Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark
{{Short description|Progeny of King Christian IX}}
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File:Christian IX of Denmark with family (Tuxen).jpg]]
King Christian IX of Denmark (April 8, 1818{{snd}}January 29, 1906), known as the "father-in-law of Europe",{{Cite web |url=https://kongeligeslotte.dk/en/explore-history/christian-IX.html |title=Christian IX |website=Royal Palaces |publisher=National Museum of Denmark |access-date=March 6, 2024}} ruled Denmark from 1863 to 1906. He and his queen consort, Louise of Hesse-Kassel (September 7, 1817{{snd}}September 29, 1898), became the ancestors of many members of European royalty.
In 1842, prior to becoming King of Denmark, Christian married Louise, whose familial connections allowed him to secure his status as the heir-presumptive to the Danish throne in 1852. Christian and Louise had three sons and three daughters together, and the couple actively involved themselves in their children's education because of their limited finances. Although Christian had an affectionate relationship with his daughters, he rejected his eldest son, Frederick, over political differences.
After the commencement of Christian's reign as King of Denmark, his popularity gradually improved among his subjects, partially because of Louise's efforts to marry their children with members of royal families across Europe, including their daughter Princess Alexandra with Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII), and their daughter Princess Dagmar with Alexander, Tsarevich of Russia (later Alexander III).
All of Christian and Louise's six children would go on to have progeny of their own. In addition, some of Christian and Louise's extended descendants would rule as monarchs themselves in European countries. For example, Christian and Louise's grandsons Constantine I, Nicholas II, and George V reigned over Greece, Russia, and the United Kingdom, respectively.
Background
=King Christian IX=
For the first 13 years of his life, Christian lived in Germany. Following the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm, in 1831, Christian trained as an officer in Copenhagen. He fought on behalf of the Danish Unitary State in the First Schleswig War.{{Cite web |url=https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/christian-ix/ |title=Christian IX |website=Amalienborg Palace |access-date=March 6, 2024}}
In 1852, Christian became the heir presumptive to the Danish throne. Following the death of his second cousin King Frederick VII 11 years later, Christian became King of Denmark. Due to Christian's German background, he was unpopular among his subjects during the start of his reign. He nearly abdicated in 1864 after Denmark's loss in the Second Schleswig War. Christian's popularity recovered, however, as his children married into several European royal families.
=Queen Louise=
Born Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, Louise became Queen of Denmark in 1863. Because her mother was a sister of King Christian VIII, Louise's marriage to Christian IX was an important factor in his rise to the Danish throne. Moreover, Louise was instrumental in marrying her children across European royalty, which helped increase her husband's popularity among the Danish people.{{Cite web |url=https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/queen-louise/ |title=Queen Louise |website=Amalienborg Palace |access-date=March 7, 2024}}
As Queen of Denmark, Louise exemplified the female ideas of her time. Despite remaining in the shadow of Christian, she showed artistic and social talent. Through her charity work, Louise founded the Diakonissestiftelsen in Copenhagen.
