Deforestation in Malaysia

Image:Deforestation in Malaysian Borneo.jpg

Deforestation in Malaysia is a major environmental issue in the country. British colonial deforestation efforts began in 1880 and were rapidly driven by commercial rubber and palm oil cultivation.

Between 1990 and 2010, Malaysia lost an estimated 8.6% of its forest cover, or around {{Convert|1920000|ha}}.{{cite web |url=https://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Malaysia.htm |title=Malaysia Forest Information and Data |publisher=Rainforests.mongabay.com |url-status=live |accessdate=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040907215902/http://rainforests.mongabay.com:80/deforestation/2000/Malaysia.htm |archive-date=7 September 2004 }} Logging and land clearing has particularly been driven by the palm oil sector. World Bank policies in the 1970s encouraged palm oil expansion and the IMF’s bailout package, following the 1998 economic crisis, incentivised the expansion of palm plantations. However, as a megadiverse country, efforts have been made to conserve Malaysia's forests and reduce the rate of deforestation.

Background

British colonial deforestation efforts accelerated from 1880, driven by commercial rubber and palm oil cultivation and investment under the lobbying of English botanist, Henry Ridley. The extreme deforestation directly led to the Great Flood in December 1926. To a certain extent responses to the flood curbed the intensity of industrial-level deforestation. However, by the 1920s over 2.1 million acres of land had been deforested by the Empire in Malaya.{{cite journal|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/artspapers/1602/|title=The British and rubber in Malaya, c1890-1940|journal=Faculty of Arts - Papers (Archive)|date=January 2005 |last1=Hagan |first1=James |last2=Wells |first2=Andrew }}

Malaysia declared its independence from Britain in 1957, and formed its current state in 1963.{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/singapore/10.htm|title=Singapore - Road to Independence|website=countrystudies.us}} Since then, it has seen significant economic growth, a large part of which can be attributed to its forest industry.{{Cite web |url=http://www.monm.edu/cac/students/2007/GP%2007%20Sample%20Essays/Coutts_GP_07.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716214825/http://www2.monm.edu/cac/students/2007/GP%2007%20Sample%20Essays/Coutts_GP_07.pdf |url-status=dead }} Malaysia's rapid rate of development has put it far ahead of several of its neighbours, such as Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. This has largely been in part to its abundance of natural resources, which constitutes significant portions of the country's economic sector. Because of this large financial gain from logging, production has been high since initiation, and it was not until 1985 that consequences were first realised.

Economics

File:Oil palm plantations in Sarawak.jpg, Malaysia]]

Malaysia has received considerable financial gain from its logging industry. One statistic states this benefit is valued at US$2,150,000,000. Together with neighbouring Indonesia, Malaysia produces 85% of the global supply of palm oil, the chief cause of logging.{{cite web|url=http://www.perc.org/articles/article1103.php|title=Markets for Biodiversity - PERC – The Property and Environment Research Center|website=www.perc.org|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212232122/http://www.perc.org/articles/article1103.php|archivedate=12 December 2009|df=dmy-all}} Additionally, the agriculture sector accounts for 14.5% of the labour force – more than 1 in 7 persons. 56.6% of Malaysia's tropical forests are used for production, leaving the rest for uses such as 'Protection' and 'Conservation'.

Impacts

File:FLII Malaysia.png map of Malaysia for 2019.]]

Consequences have been varied across different parts of Malaysia.{{cite web|url=http://www.nciv.net/ |publisher=Nciv.net |url-status=dead |title=Netherlands Centre for Indigenous Peoples |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817215018/http://www.nciv.net/ |archivedate=2000-08-17 |accessdate=19 May 2020}} However, all areas have suffered some effect from deforestation. Four of the most prominent include:

