Dentistry#Dentisrty in the Philippines

The term dentistry comes from dentist, which comes from French dentiste, which comes from the French and Latin words for tooth.{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=dentistry|title=dentistry |website=Etymonline.com|access-date=17 May 2018}} The term for the associated scientific study of teeth is odontology (from {{Langx|grc|ὀδούς|translit=odoús|lit=tooth}}) – the study of the structure, development, and abnormalities of the teeth.

Dentistry usually encompasses practices related to the oral cavity.{{cite journal| author=Gambhir RS| title=Primary care in dentistry – an untapped potential | journal= Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care| year= 2015 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 13–18 | pmid=25810982 | doi=10.4103/2249-4863.152239 | pmc=4366984 | type=Review | doi-access=free }} According to the World Health Organization, oral diseases are major public health problems due to their high incidence and prevalence across the globe, with the disadvantaged affected more than other socio-economic groups.{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/oral_health/disease_burden/global/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040630165431/http://www.who.int/oral_health/disease_burden/global/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2004|title=What is the burden of oral disease?|publisher=WHO|access-date=6 June 2017}}

The majority of dental treatments are carried out to prevent or treat the two most common oral diseases which are dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal disease (gum disease or pyorrhea). Common treatments involve the restoration of teeth, extraction or surgical removal of teeth, scaling and root planing, endodontic root canal treatment, and cosmetic dentistry{{Cite web|url=https://aacd.com/|title=American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry {{!}} Dental CE Courses|website=aacd.com|access-date=2019-10-21}}

By nature of their general training, dentists, without specialization can carry out the majority of dental treatments such as restorative (fillings, crowns, bridges), prosthetic (dentures), endodontic (root canal) therapy, periodontal (gum) therapy, and extraction of teeth, as well as performing examinations, radiographs (x-rays), and diagnosis. Dentists can also prescribe medications used in the field such as antibiotics, sedatives, and any other drugs used in patient management. Depending on their licensing boards, general dentists may be required to complete additional training to perform sedation, dental implants, etc.

File:Enamel celiac.jpg discoloration, acid reflux or other causes.{{cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/diagnosis |title=Diagnosis of Celiac Disease |publisher=National Institute of Health (NIH) |access-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515223010/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/diagnosis |archive-date=15 May 2017 }}{{cite report |url=http://celiac.nih.gov/PDF/Dental_Enamel_Defects_508.pdf |title=Dental Enamel Defects and Celiac Disease |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124250/http://celiac.nih.gov/PDF/Dental_Enamel_Defects_508.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |publisher=National Institute of Health (NIH)}}{{cite journal| vauthors=Pastore L, Carroccio A, Compilato D, Panzarella V, Serpico R, Lo Muzio L| title=Oral manifestations of celiac disease | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2008 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 224–32 | pmid=18223505 | doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e318074dd98 | type=Review | hdl=10447/1671 | s2cid=205776755 | hdl-access=free }} The National Institutes of Health include a dental exam in the diagnostic protocol of celiac disease. ]]

Dentists also encourage the prevention of oral diseases through proper hygiene and regular, twice or more yearly, checkups for professional cleaning and evaluation. Oral infections and inflammations may affect overall health and conditions in the oral cavity may be indicative of systemic diseases, such as osteoporosis, diabetes, celiac disease or cancer.{{cite journal| vauthors=Estrella MR, Boynton JR| title=General dentistry's role in the care for children with special needs: a review | journal=Gen Dent | year= 2010 | volume= 58 | issue= 3 | pages= 222–29 | pmid=20478802 | type=Review }}{{cite journal| author=da Fonseca MA| title=Dental and oral care for chronically ill children and adolescents | journal=Gen Dent | year= 2010 | volume= 58 | issue= 3 | pages= 204–09; quiz 210–11 | pmid=20478800 | type=Review }} Many studies have also shown that gum disease is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, heart disease, and preterm birth. The concept that oral health can affect systemic health and disease is referred to as "oral-systemic health".

{{Main|Dentistry throughout the world}}

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File:Early dental chair, Shamrock, TX IMG 6151.JPG]]

John M. Harris started the world's first dental school in Bainbridge, Ohio, and helped to establish dentistry as a health profession. It opened on 21 February 1828, and today is a dental museum.{{cite book |editor-last=Owen |editor-first=Lorrie K. |title=Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places |volume=2 |location=St. Clair Shores |publisher=Somerset |year=1999 |pages=1217–1218}} The first dental college, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, opened in Baltimore, Maryland, US in 1840. The second in the United States was the Ohio College of Dental Surgery, established in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1845.{{Cite book|title=Teeth: the story of beauty, inequality, and the struggle for oral health in America|last=Mary|first=Otto|publisher=The New Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-62097-144-4|location=New York|pages=70|oclc=958458166}} The Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery followed in 1852.{{cite web |title = History |url = http://www.dental.upenn.edu/about_us/history |website = Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine |access-date = 13 January 2016 }} In 1907, Temple University accepted a bid to incorporate the school.

Studies show that dentists that graduated from different countries,{{cite journal |author = Zadik Yehuda |author2 = Levin Liran |title = Clinical decision making in restorative dentistry, endodontics, and antibiotic prescription |journal = J Dent Educ |volume = 72 |issue = 1 |pages = 81–86 |date = January 2008 |doi = 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2008.72.1.tb04456.x |pmid = 18172239 }} or even from different dental schools in one country,{{cite journal |author = Zadik Yehuda |author2 = Levin Liran |title = Decision making of Hebrew University and Tel Aviv University Dental Schools graduates in every day dentistry—is there a difference? |journal = J Isr Dent Assoc |volume = 23 |issue = 2 |pages = 19–23 |date = April 2006 |pmid = 16886872 }} may make different clinical decisions for the same clinical condition. For example, dentists that graduated from Israeli dental schools may recommend the removal of asymptomatic impacted third molar (wisdom teeth) more often than dentists that graduated from Latin American or Eastern European dental schools.{{cite journal |author = Zadik Yehuda |author2 = Levin Liran |title = Decision making of Israeli, East European, and South American dental school graduates in third molar surgery: is there a difference? |journal = J Oral Maxillofac Surg |volume = 65 |issue = 4 |pages = 658–62 |date = April 2007 |pmid = 17368360 |doi = 10.1016/j.joms.2006.09.002 }}

In the United Kingdom, the first dental schools, the London School of Dental Surgery and the Metropolitan School of Dental Science, both in London, opened in 1859.{{cite journal |last1=Gelbier |first1=Stanley |title=Dentistry and the University of London |journal=Medical History |date=1 Oct 2005 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=445–462 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300009157 |pmid=16562330 |pmc=1251639 }} The British Dentists Act of 1878 and the 1879 Dentists Register limited the title of "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered practitioners.{{cite journal | last=Gelbier | first=S. | title=125 years of developments in dentistry, 1880–2005 Part 2: Law and the dental profession | journal=British Dental Journal | volume=199 | issue=7 | date=2005 | issn=1476-5373 | doi=10.1038/sj.bdj.4812875 | pages=470–473 | pmid=16215593 | url=http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v199/n7/full/4812875a.html}} The 1879 register is referred to as the "Dental Register". However, others could legally describe themselves as "dental experts" or "dental consultants".{{cite news |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BEdAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2752%2C3609354 |title = Banning Clerks, Colliers and other Charlatans |author=J Menzies Campbell |work = The Glasgow Herald |date = 8 February 1955 |page=3 |access-date = 5 April 2017}} The practice of dentistry in the United Kingdom became fully regulated with the 1921 Dentists Act, which required the registration of anyone practising dentistry.{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.rcsed.ac.uk/media/4014/dentistry_history.pdf |title=History of Dental Surgery in Edinburgh |website=Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|accessdate=11 December 2007}} The British Dental Association, formed in 1880 with Sir John Tomes as president, played a major role in prosecuting dentists practising illegally. Dentists in the United Kingdom are now regulated by the General Dental Council.

In many countries, dentists usually complete between five and eight years of post-secondary education before practising. Though not mandatory, many dentists choose to complete an internship or residency focusing on specific aspects of dental care after they have received their dental degree. In a few countries, to become a qualified dentist one must usually complete at least four years of postgraduate study;{{cite web|url=https://www.purdue.edu/preprofessional/documents/Dentist.pdf|title=Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.)|website=Purdue.edu|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109193952/https://www.purdue.edu/preprofessional/documents/Dentist.pdf|url-status=dead}} Dental degrees awarded around the world include the Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) and Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) in North America (US and Canada), and the Bachelor of Dental Surgery/Baccalaureus Dentalis Chirurgiae (BDS, BDent, BChD, BDSc) in the UK and current and former British Commonwealth countries.