=Marriage=
Christian and Louise were married in 1842.{{Cite news |author= |date=October 8, 1898 |title=Death of the Queen of Denmark |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71318804 |work=Australian Town and Country Journal |publisher=Frank and Christopher Bennett |page=24 |access-date=May 5, 2024}}
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| class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| File:Christian IX af Henrik Olrik.jpg
! scope="row" | Christian IX, King of Denmark {{r.|1863|1906}}{{Cite news |author= |date=January 30, 1906 |title=Death of the King of Denmark. - A Peaceful End. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5003471 |work=The Advertiser |publisher=John Langdon Bonython |location=London |page=7 |access-date=May 5, 2024}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"|April 8, 1818{{Cite news |author= |date=January 29, 1906 |title=Death of the King of Denmark. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71526851 |work=Australian Town and Country Journal |publisher=Frank and Christopher Bennett |location=London |page=8 |access-date=May 5, 2024}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"|January 29, 1906 |
| class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| File:Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann - Dronning Louise.jpg
! scope="row" |Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"|September 7, 1817 |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"|September 29, 1898 |
Children
King Christian IX, together with Queen Louise, had six children: Frederick, Alexandra, George, Dagmar, Thyra, and Valdemar. Because of the strained finances and limited fortunes that Christian and Louise had before 1852, they were actively involved in the education of Dagmar and her siblings during that time.{{Cite web |url=https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/mariabio.php |title=Dowager Empress Marie |last=Beeche |first=Art |website=Alexander Palace Time Machine |publisher=Bob Atchinson |date=n.d. |access-date=March 11, 2024}} Later, from 1875 to 1900, Christian and Louise would annually welcome their children and grandchildren across six different European royal houses at Fredensborg Palace in Denmark.{{Cite web |url=https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/1875-1900-2/ |title=The History of Denmark 1875-1900 |website=Amalienborg Palace |access-date=March 11, 2024}}
Within Christian and Louise's family, Thyra was called the "gentle and good daughter" by her father. In addition, Alexandra and Dagmar were respectively seen as the "pretty" and "clever" girls.{{Cite web |url=https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/thyra-2/ |title=Thyra |website=Amalienborg Palace |access-date=March 11, 2024}} In contrast, Christian rejected Frederick, then Crown Prince of Denmark, because of their contrasting conservative and reformist mindsets, respectively.{{Cite web |url=https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/frederik-viii/ |title=Frederik VIII 1906-1912 |website=Amalienborg Palace |access-date=March 11, 2024}} Furthermore, Christian had reservations about George becoming King of the Hellenes after the Greek National Assembly elected the latter to be their monarch, seeing the country's throne as a doubtful proposition. Nevertheless, George successfully persuaded his father and assumed the Greek throne in 1863. This influenced Valdemar's decision to decline an offer for the Bulgarian throne in 1878. He did not want to risk going to war with his brother George, given the relations between Bulgaria and Greece at the time.
{{Chart top|Family tree of King Christian IX and Queen Louise{{Cite book |last=Carter |first=Miranda |author-link=Miranda Carter|date=2009 |title=George, Nicholas and Wilhelm |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |pages=x–xii |isbn=978-1-4000-4363-7}}}}
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| class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| File:Otto Bache - Portræt af Frederik VIII - 1909.jpg
! scope="row" data-sort-value="of Denmark, Frederick"|Frederick VIII, King of Denmark {{r.|1906|1912}} | {{sort|1843.0603|June 3, 1843}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.kungahuset.se/english/royal-house/the-bernadotte-dynasty/frederik-viii-of-denmark |title=Frederik VIII of Denmark |website=Swedish Royal Court |date=n.d. |access-date=May 5, 2024}} | {{sort|1912.0514|May 14, 1912}} | Married 1869, Princess Louise of Sweden (1851–1926)
8 children (including Christian X, King of Denmark, and Haakon VII, King of Norway) |
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! scope="row" data-sort-value="of Denmark, Alexandra"|Princess Alexandra of Denmark | {{sort|1844.1201|December 1, 1844}} | {{sort|1925.1120|November 20, 1925}} | Married 1863, Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom (1841–1910; {{r.|1901|1910}})
6 children (including George V, King of the United Kingdom, and Maud, Queen of Norway) |
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! scope="row" data-sort-value="of Denmark, George"|George I, King of the Hellenes {{r.|1863|1913}} | {{sort|1845.1224|December 24, 1845}} | {{sort|1913.0318|March 18, 1913}} | Married 1867, Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia (1851–1926)
8 children (including Constantine I, King of the Hellenes) |
| class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| File:Maria Feodorovna of Russia 1881.jpg
! scope="row" data-sort-value="of Denmark, Dagmar"|Princess Dagmar of Denmark | {{sort|1847.1126|November 26, 1847}} | {{sort|1928.1013|October 13, 1928}} | Married 1866, Alexander III, Emperor of Russia (1845–1894; {{r.|1881|1894}})