Malaysia ranks as the 21st most biodiverse country in the world, with 2,199 endemic species.{{cite web|url=http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~d868210/jpg/hwk2/content.html|title=Malaysia Biodiversity Profiles|website=life.nthu.edu.tw|access-date=15 December 2009|archive-date=10 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110014132/http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~d868210/jpg/hwk2/content.html|url-status=dead}} 18% of these species are listed as 'threatened', and because they are endemic, if Malaysia fails to conserve them, extinction will result.
Indigenous peoples in Malaysia have always depended on the rainforest for medicine, shelter, food, and other necessities.{{cite web|url=http://www.tqnyc.org/2005/NYC052139//Asia.htm|title=tqnyc.org|website=www.tqnyc.org}} They are not known to take more than what they need as this would be seen as a transgression of the forest and would bring curses to their people. The destruction of their prime resource is resulting in the destruction of their traditional ways of life. As the forest disappears, so does their culture.
Runoff has also increased. Though it would not be immediately suspected that logging deep in the jungle could affect a distant city on the coast, because there is less forested area to soak up rainwater and act as a slow-release reservoir, sudden floods are becoming more and more frequent.{{cite web |url=http://outskirtoutreach.org/deforestation-malaysian-rainforest-lost/ |title=Deforestation - the Malaysian Story | Take the Path Less Ordinary |accessdate=2009-12-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018215714/http://outskirtoutreach.org/deforestation-malaysian-rainforest-lost/ |archivedate=18 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
An increased rate of mudslides have been reported.

Conservation efforts

In Malaysia, the World Bank estimates that trees are being cut down at 4 times the sustainable rate. Logging does not have to be as destructive a practice as it currently is in Malaysia. In the past 2 decades, Malaysia has moved towards diversifying its economy, but logging still draws in many because of poor regulation and high profit. The most effective way to combat the negative effects of logging would be tighter regulation that still allows high production of palm oil, but in a more sustainable manner. This way, not only will the effects be mitigated now, but there will be more forests to log, and thus profits to make, in the future.

{{asof|2013}}, Malaysia still has a relatively high forest coverage percentage. It was estimated that 59.9% of the total area is covered by forests,{{cite web |url=https://www.wwf.org.my/about_wwf/what_we_do/forests_main/ |title=WWF Malaysia – Forests |publisher=Wwf.org.my |url-status=live |accessdate=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225175226/http://www.wwf.org.my:80/about_wwf/what_we_do/forests_main/ |archive-date=25 December 2008 }} of which, a sizeable portion are untouched virgin forests (see old-growth forests) which dates back to around 130 million years.

An increase in the level of awareness of Malaysians compounded with the local folk belief that existed in the indigenous populations (see Semai people) has added to the strength of the many Malaysian movements in environmentalism. The Malaysian Nature Society is active in advocating protection of forest. Other organisations such as the Tabung Alam Malaysia, a branch of the World Wide Fund For Nature has also established offices in Malaysia since 1972 dedicated to nature conservation as well as education on the importance of forest conservation to the wider populace. The Forest Research Institute Malaysia has also been actively conducting research on the biodiversity of Malaysia's forests as well as in conservation.

Current issues

File:2021 Top ten countries for tropical primary forest loss - World Resources Institute.svg data, Malaysia was one of the top ten countries in the world for primary tropical forest loss between 2021 and 2023.]]

The opposition{{Who|date=October 2024}} in Pahang linked illegal logging to the damage caused by the 2020–2021 Malaysian floods.{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-opposition-urges-pahang-govt-to-look-into-illegal-logging-in-floods-aftermath |title=Malaysia opposition urges Pahang govt to look into illegal logging in flood's aftermath |work=The Straits Times |date=3 January 2022 |access-date=18 January 2022}} The state government denied this link, but ordered all logging halted during the monsoon season.{{cite news |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/01/04/pahang-orders-temporary-halt-to-logging-activities/ |title=Pahang orders temporary halt to logging activities |work=Free Malaysia Today |date=4 January 2022 |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104144507/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/01/04/pahang-orders-temporary-halt-to-logging-activities/ |url-status=dead }}

Deforestation in the following areas/ project sites have attracted controversy:{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

; Terengganu: