite journal |last = Steele |first = David |title = Boot Knife Fighting |journal = Black Belt |volume = 26 |issue = 4 |pages =48–51 |publisher = Active Interest Media, Inc. |year = 1988 }}

{{-}}

The dagger is symbolically ambiguous. For some cultures and military organizations, the dagger symbolizes courage and daring in combat.{{cite book |title =The illustrated encyclopedia of military insignia of the 20th century: a comprehensive A-Z guide to the badges, patches, and embellishments of the world's armed forces |author =Guido Rosignoli |publisher =Stanley Paul |year=1987 |page=44 |isbn = 978-0-09-172670-6 }}

However, daggers may be associated with deception or treachery due to the ease of concealment and the surprise the user could inflict upon an unsuspecting victim. Indeed, many assassinations have been carried out with the use of a dagger, including that of Julius Caesar.{{cite book|title =The History That Was Never Spoken |author =David Gray |publisher =Lulu|year=2006|page=87|isbn = 978-1-4116-1703-2 }} A cloak and dagger attack is one in which a deceitful, traitorous, or concealed enemy attacks a person.{{Cite book |last1 = Dickens |first1 = Charles |title = Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty |year = 1841 |publisher = Chapman & Hall |location = London |isbn = 0-14-043728-2 |pages = 203}} Some have noted a phallic association between daggers and the succession of royal dynasties in British literature.{{cite book |last1=Pryke |first1=Stuart |title=Ready to Teach: Macbeth: A compendium of subject knowledge, resources and pedagogy |date=23 October 2020 |publisher=John Catt Educational |isbn=978-1-913808-42-6 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIM7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT145 |language=ar}}

In European artwork, daggers were sometimes associated with Hecate, the Ancient Greek goddess of witchcraft.{{cite book |author=Oskar Seyffert |title=A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities: Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art |url=https://archive.org/details/b3135841x/page/270/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=William Swan Sonnenschein |edition=6 |date=1901 |page=271 |access-date=2022-01-01}}

The social stigma of the dagger originates in its periodic use in the commission of disreputable and murderous attacks, from the 44 BC assassination of Julius Caesar to the use of the stiletto dagger by the Black Hand of early 20th century America.Watkins, John, The Big Stunts of Great Detectives: The Scrapbook, Vol. 4, No. 6, New York: Frank A. Munsey (December 1907), p. 1098: "The Black Daggers, with their double-edged blades signaling primary use as a fighting knife, became associated with offensive attacks made for purposes of killing." Consequently, it developed a public association with surprise assaults by criminals and murderers intent on stabbing unsuspecting victims.{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Logan |title=Daggers and Bayonets |url=https://archive.org/details/daggersbayonetsh00thom |url-access=limited |date=1999 |publisher=Spellmount ltd. |location=United Kingdom |page=[https://archive.org/details/daggersbayonetsh00thom/page/n57 54] |isbn=9781862270275}} To this day, criminal codes of many nations and some US states specifically ban the carrying of the dagger as a prohibited weapon.

The military uses the dagger as a close combat and ceremonial arm.

File:U.S. Army Special Operations Command CSIB.svg

Many nations use the dagger pattern in the form of the bayonet. Daggers are commonly used as part of the insignias of elite military units or special forces, such as the US Army Special Operations Command, the US Army Special Forces, or the Commando Dagger patch for those who have completed the British All Arms Commando Course.

File:Art Knives by Buster Warenski.jpg dagger]]

Daggers are a popular form of what is known as the "art knife", due in part to the symmetry of the blade.{{cite journal |title= Images of Steel |first= Ethen |last=Edwards |journal= Blade Magazine |pages=40–43 |year= 1990 |issue=4 |volume=27 }} One of the knives required of an American Bladesmith Society Mastersmith is the construction of an "art knife" or a "European style" dagger.{{cite web |title=ABS Testing Rules and Guidelines for the Master Smith Rating |url=http://www.americanbladesmith.com/uploads/file/Testing/MS%20Test%20FINAL%204-24-2010.pdf |access-date=2011-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003050641/http://www.americanbladesmith.com/uploads/file/Testing/MS%20Test%20FINAL%204-24-2010.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-03 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |title=Difference between knife and dagger |url=https://finalscope.com/difference-between-knife-and-dagger/ |access-date=2019-05-12}}{{-}}

{{div col}}

• {{Annotated link |List of daggers}}
• {{Annotated link |Dagger (mark)}}
• {{Annotated link |Tantō}}
• {{Annotated link |Kris}}
• {{Annotated link |Kirpan}}

{{div col end}}

{{Reflist}}

• Capwell, Dr. Tobias. The World Encyclopedia of Knives, Daggers, and Bayonets. Hermes House. Leicestershire. 2011..
• Dean, Bashford. Catalogue of European Daggers 1300–1800. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York. 1929.
• Edge, David and Paddock, John Miles. Arms & Armor of the Medieval Knight – An Illustrated History of Weapons in the Middle Ages. Crescent Books. New York. 1988.
• Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards, Cyril John Gadd, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond. The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1970. ({{ISBN|0-521-07051-1}})
• Peterson, Harold L. Daggers & Fighting Knives of the Western World. Bonanza Books. New York. 1970.
• Thompson, Logan. Daggers and Bayonets - A History. Paladin Press. Boulder. 1999.
• Vail, Jason. Medieval and Renaissance Dagger Combat. Paladin Press. Boulder. 2006.

{{commons category|Daggers}}

{{Knives}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:European swords

Category:Edged and bladed weapons