All dentists in the United States undergo at least three years of undergraduate studies, but nearly all complete a bachelor's degree. This schooling is followed by four years of dental school to qualify as a "Doctor of Dental Surgery" (DDS) or "Doctor of Dental Medicine" (DMD). Specialization in dentistry is available in the fields of Anesthesiology, Dental Public Health, Endodontics, Oral Radiology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine, Orofacial Pain, Pathology, Orthodontics, Pediatric Dentistry (Pedodontics), Periodontics, and Prosthodontics.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cda-adc.ca/en/oral_health/specialties/|title=Canadian Dental Association|website=cda-adc.ca|access-date=2019-10-21}}

{{Main|Specialty (dentistry)}}

File:Armilan hammashoitola, Lappeenranta.jpg, Finland]]

Some dentists undertake further training after their initial degree in order to specialize. Exactly which subjects are recognized by dental registration bodies varies according to location. Examples include:

• Anesthesiology{{Cite web|url=https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2019-archive/march/anesthesiology-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty|title=Anesthesiology recognized as a dental specialty|website=www.ada.org|access-date=2019-03-12|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921061215/https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2019-archive/march/anesthesiology-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty|url-status=dead}} – the specialty of dentistry that deals with the advanced use of general anesthesia, sedation and pain management to facilitate dental procedures.
• Cosmetic dentistry – focuses on improving the appearance of the mouth, teeth and smile.
• Dental public health – the study of epidemiology and social health policies relevant to oral health.
• Endodontics (also called endodontology) – root canal therapy and study of diseases of the dental pulp and periapical tissues.
• Forensic odontology – the gathering and use of dental evidence in law. This may be performed by any dentist with experience or training in this field. The function of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity.
• Geriatric dentistry or geriodontics – the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals.
• Oral and maxillofacial pathology – the study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases.
• Oral and maxillofacial radiology – the study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
• Oral and maxillofacial surgery (also called oral surgery) – extractions, implants, and surgery of the jaws, mouth and face.The scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery is variable. In some countries, both a medical and dental degree is required for training, and the scope includes head and neck oncology and craniofacial deformity.
• Oral biology – research in dental and craniofacial biology
• Oral implantology – the replacement of extracted teeth with dental implants.
• Oral medicine – the clinical evaluation and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases
• Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics – the straightening of teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth.
• Pediatric dentistry (also called pedodontics) – dentistry for children
• Periodontology (also called periodontics) – the study and treatment of diseases of the periodontium (non-surgical and surgical) as well as placement and maintenance of dental implants
• Prosthodontics (also called prosthetic dentistry) – dentures, bridges and the restoration of implants.
• Some prosthodontists super-specialize in maxillofacial prosthetics, which is the discipline originally concerned with the rehabilitation of patients with congenital facial and oral defects such as cleft lip and palate or patients born with an underdeveloped ear (microtia). Today, most maxillofacial prosthodontists return function and esthetics to patients with acquired defects secondary to surgical removal of head and neck tumors, or secondary to trauma from war or motor vehicle accidents.
• Special needs dentistry (also called special care dentistry) – dentistry for those with developmental and acquired disabilities.
• Sports dentistry – the branch of sports medicine dealing with prevention and treatment of dental injuries and oral diseases associated with sports and exercise.{{cite web|url=https://www.fdiworlddental.org/resources/policy-statements-and-resolutions/sports-dentistry|title=Sports dentistry|publisher=FDI World Dental Federation|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023161722/https://www.fdiworlddental.org/resources/policy-statements-and-resolutions/sports-dentistry|url-status=dead}} The sports dentist works as an individual consultant or as a member of a sports medicine team.
• Veterinary dentistry – the field of dentistry applied to the care of animals. It is a specialty of veterinary medicine.{{cite web |url = http://www.avdc.org/ |title = AVDC Home |publisher = Avdc.org |date = 29 November 2009 |access-date = 18 April 2010 }}{{cite web |url = http://www.evdc.info/ |title = EVDC web site |publisher = Evdc.info |access-date = 18 April 2010 |archive-date = 5 September 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180905020518/http://www.evdc.info/ |url-status = dead }}

{{see also|History of dental treatments}}

File:A wealthy patient falling over because of having a tooth ext Wellcome V0012058.jpg

File:Johann Liss 002a.jpg, {{circa|1616–17}}]]

