Death row
{{Short description|Place in prison housing inmates awaiting execution}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
Death row, also known as condemned row, is a place in a prison that houses inmates awaiting execution after being convicted of a capital crime and sentenced to death. The term is also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ("being on death row"), even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists. In the United States, after an individual is found guilty of a capital offense in states where execution is a legal penalty, the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment unparoled. It is then up to the jury to decide whether to give the death sentence; this usually has to be a unanimous decision. If the jury agrees on death, the defendant will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures, which may continue for several decades.
Opponents of capital punishment claim that a prisoner's isolation and uncertainty over their fate constitute a form of psychological abuse and that especially long-time death row inmates are prone to develop a mental disorder, if they do not already suffer from such a condition. This is referred to as the death row phenomenon. Estimates reveal that five to ten percent of all inmates on death row suffer from mental illness.{{cite journal |last1=J. Wilson |first1=Richard |title=The Death Penalty and Mental Illness in International Human Rights Law: Toward Abolition |journal=Washington and Lee Law Review |date=2016 |volume=73 |issue=3 |page=1470 |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4516&context=wlulr |access-date=February 17, 2021}} Some inmates may attempt suicide. There have been some calls for a ban on the imposition of the death penalty for inmates with mental illness{{cite web |title=Mental Illness |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/policy-issues/mental-illness |website=Death Penalty Information Centre |access-date=February 17, 2021}} and also case law such as Atkins v. Virginia to further this. Executions still take place for those with clear intellectual disabilities due to poor legal representation and high standards of proof.{{cite web |title=Intellectual Disability |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/policy-issues/intellectual-disability |website=Death Penalty Information Centre |access-date=May 6, 2021}}
Etymology
In 1933, Giuseppe Zangara attempted to kill Franklin D. Roosevelt. However, he missed the then president-elect and instead killed Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak. He was convicted of Cermak's murder and sentenced to death. Due to Florida law, an inmate could not be housed in a cell with an inmate who was awaiting execution so a prisoner awaiting execution was to be held in a separate waiting cell. Raiford Prison, where Zangara was being held, already had one prisoner waiting in their "death cell" so the waiting area was expanded to a row of cells, becoming a "Death Row".{{Cite book |last1=Oliver |first1=Willard |url=https://archive.org/details/killingpresident0000oliv/page/96/mode/2up |title=Killing the President: Assassinations, Attempts, and Rumored Attempts on U.S. Commanders in Chief |last2=Marion |first2=Nancy |date=2010 |publisher=Praeger Publishing |isbn=978-0313364747 |location=Westport, California |page=96 |oclc=733346450}}
United States
File:USA-death-row-total-amount-of-inmates-per-state.svg
File:TerreHauteUSP.jpg houses most male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. federal government.]]
File:PolunskyUnitWestLivingstonTX.jpg houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U.S. state of Texas.]]
File:AngolaLAPrison.jpg, which houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Louisiana]]
File:ParchmanGateNewPhoto.JPG, which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Mississippi]]
File:OklahomaStatePen.jpg, which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the state of Oklahoma]]
In the United States, prisoners may wait many years before execution can be carried out due to the complex and time-consuming appeals procedures mandated in the jurisdiction. The time between sentencing and execution increased relatively steadily between 1977 and 2010, including a 21% jump between 1989 and 1990 and a similar jump between 2008 and 2009. In 2010, a death row inmate waited an average of 178 months (14 years and 10 months) between sentencing and execution.{{cite web|url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/capital-punishment-2010-statistics/|title=Department of Justice: Capital Punishment, 2010 Figures|date=January 4, 2012|publisher=Journalist's Resource.org}} Nearly a quarter of inmates on death row in the U.S. die of natural causes while awaiting execution.{{cite web|url=http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cp05.htm|title=United States Department of Justice|website=usdoj.gov|access-date=August 21, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821112211/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cp05.htm|archive-date=August 21, 2007|url-status=dead}}
There were 2,721 people on death row in the United States on October 1, 2018.{{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf|title=DEATH PENALTY INFORMATION CENTER : Facts about the Death Penalty|website=Deathpenaltyinfo.org|access-date=March 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509034442/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf|archive-date=May 9, 2009|url-status=dead}} As of 2024, 2,183 people are on death row in the United States.{{Cite web |title=The Death Penalty in 2024 |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/research/analysis/reports/year-end-reports/the-death-penalty-in-2024 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Death Penalty Information Center |language=en-US}} Since 1977, the states of Texas (464), Virginia (108) and Oklahoma (94) have executed the most death row inmates. {{as of|2010}}, California (683), Florida (390), Texas (330) and Pennsylvania (218) housed more than half of all inmates pending on death row. Gary Alvord arrived on Florida's death row in 1974 and died 39 years later on May 19, 2013, from a brain tumor, having spent more time on death row than any American.{{cite news|url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/too-crazy-to-be-killed/2107888/|title=A man too crazy to be executed|newspaper=Tampa Bay Times}} Brandon Astor Jones spent 36 years on death row (with a brief period in the general prison population during his re-sentencing trial) before being executed for felony murder by the state of Georgia in 2016, at the age of 72.{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2016/01/31/brandon-astor-jones-georgia-death-row-inmate-reminder-of-death-penalty-racist-roots/|title=Facing Execution at 72, Georgia's Oldest Death Row Inmate Exposes Death Penalty's Racist Roots|website=Theintercept.com|date=January 31, 2016}} The oldest prisoner on death row in the United States was Leroy Nash, age 94, in Arizona. He died of natural causes on February 12, 2010.{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8515573.stm|title=BBC News - Oldest US death row inmate dies aged 94|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=February 14, 2010|access-date=November 1, 2016}}
= Death row locations =
{{see also|Capital punishment in the United States}}
Notes:
{{notelist-ua}}
European criticism of death row
Nearly all European countries have abolished capital punishment.{{cite news|date=May 13, 2001|title=Opinion {{!}} Europe's View of the Death Penalty (Published 2001)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/13/opinion/europe-s-view-of-the-death-penalty.html|access-date=November 30, 2020|issn=0362-4331}} Currently, Belarus remains the only European country to use the death penalty.{{Cite news|date=May 14, 2018|title=Belarus: The secret executions in Europe's 'last dictatorship'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43799280|access-date=February 7, 2022}}
Around 70% of the world's countries have abolished capital punishment.{{cite web|title=International|url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/policy-issues/international|access-date=November 19, 2020|website=Death Penalty Information Center|language=en-US}} These countries are frequently concerned with their citizens in the United States criminal system. There have even been instances of other countries citing human rights laws against the United States, or refusing to extradite incriminating material, in fear of their citizens being put on death row.
On November 9, 2020, the United States received persistent criticism on its use of capital punishment during a United Nations review of its human rights record. Many allies of the United States urged that the U.S. cease executions.{{cite web|title=US capital punishment criticised by UN Human Rights Council during human rights review|url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/u-s-death-penalty-criticized-by-u-n-human-rights-council-during-human-rights-review|access-date=November 19, 2020|website=Death Penalty Information Center|language=en-US}} France urged the US halt executions, Germany suggested a federal moratorium on and eventual abolition, Austria called for immediate cessation of executions and then abolition, and Australia, the Netherlands, and Switzerland all called for abolition entirely.
Other countries
According to Amnesty International, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran were responsible for most known executions worldwide in 2020.{{efn|The organization notes their report does not include the thousands of executions it believes occur in China, where capital punishment data is classified as a state secret.}}{{Cite web|title=Infographic: Which countries still have the death penalty?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/10/infographic-which-countries-still-have-the-death-penalty|access-date=February 7, 2022|website=Aljazeera.com|language=en}} When the United Kingdom had capital punishment, there were generally no 'death rows'. The condemned were however separated from the general prison population in one of two 'condemned cells' located adjacent to the execution chamber. Sentenced inmates were given one appeal. If that appeal was found to involve an important point of law it was taken up to the House of Lords, and if the appeal was successful, at that point the sentence was changed to life imprisonment.{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/capital_hist.htm|title=History of Capital Punishment|website=Stephen-stratford.co.uk|access-date=March 2, 2022|archive-date=August 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808063231/http://www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/capital_hist.htm|url-status=dead}} The Home Secretary had the power to exercise the Sovereign's royal prerogative of mercy to grant a reprieve on execution and change the sentence to life imprisonment. Essentially the speedy process from conviction to execution, re-sentencing or reprieve meant that there were low numbers, (if any) prisoners under sentence of death at any one time and so there was no need for a 'death row'. Assistant executioner Syd Dernley used the term "death row" in his 1990 memoir The Hangman's Tale to refer to the situation at Wandsworth Prison in April 1951 where, as only up to two persons could be hanged at one time, the execution of murderer James Virrels had to await the prior double execution of murderers/robbers Joseph Brown and Edward Smith a day earlier, before going ahead on April 26.Dernley & Newman The Hangman's Tale: Memoirs of a Public Executioner, Trans-Atlantic Publications, 1990 {{ISBN|0-330-31633-8}} (page 151)
In some Caribbean countries that still authorize execution, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the ultimate court of appeals. It has upheld appeals by prisoners who have spent several years under sentence of death, stating that it does not desire to see the death row phenomenon emerge in countries under its jurisdiction.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
= Condemn cells =
A condemn cell, also known as a death row cell, is a designated room within a prison where individuals who have been sentenced to death as a legal punishment are held until their execution. This specialized cell is a temporary holding area specifically designed for individuals awaiting capital punishment.[https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/condemned-cell condemned-cell noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes] | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/condemned-cell Condemn cell] | Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/condemned-cell Condemned cell definition and meaning] | Collins English Dictionary (collinsdictionary.com)
File:Cellular_Jail,_Port_Blair,_India,_special_condemned_cell_for_keeping_the_prisoners_before_hanging_to_death.jpg, Port Blair, India]]
Condemn cells are constructed with a focus on security and isolation. The room is typically designed to limit access and maintain strict control over the condemned individual. Furnishings and amenities in these cells are often minimal, as they are not intended for long-term incarceration but rather for the purpose of facilitating the impending execution. Typically, a condemn cell can house between one and three inmates.{{Cite news |last=Islam |first=Nazrul |date=October 2, 2020 |title=49 women including Ayesha in condemned cells |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/crime-and-law/49-women-including-ayesha-in-condemned-cells |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=Prothom Alo}}
== Bangladesh ==
Bangladesh has witnessed significant controversy surrounding the use of condemn cells in relation to capital punishment. The issue has sparked debates on various aspects, including human rights, the efficacy of the death penalty, and the treatment of individuals awaiting execution.{{Cite news |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Why keeping convicts in condemned cells before the final verdict ought not to be illegal: HC |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/why-keeping-convicts-condemned-cells-final-verdict-ought-not-be-illegal-hc-397842 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=The Business Standard}}{{Cite news |title=Living death in condemn cells |url=https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/186101 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=The Independent|location=Dhaka}} Several Bangladeshi prisons house inmates on trial in condemn cells, which is met with severe criticism.{{Cite news |date=April 6, 2022 |title=Why inmates on trial in condemned cell |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/why-inmates-trial-condemned-cell-2998751 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=The Daily Star}} There have been instances where acquitted people have been confined in condemn cells, for multiple years.{{Cite news |date=August 7, 2022 |title=HC orders judicial inquiry: 7 years in condemn cell despite acquittal |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/court/2022/08/07/hc-orders-judicial-inquiry-7-years-in-condemn-cell-despite-acquittal |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}{{Cite news |title=HC seeks plea on accused in condemn cell for 7yrs despite acquittal – Miscellaneous |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=377915 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=The Daily Observer}}{{Cite news |title=HC orders judicial inquiry into Ctg man's 7 years in condemn cell despite acquittal |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/636604/HC-orders-judicial-inquiry-into-Ctg-mans-7-years-in-condemn-cell-despite-acquittal |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=Daily Sun|date=August 2022 }}
See also
- Live from Death Row
- The Green Mile
- The Chamber
- Dead Man Walking
- Fourteen Days in May
- Somebody Has to Shoot the Picture
- List of death row inmates in the United States
- List of death row inmates in Japan
- List of women on death row in the United States
- List of exonerated death row inmates
- Execution chamber
- List of wrongful convictions in the United States
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/death-row-conditions.cfm Death Row Conditions: Death Penalty Worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213332/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/death-row-conditions.cfm |date=September 23, 2015 }} Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.
{{Capital punishment}}
{{Incarceration}}
{{Death}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Law}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Death Row}}