Death anniversary

{{Short description|Anniversary celebrated on the day on which an individual died}}

A death anniversary (or deathday) is the anniversary of the death of a person. It is the opposite of birthday. It is a custom in several Asian cultures, including Azerbaijan, Armenia, Cambodia, China, Georgia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India, Myanmar, Iran, Israel, Japan, Bangladesh, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Russia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam, as well as in other places with significant overseas Chinese, Japanese, Jewish, Korean, and Vietnamese populations, to observe the anniversary on which a family member or other significant individual died. There are also similar memorial services that are held at different intervals, such as every week.

Although primarily a manifestation of ancestor worship, the tradition has also been associated with Confucianism and Buddhism (in East Asian cultural civilizations) or Hinduism and Buddhism (South Asia but mainly in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia). In Judaism (the majority religion of Israel), such a commemoration is called a yahrtzeit (among other terms). Celebration of mass in memory of a loved one on or near the anniversary of their death is also a part of Roman Catholic Christian tradition.

By culture

=China=

In China, a death anniversary is called {{lang-zh|c=忌辰|p=jìchén|labels=no}} or {{lang-zh|c=忌日|p=jìrì|labels=no}}. This type of ceremony dates back thousands of years in China (at least to the Shang dynasty) and historically involved making sacrifices to the spirits of one's ancestors.

=Indian subcontinent =

In India (and Nepal), a death anniversary is known as shraadh (Shraaddha "श्राद्ध" in Nepali). The first death anniversary is called a barsy, from the word baras, meaning year in Hindi.

Shraadh{{cite web|url=http://www.siddhashram.org/s20000849.shtml |title=Shraadh Pitra Santushti Sadhana |publisher=Siddhashram.org |access-date=2014-03-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207194737/http://www.siddhashram.org/s20000849.shtml |archive-date=2013-02-07 }} means to give with devotion or to offer one's respect. Shraadh is a ritual for expressing one's respectful feelings for the ancestors. According to Nepali and Indian texts, a soul has to wander about in the various worlds after death and has to suffer a lot due to past karmas. Shraadh is a means of alleviating this suffering.

Shraddhyaa Kriyate Yaa Saa श्रद्धया क्रियते या सा : Shraadh is the ritual accomplished to satiate one's ancestors. Shraadh is a private ceremony performed by the family members of the departed soul. Though not mandated spiritually, it is typically performed by the eldest son and other siblings join in offering prayers together.

=Japan=

In Japan, a death anniversary is called {{Nihongo||命日|meinichi}}, {{Nihongo||忌辰|kishin}}, or {{Nihongo||忌日|kijitsu/kinichi}}. Monthly observances of a death are known as {{Nihongo||月命日|tsuki meinichi}}, while annual anniversaries are known as {{Nihongo||祥月命日|shōtsuki meinichi}}.

=Korea=

In Korea, ancestor worship ceremonies are referred to by the generic term jerye ({{lang|ko|제례/祭禮}}). Notable examples of jerye include Munmyo jerye and Jongmyo jerye, which are performed periodically each year for venerated Confucian scholars and kings of ancient times, respectively.

The ceremony held on the anniversary of a family member's death is called gije ({{lang|ko|기제/忌祭}}), and is celebrated by families as a private ceremony. For such occasions, the women of the family traditionally prepare an elaborate set of dishes, including tteok, jeon, jeok, and so forth.

= Philippines =

{{main|Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines}}In the Philippines, the funeral is only one part of an elaborate mourning tradition. For nine days after the funeral has taken place, novena prayers are offered in a practice called pasiyam (although some start the practice the night after the death).{{Cite web|url=https://thelasallian.com/2013/11/23/crash-course-funeral-practices-in-the-philippines/|title=Crash Course: Funeral practices in the Philippines|last=Loyola Jr.|first=Roy|last2=Mendoza|first2=Andrea|date=2013-11-23|website=The LaSallian|access-date=2017-08-02}} It is also customary for another service to be given on the fortieth day after the death, as it is traditionally believed that the souls of the dead wander the Earth for forty days.{{Cite web|url=http://www.twoagespilgrims.com/doctrine/why-have-a-ritual-service-40-days-after-death/|title=Why Have a Ritual Service 40 Days After Death?|website=Doctrine Unites!|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-02|archive-date=2019-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815031754/http://www.twoagespilgrims.com/doctrine/why-have-a-ritual-service-40-days-after-death/|url-status=dead}}

One year after the death, the first year death anniversary ({{Langx|tl|babang luksa}}, literally "lowering of mourning") is commemorated with the final service. After the babang luksa, the spouse of the deceased can remarry, and the family can once again hold birthday celebrations and attend parties. The miscellaneous non-valuable belongings of the deceased will also be symbolically burned to represent the mourners being able to move on with their lives.{{Cite web|url=http://juny.expertscolumn.com/article/common-funeral-tradition-and-custom-philippines-part-3|title=Common Funeral Tradition And Custom In The Philippines Part 3|last=Oballes|first=Jane|date=2012-06-23|website=Experts Column|access-date=2017-08-02}} Babang luksa is normally commemorated with a meal and prayers ("padasal") for the deceased. For one year after a death, mourners dress all in black or wear a black pin as a remembrance during their daily lives.{{Cite news|url=http://tagaloglang.com/luksa/|title=Luksa (dictionary entry)|date=2017-02-15|work=TagalogLang Online Tagalog-English Dictionary|access-date=2017-08-02|language=en-US}} After babang luksa, the mourners may once again return to their normal dress, although depending on circumstances, some may opt to wear their mourning attire for longer periods.