Tooth decay was low in pre-agricultural societies, but the advent of farming society about 10,000 years ago correlated with an increase in tooth decay (cavities).{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160229-how-our-ancestors-drilled-rotten-teeth |title = How our ancestors drilled rotten teeth |last = Barras |first = Colin |publisher = BBC |date = 29 February 2016 |access-date = 1 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519063141/https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160229-how-our-ancestors-drilled-rotten-teeth |archive-date=19 May 2017}} An infected tooth from Italy partially cleaned with flint tools, between 13,820 and 14,160 years old, represents the oldest known dentistry,{{cite web |url = http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-dentistry-found-in-14000-year-old-tooth-1507156.htm |title = Oldest Dentistry Found in 14,000-Year-Old Tooth |publisher = Discovery Channel |date = 16 July 2015 |access-date = 21 July 2015 |archive-date = 18 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150718211808/http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-dentistry-found-in-14000-year-old-tooth-1507156.htm |url-status = dead }} although a 2017 study suggests that 130,000 years ago the Neanderthals already used rudimentary dentistry tools.{{cite web |url = https://news.ku.edu/2017/06/23/analysis-neanderthal-teeth-marks-uncovers-evidence-prehistoric-dentistry |title = Analysis of Neanderthal teeth marks uncovers evidence of prehistoric dentistry |publisher = The University of Kansas |date = 28 June 2017 |access-date = 1 July 2017 }} In Italy evidence dated to the Paleolithic, around 13,000 years ago, points to bitumen used to fill a tooth{{Cite journal |last1=Oxilia |first1=Gregorio |last2=Fiorillo |first2=Flavia |last3=Boschin |first3=Francesco |last4=Boaretto |first4=Elisabetta |last5=Apicella |first5=Salvatore A. |last6=Matteucci |first6=Chiara |last7=Panetta |first7=Daniele |last8=Pistocchi |first8=Rossella |last9=Guerrini |first9=Franca |last10=Margherita |first10=Cristiana |last11=Andretta |first11=Massimo |last12=Sorrentino |first12=Rita |last13=Boschian |first13=Giovanni |last14=Arrighi |first14=Simona |last15=Dori |first15=Irene |date=2017 |title=The dawn of dentistry in the late upper Paleolithic: An early case of pathological intervention at Riparo Fredian |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23216 |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |language=en |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=446–461 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.23216 |pmid=28345756 |hdl=11585/600517 |issn=0002-9483|hdl-access=free }} and in Neolithic Slovenia, 6500 years ago, beeswax was used to close a fracture in a tooth.{{Cite journal |last1=Bernardini |first1=Federico |last2=Tuniz |first2=Claudio |last3=Coppa |first3=Alfredo |last4=Mancini |first4=Lucia |last5=Dreossi |first5=Diego |last6=Eichert |first6=Diane |last7=Turco |first7=Gianluca |last8=Biasotto |first8=Matteo |last9=Terrasi |first9=Filippo |last10=Cesare |first10=Nicola De |last11=Hua |first11=Quan |last12=Levchenko |first12=Vladimir |date=2012-09-19 |title=Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=e44904 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0044904 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3446997 |pmid=23028670|bibcode=2012PLoSO...744904B }} The Indus valley has yielded evidence of dentistry being practised as far back as 7000 BC, during the Stone Age.{{cite journal | last1=Coppa | first1=A. | last2=Bondioli | first2=L. | last3=Cucina | first3=A. | last4=Frayer | first4=D. W. | last5=Jarrige | first5=C. | last6=Jarrige | first6=J. -F. | last7=Quivron | first7=G. | last8=Rossi | first8=M. | last9=Vidale | first9=M. | last10=Macchiarelli | first10=R. | title=Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=440 | issue=7085 | year=2006 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/440755a | pages=755–756 | pmid=16598247 |display-authors=1}} The Neolithic site of Mehrgarh (now in Pakistan's south western province of Balochistan) indicates that this form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated, perhaps, by skilled bead-crafters. The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective.{{cite web | title=Dig uncovers ancient roots of dentistry | website=NBC News | date=2006-04-05 | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12168308}} The earliest dental filling, made of beeswax, was discovered in Slovenia and dates from 6500 years ago.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0044904 | pmid=23028670 | pmc=3446997 | volume=7 | issue=9 | title=Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth | journal=PLOS ONE | pages=e44904| year=2012 | last1=Bernardini | first1=Federico | last2=Tuniz | first2=Claudio | last3=Coppa | first3=Alfredo | last4=Mancini | first4=Lucia | last5=Dreossi | first5=Diego | last6=Eichert | first6=Diane | last7=Turco | first7=Gianluca | last8=Biasotto | first8=Matteo | last9=Terrasi | first9=Filippo | last10=De Cesare | first10=Nicola | last11=Hua | first11=Quan | last12=Levchenko | first12=Vladimir | bibcode=2012PLoSO...744904B | doi-access=free |display-authors=1}} Dentistry was practised in prehistoric Malta, as evidenced by a skull which had a dental abscess lanced from the root of a tooth dating back to around 2500 BC.{{cite news|title=700 years added to Malta's history|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180316/life-features/700-years-added-to-maltas-history.673498|work=Times of Malta|date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316111529/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180316/life-features/700-years-added-to-maltas-history.673498|archive-date=16 March 2018|url-status=live}} The practice of dentistry dates back thousands of years, with evidence of dental procedures such as tooth extraction and fillings found in ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and the Greeks. One notable historical figure is Pierre Fauchard, often referred to as the 'father of modern dentistry,' who wrote the first comprehensive book on the subject in 1728.