6 children (including Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia) |
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! scope="row" data-sort-value="of Denmark, Thyra"|Princess Thyra of Denmark | {{sort|1853.0929|September 29, 1853}}{{Cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Bernard |author-link1=Bernard Burke |last2=Burke |first2=Ashworth P. |date=1914 |title=Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVggAAAAYAAJ&dq=burke%27s+peerage+ernest+augustus+1878&pg=PA21 |publisher=Harrison and Sons |access-date=May 5, 2024 |isbn=}} | {{sort|1933.0226|February 26, 1933}}{{Cite news |author= |date=February 27, 1933 |title=More Royal Deaths. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/185678280 |work=The Daily Standard |location=Berlin |page=5 |access-date=May 5, 2024}} | Married 1878, Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover (1845–1923)
6 children (including Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick){{efn|name=fn1|Thyra was also the mother of an illegitimate child.{{sfn|Rodriguez|Warner|2019|loc=[https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/g19557233/royal-family-illegitimate-children/ Princess Thyra of Denmark]}}}} |
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! scope="row" data-sort-value="of Denmark, Valdemar"|Prince Valdemar of Denmark | {{sort|1858.1027|October 27, 1858}} | {{sort|1939.0114|January 14, 1939}} | Married 1885, Princess Marie of Orléans (1865–1909){{Cite news |author= |date=December 6, 1909 |title=Obituary. Princess Waldemar. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/89888753 |work=The Bendigo Advertiser |location=London |page=7 |access-date=May 5, 2024}} |
Grandchildren
Christian IX and Louise had 38 grandchildren: eight children of Frederick VIII, six children of Alexandra,{{Cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-queen-alexandra-4582642 |title=Biography of Queen Alexandra |last=Prahl |first=Amanda |website=ThoughtCo |publisher=Dotdash |access-date=March 12, 2024}} seven children of George I,{{Cite web |url=https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/vilhelm-georg-i/ |title=Vilhelm (George I) |website=Amalienborg Palace |access-date=March 12, 2024}}{{efn|name=fn2|An eighth child of George I, Olga, died at six months of age.{{sfn|Bence-Jones|Vickers|Williamson|1977|p=327}}}} six children of Dagmar, six children of Thyra,{{efn|name=fn1}} and five children of Valdemar.{{Cite web |url=https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/valdemar-2/ |title=Valdemar |website=Amalienborg Palace |access-date=March 12, 2024}}
=Children of Frederick VIII and Louise=
At the age of 17, Princess Louise of Sweden became engaged to King Frederick VIII of Denmark, then called Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark, at Bäckaskog Castle in Sweden. Frederick and Louise would later marry in 1869 in Stockholm.{{Cite web |url=https://www.kungahuset.se/english/royal-house/the-bernadotte-dynasty/queen-lovisa-of-denmark |title=Queen Lovisa of Denmark |website=Swedish Royal Court |access-date=March 17, 2024}} This marriage took place in the context of a desire for a Scandinavian union in both Denmark and Sweden.{{Cite web |url=https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/queen-lovisa/ |title=Queen Lovisa |website=Amalienborg Palace |access-date=March 17, 2024}}
Together, Frederick and Louise had eight children. Two of these children, Christian and Haakon, became King of Denmark and King of Norway, respectively. Frederick and Louise's family came to be defined by Louise's piety. Moreover, Louise oversaw the strictly disciplined education of her children.
Over time, Frederick and Louise's marriage became a reasonably happy one. However, because of Frederick's estrangement from his father, he and his wife kept their distance from his relatives. In addition, Louise had difficult relationships with her in-laws in the Danish royal family.
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=Children of Alexandra and Edward VII=
{{See also|Descendants of Queen Victoria#Edward VII|Descendants of George V}}
In 1861, Princess Alexandra met King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, then called Albert Edward Prince of Wales, at the Speyer Cathedral in Germany. Edward was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.{{Cite web |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-vii |title=Edward VII (r.1901-1910) |website=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household at Buckingham Palace |access-date=March 17, 2024}} Edward later proposed to Alexandra in 1862, and they married in 1863 at St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle in the United Kingdom.
Although Alexandra and Edward got along fairly well,{{Cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/king-edward-vii-biography-4173865 |title=Biography of Edward VII, Successor to Queen Victoria |last=Prahl |first=Amanda |website=ThoughtCo |publisher=Dotdash |access-date=March 17, 2024}} Edward engaged in several affairs during their marriage. However, for the most part, Alexandra did not pay attention to her husband's romantic liaisons.
Together, Alexandra and Edward had six children. One of these children, Alexander John, died in infancy.{{Cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/princess-louise-duchess-of-fife-3528836 |date=n.d. |title=The Princess Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife |last=Lewis |first=Jone Johnson |website=ThoughtCo |publisher=Dotdash |access-date=March 17, 2024}} Furthermore, Alexandra and Edward's eldest son, Albert Victor, died in 1892 after contracting an illness during a flu pandemic. Albert Victor's death devastated Alexandra.