Although only the first anniversary of the death is specifically commemorated, Filipinos further commemorate the deaths of all of their ancestors at their grave sites on All Saints' Day (November 1) and All Souls' Day (November 2).{{Cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/648202/tradition-reunions-bring-filipinos-to-cemeteries-on-day-of-the-dead|title=Tradition, reunions, tribute, business for Filipinos on 'day of the dead'|last=Corrales|first=Nestor|date=2014-11-02|access-date=2017-08-02|language=en}}

=Vietnam=

In Vietnam, a death anniversary is called {{lang|vi|giỗ}} (𠰍), {{lang|vi|ngày giỗ}} (𣈗𠰍, literally "{{lang|vi|giỗ}} day"), {{lang|vi|đám giỗ}} (酖𠰍, literally "{{lang|vi|giỗ}} ceremony"), or {{lang|vi|bữa giỗ}} (把𠰍, literally "{{lang|vi|giỗ}} meal"). It is a festive occasion, at which members of an extended family gather together. Female family members traditionally spend the entire day cooking an elaborate banquet in honor of the deceased individual, which will then be enjoyed by all the family members. In addition, sticks of incense are burned in honor and commemoration of the deceased person. It is not unusual for a family to celebrate several {{lang|vi|giỗ}} per year, so the ceremony serves as a time for families to reunite, much like the Vietnamese new year, Tết. The rituals are the responsibility of whoever inherits the ancestral estates, typically the deceased's most senior patrilineal descendant.

Although a {{lang|vi|giỗ}} is usually a private ceremony attended only by family members (and occasionally also close friends), some are commemorated by large segments of the population. The commemoration of the Hùng Kings - who were instrumental in founding the first Vietnamese kingdom in Vietnam's remote past, and of the Trưng Sisters are widely participated. In March 2007 Giỗ tổ Hùng Vương became a public holiday in Vietnam.{{cite web |url=http://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Thong-qua-phuong-an-xay-nha-Quoc-hoi-va-nghi-ngay-gio-To/30173078/157/ |title=Thông qua phương án xây nhà Quốc hội và nghỉ ngày giỗ Tổ |publisher=Vietbao.vn |access-date=2014-03-01 |archive-date=2013-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226201250/http://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Thong-qua-phuong-an-xay-nha-Quoc-hoi-va-nghi-ngay-gio-To/30173078/157/ |url-status=dead }} As in all traditional commemorations, the Vietnamese calendar is used, except Vietnamese Catholics who commemorate the dead anniversary in Gregorian calendar.

In Vietnamese culture, certain special, traditional dishes (particularly desserts) are only prepared for death anniversary banquets. In addition, favorite foods of the deceased person being honored are also prepared.{{Cite news|url=http://scootersaigontour.com/death-anniversary-in-vietnam/|title=Death Anniversary in Vietnam - Scooter Saigon Tour|date=2017-05-31|work=Scooter Saigon Tour|access-date=2018-05-26|language=en-US}} Chicken, a particularly prized meat in Vietnam, is often cooked as well. In Central Vietnam, small stuffed glutinous rice flour balls wrapped in leaves called {{lang|vi|bánh ít}} are such a dish. Because the preparation of so many complex dishes is time-consuming, some families purchase or hire caterers to prepare certain dishes. It is also common that a soft-boiled egg be prepared and then given to the oldest grandson.

=Sri Lanka=

In Sri Lanka, people commonly commemorate death anniversaries after seven days, 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years, with alms given either to monks or to the needy.

=Western Christianity=

In Western Christianity, it became custom during the Middle Ages to commemorate the deceased after 3, 7 and 30 days as well as 1 year after their death. In addition to this, pious donors made endowments to religious institutions to commemorate them in an annual mass on anniversaries of their deaths. These services were referred to as anniversaries (Latin anniversarium), obiits or chantries. The German term is Jahrzeit,Peter-Johannes Schuler: Das Anniversar. Zu Mentalität und Familienbewusstsein im Spätmittelalter, in: idem (ed.): Die Familie als sozialer und historischer Verband. Untersuchungen zum Spätmittelalter und zur frühen Neuzeit, Sigmaringen 1987, p. 67–117. from which the Yiddish term Yahrtzeit is derived in Judaism.

In order to provide this service, monasteries and collegiate churches wrote the names of the donors down in calendrical registers called anniversary books. There was no temporal limit to this spiritual service, obliging institutions to perpetual commemoration until Judgment Day.

=Judaism=

Observant Jews commemorate the yahrtzeit ({{langx|yi|יאָרצײַט|yortsayt}}) of the death of parents, siblings, spouses, or childrenKlein, Isaac, A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice, Ktav Publishing House, 1979, page 286. according to the Hebrew calendar.{{cite web|url=http://www.jewish-funeral-guide.com/tradition/yahrzeit-date.htm|title=Jewish Funeral Guide - Remembrance - Yahrzeit Date Calculation|work=jewish-funeral-guide.com|access-date=2017-01-01|archive-date=2018-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120004101/http://www.jewish-funeral-guide.com/tradition/yahrzeit-date.htm|url-status=dead}} The main observance involves recitation of kaddish prayer, and a widely practiced custom is to light a special candle that burns for 24 hours, called a yahrtzeit candle.