An ancient Sumerian text describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries.{{cite web|url=http://www.ada.org/public/resources/history/timeline_ancient.asp |title=History of Dentistry: Ancient Origins |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705105101/http://www.ada.org/public/resources/history/timeline_ancient.asp |archive-date=5 July 2007 |work=American Dental Association |access-date=9 January 2007 |df=dmy |url-status=dead }} Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the Homeric Hymns,{{Cite journal|last=TOWNEND|first=B. R.|title=The Story of the Tooth-Worm|date=1944|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|pages=37–58|jstor=44442797|issn=0007-5140}} and as late as the 14th century AD the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.{{cite journal|author=Suddick Richard P., Harris Norman O. |year=1990 |title=Historical Perspectives of Oral Biology: A Series |url=http://crobm.iadrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/1/2/135.pdf |journal=Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=135–51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218025641/http://crobm.iadrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/1/2/135.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2007 |doi=10.1177/10454411900010020301 |pmid=2129621 }}

Recipes for the treatment of toothache, infections and loose teeth are spread throughout the Ebers Papyrus, Kahun Papyri, Brugsch Papyrus, and Hearst papyrus of Ancient Egypt.{{cite journal |author = Blomstedt, P. |year = 2013 |title = Dental surgery in ancient Egypt |journal = Journal of the History of Dentistry |volume = 61 |issue = 3 |pages = 129–42 |pmid = 24665522 }} The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC but which may reflect previous manuscripts from as early as 3000 BC, discusses the treatment of dislocated or fractured jaws.{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226035425/http://students.ou.edu/D/Andrew.J.Dunlevy-1/episode1.html |url=http://students.ou.edu/D/Andrew.J.Dunlevy-1/episode1.html|title=Ancient Egyptian Dentistry |website= University of Oklahoma |accessdate= 15 December 2007|archive-date= 26 December 2007}} In the 18th century BC, the Code of Hammurabi referenced dental extraction twice as it related to punishment.{{cite web |last1 = Wilwerding |first1 = Terry |title = History of Dentistry 2001 |url = http://www.dentalofficesantaclarita.com/history2001.PDF |access-date = 3 November 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141103094821/http://www.dentalofficesantaclarita.com/history2001.PDF |archive-date = 3 November 2014 |url-status = dead }} Examination of the remains of some ancient Egyptians and Greco-Romans reveals early attempts at dental prosthetics.{{cite web |url = http://www.arabworldbooks.com/articles8c.htm |title = Medicine in Ancient Egypt 3 |publisher = Arabworldbooks.com |access-date = 18 April 2010 }} However, it is possible the prosthetics were prepared after death for aesthetic reasons.

Ancient Greek scholars Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws.{{cite web |url = http://completedentalguide.co.uk/history-of-dentistry/ |title = History Of Dentistry |work = Complete Dental Guide |access-date = 29 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160714150814/http://completedentalguide.co.uk/history-of-dentistry/ |archive-date = 14 July 2016 |df = dmy-all }} Use of dental appliances, bridges and dentures was applied by the Etruscans in northern Italy, from as early as 700 BC, of human or other animal teeth fastened together with gold bands.{{cite web |url = http://edwardmoondds.com/history-of-dentistry-research-group/ |title = History of Dentistry Research Page, Newsletter |publisher = Rcpsg.ac.uk |access-date = 9 June 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150428045701/http://edwardmoondds.com/history-of-dentistry-research-group/ |archive-date = 28 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |author=Donaldson, J. A. |year=1980 |title=The use of gold in dentistry |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF03216551.pdf |journal=Gold Bulletin |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1007/BF03216551 |pmid=11614516 |s2cid=137571298 |doi-access=free}}{{cite book |last=Becker |first=Marshall J. |url=http://medlib.yu.ac.kr/eur_j_oph/ijom/IJOMI/ijomi_14_19.pdf |title=Ancient "dental implants": a recently proposed example from France evaluated with other spurious examples |date=1999 |publisher=International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14.1}} The Romans had likely borrowed this technique by the 5th century BC.{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Ursman |title=History of Dentures from Beginning to Early 19th Century |url=https://exhibits.library.utoronto.ca/exhibits/show/history-dentures/references |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Exhibits}} The Phoenicians crafted dentures during the 6th–4th century BC, fashioning them from gold wire and incorporating two ivory teeth.{{Cite book |last1=Renfrew |first1=Colin |title=Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice |last2=Bahn |first2=Paul |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-500-28976-1 |edition=6th |pages=449}} In ancient Egypt, Hesy-Ra is the first named "dentist" (greatest of the teeth). The Egyptians bound replacement teeth together with gold wire. Roman medical writer Cornelius Celsus wrote extensively of oral diseases as well as dental treatments such as narcotic-containing emollients and astringents.{{cite web |url = http://www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091201213847/http://www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.html |archive-date = 1 December 2009 |title = Dental Treatment in the Ancient Times |publisher = Dentaltreatment.org.uk |access-date = 18 April 2010 }} The earliest dental amalgams were first documented in a Tang dynasty medical text written by the Chinese physician Su Kung in 659, and appeared in Germany in 1528.{{cite journal |author = Bjørklund G |title = The history of dental amalgam (in Norwegian) |journal = Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen |volume = 109 |issue = 34–36 |pages = 3582–85 |date = 1989 |pmid = 2694433 }}{{cite journal |last = Czarnetzki |first = A. |author2 = Ehrhardt S. |title = Re-dating the Chinese amalgam-filling of teeth in Europe |journal = International Journal of Anthropology |date = 1990 |volume = 5 |issue = 4 |pages = 325–32 }}