The three daughters of Edward and Alexandra, Louise, Victoria, and Maud, were known for being active during their youth. As the daughters aged, they became more withdrawn. Alexandra did not want Louise, Victoria, and Maud to marry because her daughters had two brothers who could potentially follow Edward to the British throne. However, both Louise and Maud eventually married.
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| File:Edward VII of the United Kingdom as Prince of Wales and family - Project Gutenberg eText 15052.png, Maud, Queen of Norway, Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom, Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom, Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife, George V, King of the United Kingdom, and Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom]] |
{{Chart top|Family tree of King Edward VII, Queen Alexandra, and their royal descendants{{Cite book |last=Crofton |first=Ian |date=2011 |title=The Kings & Queens of England |publisher=Metro Books|page=250 |isbn=978-1-4351-2965-8}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.royalcourt.no/slektstre.html?tid=28695&sek=27317 |title=The Family tree |author= |date=n.d. |website=The Royal House of Norway |access-date=June 1, 2024}}}}
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=Children of George I and Olga=
In 1863, the Kingdom of Greece was without a monarch. The royal houses of Europe believed that George I, then Prince William of Denmark, would be a suitable candidate for the Greek throne. Consequently, George traveled to Greece, a country that he had never visited before, that same year to start his reign.
After arriving in Greece, George married Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia in 1867. George and Olga had eight children together.{{efn|name=fn2}}
{{Chart top|Family tree of King George I and Queen Olga}}
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=Children of Dagmar and Alexander III=
Queen Louise, Dagmar's mother, hoped to find a suitable husband for her daughter in the Russian imperial court. Following the marriage of Dagmar's sister Alexandra, Queen Louise dedicated her enthusiasm to making this desire a reality. Eventually, in 1864, Dagmar became engaged to Nicholas Alexandrovich, the then-heir to the Russian throne. However, he died one year later.
While on his deathbed, Nicholas insisted that his brother, Emperor Alexander III of Russia (then called Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia), marry Dagmar.{{Cite web |url=https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/alexbio.php |title=Alexander III |last=Malsom |first=Scott |website=Alexander Palace Time Machine |publisher=Bob Atchinson |access-date=March 16, 2024}} Dagmar gradually developed a romantic attraction toward Alexander. They married in October 1866, and Dagmar took the name Maria Feodorovna after converting to Russian Orthodoxy.
Maria and Alexander would go on to have six children together, one of whom, Alexander, did not survive past infancy. Maria adored and spoiled her surviving children, especially Nicholas. Likewise, Alexander adored his daughters.
Of the five children of Maria and Alexander who survived past infancy, George died of tuberculosis. Moreover, Nicholas, Michael, and the former's five children were killed during the Russian Revolution.
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| File:1888. Семья императора Александра III.jpg, Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia
{{pb}} Front row, from left to right: Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, and Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia]] |
{{Chart top|Family tree of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria{{efn|name=fn3|A sixth child of Maria, Alexander, did not survive past infancy.{{sfn|Beeche|n.d.|loc=[https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/mariabio.php Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna]}}}}}}
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=Children of Thyra and Ernest Augustus=
Finding a suitable husband for Princess Thyra of Denmark was an undertaking for her mother, Queen Louise, who had one potential suitor in mind for Thyra: Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Eventually, Thyra married him, which gave her the desired opportunity to have children.
Together, Thyra and Ernest Augustus had six children.{{efn|name=fn1}} Living in Gmunden, Austria, Thyra enjoyed a quiet life which allowed her to spend time with her children. However, two of her sons died at a young age. Prince George died in a car accident on the way to the funeral of his uncle King Frederick VIII of Denmark, and Prince Christian died of appendicitis.