During the Islamic Golden Age Dentistry was discussed in several famous books of medicine such as The Canon in medicine written by Avicenna and Al-Tasreef by Al-Zahrawi who is considered the greatest surgeon of the Middle Ages,{{Cite book|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages)|last=Meri|first=Josef|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-96690-0}} Avicenna said that jaw fracture should be reduced according to the occlusal guidance of the teeth; this principle is still valid in modern times. Al-Zahrawi invented over 200 surgical tools that resemble the modern kind.{{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Saul S. |title=A history of the Middle East |date=2006 |publisher=Mcfarland |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=0786451343 |page=152}}

Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the Middle Ages and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general physicians. Barbers usually limited their practice to extracting teeth which alleviated pain and associated chronic tooth infection. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac most probably invented the dental pelican{{cite web|url = http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-pelican/|title = Pelican|author = Gregory Ribitzky|access-date = 23 June 2018|archive-date = 25 January 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200125120211/http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-pelican/|url-status = dead}} (resembling a pelican's beak) which was used to perform dental extractions up until the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the dental key{{cite web|url = http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-toothkey-2/|title = Toothkey|author = Gregory Ribitzky|access-date = 23 June 2018|archive-date = 23 June 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180623085108/http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-toothkey-2/|url-status = dead}} which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 19th century.{{cite web|url = http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-forceps/|title = Forceps|author = Gregory Ribitzky|access-date = 23 June 2018|archive-date = 23 June 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180623093608/http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-forceps/|url-status = dead}}

File:Device-teeth-fauchard.jpg designed by Fauchard in the late 17th century to use in prosthodontics]]

The first book focused solely on dentistry was the "Artzney Buchlein" in 1530, and the first dental textbook written in English was called "Operator for the Teeth" by Charles Allen in 1685.{{cite web |url=http://www.bda.org/museum/the-story-of-dentistry/timeline.aspx |title=The story of dentistry: Dental History Timeline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309235717/http://www.bda.org/museum/the-story-of-dentistry/timeline.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2012 |website= British Dental Association |accessdate= 2 March 2010}}

In the United Kingdom, there was no formal qualification for the providers of dental treatment until 1859 and it was only in 1921 that the practice of dentistry was limited to those who were professionally qualified. The Royal Commission on the National Health Service in 1979 reported that there were then more than twice as many registered dentists per 10,000 population in the UK than there were in 1921.{{cite book |title = Royal Commission on the NHS Chapter 9 |date = July 1979 |publisher = HMSO |isbn = 978-0-10-176150-5 |url = http://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/royal-commission-on-the-national-health-service-contents/royal-commission-on-the-nhs-chapter-9/ |access-date = 19 May 2015 }}

File:Microscope,The Dental cosmos (1907).jpg

It was between 1650 and 1800 that the science of modern dentistry developed. The English physician Thomas Browne in his A Letter to a Friend ({{circa|1656}} pub. 1690) made an early dental observation with characteristic humour:

{{Blockquote|quote=The Egyptian Mummies that I have seen, have had their Mouths open, and somewhat gaping, which affordeth a good opportunity to view and observe their Teeth, wherein 'tis not easie to find any wanting or decayed: and therefore in Egypt, where one Man practised but one Operation, or the Diseases but of single Parts, it must needs be a barren Profession to confine unto that of drawing of Teeth, and little better than to have been Tooth-drawer unto King Pyrrhus, who had but two in his Head.}}

The French surgeon Pierre Fauchard became known as the "father of modern dentistry". Despite the limitations of the primitive surgical instruments during the late 17th and early 18th century, Fauchard was a highly skilled surgeon who made remarkable improvisations of dental instruments, often adapting tools from watchmakers, jewelers and even barbers, that he thought could be used in dentistry. He introduced dental fillings as treatment for dental cavities. He asserted that sugar-derived acids like tartaric acid were responsible for dental decay, and also suggested that tumors surrounding the teeth and in the gums could appear in the later stages of tooth decay.{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2RRqAAAAMAAJ |title = Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761): The First Dental Surgeon, His Work, His Actuality |author = André Besombes |author2 = Phillipe de Gaillande |publisher = Pierre Fauchard Academy |date = 1993 }}{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2wtqAAAAMAAJ |title = Pierre Fauchard, Surgeon-dentist: A Brief Account of the Beginning of Modern Dentistry, the First Dental Textbook, and Professional Life Two Hundred Years Ago |author = Bernhard Wolf Weinberger |date = 1941 |publisher = Pierre Fauchard Academy }}

File:Panoramic radiograph of historic dental implants.jpg

Fauchard was the pioneer of dental prosthesis, and he invented many methods to replace lost teeth. He suggested that substitutes could be made from carved blocks of ivory or bone. He also introduced dental braces, although they were initially made of gold, he discovered that the teeth position could be corrected as the teeth would follow the pattern of the wires. Waxed linen or silk threads were usually employed to fasten the braces. His contributions to the world of dental science consist primarily of his 1728 publication Le chirurgien dentiste or The Surgeon Dentist. The French text included "basic oral anatomy and function, dental construction, and various operative and restorative techniques, and effectively separated dentistry from the wider category of surgery".

File:A_dental_chair_in_a_dentist_clinic_in_North_Carolina,_United_States.jpg

After Fauchard, the study of dentistry rapidly expanded. Two important books, Natural History of Human Teeth (1771) and Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Teeth (1778), were published by British surgeon John Hunter. In 1763, he entered into a period of collaboration with the London-based dentist James Spence. He began to theorise about the possibility of tooth transplants from one person to another. He realised that the chances of a successful tooth transplant (initially, at least) would be improved if the donor tooth was as fresh as possible and was matched for size with the recipient. These principles are still used in the transplantation of internal organs. Hunter conducted a series of pioneering operations, in which he attempted a tooth transplant. Although the donated teeth never properly bonded with the recipients' gums, one of Hunter's patients stated that he had three which lasted for six years, a remarkable achievement for the period.{{cite book |author = Moore, Wendy |author-link = Wendy Moore |title = The Knife Man |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DKInoTPFrBoC |access-date = 8 March 2012 |date = 30 September 2010 |publisher = Transworld |pages = 223–24 |isbn = 978-1-4090-4462-8 }}

Major advances in science were made in the 19th century, and dentistry evolved from a trade to a profession. The profession came under government regulation by the end of the 19th century. In the UK, the Dentist Act was passed in 1878 and the British Dental Association formed in 1879. In the same year, Francis Brodie Imlach was the first ever dentist to be elected President of the Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh), raising dentistry onto a par with clinical surgery for the first time.{{cite news|url=http://historyofdentistry.co.uk/index_htm_files/2004Apr2.pdf |title=A pioneering history: dentistry and the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh |first=Helen |last=Dingwall |date=April 2004 |work=History of Dentistry Newsletter |issue=14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201191323/http://historyofdentistry.co.uk/index_htm_files/2004Apr2.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2013 |df=dmy }}

{{main|Occupational hazards in dentistry}}

Long term occupational noise exposure can contribute to permanent hearing loss, which is referred to as noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and tinnitus. Noise exposure can cause excessive stimulation of the hearing mechanism, which damages the delicate structures of the inner ear.{{cite web|title=Noise-Induced Hearing Loss|url=https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss|website=NIDCD|date=18 August 2015}} NIHL can occur when an individual is exposed to sound levels above 90 dBA according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Regulations state that the permissible noise exposure levels for individuals is 90 dBA.{{cite web|title=Occupational Safety and Health Standards {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration|url=https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owastand.display_standard_group?p_toc_level=1&p_part_number=1910|website=Osha.gov}} For the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), exposure limits are set to 85 dBA. Exposures below 85 dBA are not considered to be hazardous. Time limits are placed on how long an individual can stay in an environment above 85 dBA before it causes hearing loss. OSHA places that limitation at 8 hours for 85 dBA. The exposure time becomes shorter as the dBA level increases.

Within the field of dentistry, a variety of cleaning tools are used including piezoelectric and sonic scalers, and ultrasonic scalers and cleaners.{{cite journal|last1=Stevens|first1=M|title=Is someone listening to the din of occupational noise exposure in dentistry|journal=RDH|date=1999|issue=19|pages=34–85}} While a majority of the tools do not exceed 75 dBA,{{cite journal|last1=Merrel|first1=HB|title=Noise pollution and hearing loss in the dental office|journal=Dental Assisting Journal|date=1992|volume=61|issue=3|pages=6–9}} prolonged exposure over many years can lead to hearing loss or complaints of tinnitus.{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=J.D.|title=Effects of occupational ultrasonic noise exposure on hearing of dental hygienists: A pilot study|journal=Journal of Dental Hygiene|date=2002|volume=76|issue=4|pages=262–69|pmid=12592917}} Few dentists have reported using personal hearing protective devices,{{cite journal|last1=Leggat|first1=P.A.|title=Occupational Health Problems in Modern Dentistry: A Review|journal=Industrial Health|date=2007|volume=45|issue=5|pages=611–21|doi=10.2486/indhealth.45.611|pmid=18057804|url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/2690/1/2690_Leggat_et_al...2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427125357/https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/2690/1/2690_Leggat_et_al...2007.pdf |archive-date=2019-04-27 |url-status=live|doi-access=free|bibcode=2007IndHe..45..611L }}{{cite journal|last1=Leggat|first1=P.A.|title=Occupational hygiene practices of dentists in southern Thailand|journal=International Dental Journal|date=2001|volume=51|issue=51|pages=11–6|doi=10.1002/j.1875-595x.2001.tb00811.x|pmid=11326443|doi-access=free}} which could offset any potential hearing loss or tinnitus.

{{Main|Evidence-based dentistry}}

There is a movement in modern dentistry to place a greater emphasis on high-quality scientific evidence in decision-making. Evidence-based dentistry (EBD) uses current scientific evidence to guide decisions. It is an approach to oral health that requires the application and examination of relevant scientific data related to the patient's oral and medical health. Along with the dentist's professional skill and expertise, EBD allows dentists to stay up to date on the latest procedures and patients to receive improved treatment. A new paradigm for medical education designed to incorporate current research into education and practice was developed to help practitioners provide the best care for their patients.{{cite journal|title=Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|year=1992|volume=268|issue=17|pages=2420–2425|pmid=1404801|author1=Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group|doi=10.1001/jama.1992.03490170092032}} It was first introduced by Gordon Guyatt and the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada in the 1990s. It is part of the larger movement toward evidence-based medicine and other evidence-based practices, especially since a major part of dentistry involves dealing with oral and systemic diseases. Other issues relevant to the dental field in terms of evidence-based research and evidence-based practice include population oral health, dental clinical practice, tooth morphology etc.

File:Dental Chair UMSOD.jpg

Dentistry is unique in that it requires dental students to have competence-based clinical skills that can only be acquired through supervised specialized laboratory training and direct patient care.{{Cite web|date=2014-03-17|title=Union workers build high-tech dental simulation laboratory for SIU dental school|url=https://labortribune.com/union-workers-build-high-tech-dental-simulation-laboratory-for-siu-dental-school/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=The Labor Tribune|language=en-US}} This necessitates the need for a scientific and professional basis of care with a foundation of extensive research-based education.{{Cite journal|last=Slavkin|first=Harold C.|date=January 2012|title=Evolution of the scientific basis for dentistry and its impact on dental education: past, present, and future|journal=Journal of Dental Education|volume=76|issue=1|pages=28–35|doi=10.1002/j.0022-0337.2012.76.1.tb05231.x|issn=1930-7837|pmid=22262547}} According to some experts, the accreditation of dental schools can enhance the quality and professionalism of dental education.{{Cite journal|last1=Formicola|first1=Allan J.|last2=Bailit|first2=Howard L.|last3=Beazoglou|first3=Tryfon J.|last4=Tedesco|first4=Lisa A.|date=February 2008|title=The interrelationship of accreditation and dental education: history and current environment|journal=Journal of Dental Education|volume=72|issue=2 Suppl|pages=53–60|doi=10.1002/j.0022-0337.2008.72.2_suppl.tb04480.x|issn=0022-0337|pmid=18250379}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.adee.org/|title=The first 25 year [Internet] Ireland: ADEE (Association for Dental Education in Europe)|last=Carrrassi|first=A.|date=2019|website=Association for Dental Education in Europe|access-date=2019-10-21}}

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