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| |Portrait of Princess Thyra and Prince Ernest Augustus's family |
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| File:Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover and Princess Thyra of Denmark with family.jpg, Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, Princess Marie Louise, Margravine of Baden, Prince George William of Hanover, Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Princess Olga of Hanover, Prince Christian of Hanover, and Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick]] |
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| class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| File:Prinzessin Max von Baden.jpg
! scope="row" class="float-center" style="text-align:center;" data-sort-value="of Hanover, Marie Louise"| Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1879.1011|October 11, 1879}}{{Cite magazine |author= |date=n.d. |title=The Royal House of Hanover |pages=55–61 |url=https://www.victorianvoices.net/ARTICLES/MISC/LadiesRealm/LR1902-HouseofHanover.pdf |magazine=The Lady's Realm |publisher=Hutchinson |access-date=March 22, 2024 |via=VictorianVoices.net}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1948.0131|January 31, 1948}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| Married 1900, Prince Maximilian of Baden{{Cite news |author= |date=November 7, 1912 |title=Prince Max von Baden. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4048621 |work=The Argus (Melbourne) |location=Berlin |page=8 |access-date=March 22, 2024 |via=Trove}} (1867–1929) and had 2 children:
|
| class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| File:Royal Hanover Inescutcheon.svg
! scope="row" class="float-center" style="text-align:center;" data-sort-value="of Hanover, George William"| Prince George William of Hanover and Cumberland |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1880.1028|October 28, 1880}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1912.0520|May 20, 1912}}{{Cite news |author= |date=May 21, 1912 |title=A Prince's Death |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/10224094?searchTerm=prince%20hanover%20killed&searchLimits= |work=The Mercury (Hobart)|location=Berlin |page=5 |access-date=March 22, 2024 |via=Trove}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| Died unmarried |
| class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| File:Grand Duchess Alexandra of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.jpg
! scope="row" class="float-center" style="text-align:center;" data-sort-value="of Hanover, Alexandra"| Princess Alexandra of Hanover and Cumberland |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1882.0929|September 29, 1882}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1963.0830|August 30, 1963}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| Married 1904, Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1882–1945;{{Cite web |url=https://mecklenburg-strelitz.org/history/history-of-the-house/ |title=History of the House |last=Corston |first=Daniel |website=House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz |access-date=March 22, 2024}} {{r.|1897|1918}}), and had 5 children:
|
| class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| File:Royal Hanover Inescutcheon.svg
! scope="row" class="float-center" style="text-align:center;" data-sort-value="of Hanover, Olga"| Princess Olga of Hanover and Cumberland |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1884.0711|July 11, 1884}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1958.0921|September 21, 1958}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| Died unmarried |
| class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| File:Royal Hanover Inescutcheon.svg
! scope="row" class="float-center" style="text-align:center;" data-sort-value="of Hanover, Christian"| Prince Christian of Hanover and Cumberland |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1885.0704|July 4, 1885}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1901.0903|September 3, 1901}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| |
| class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| File:Royal Hanover Inescutcheon.svg
! scope="row" class="float-center" style="text-align:center;" data-sort-value="of Hanover, Ernest Augustus"| Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick {{r.|1913|1918}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1887.1117|November 17, 1887}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| {{sort|1953.0130|January 30, 1953}} |class="float-center" style="text-align:center;"| Married 1913, Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia (1892–1980) and had 5 children:
|
=Children of Valdemar and Marie=
In 1885, Prince Valdemar of Denmark married Marie of Orléans, a French princess. Together, they had five children who were nicknamed the "naughty children from the Yellow Palace". Nevertheless, both Valdemar and Marie were very popular in Denmark.
Because of Valdemar's interest in ships, he went on long sea voyages, a practice that continued during his marriage to Marie.
{{Sticky header}}
See also
- John William Friso{{snd}}Another European prince with descendants in multiple royal families
- Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt{{snd}}Another European sovereign with descendants in multiple royal families
- Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal{{snd}}Describes progeny of another European king whose descendants married into multiple royal families
- Nicholas I of Montenegro{{snd}}Another European king whose descendants married into multiple royal families
- List of grandchildren of Paul I of Russia{{snd}}Describes progeny of a European emperor with descendants in multiple royal families
- Descendants of Queen Victoria{{snd}}Describes progeny of one of Christian IX's contemporaries
- Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
Footnotes
=Notes=
{{notelist}}
=Citations=
{{reflist}}
=References=
- {{Cite web |url=https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/Olga.php |title=Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna |last=Atchinson |first=Bob |website=Alexander Palace Time Machine |publisher=Bob Atchinson |date=n.d. |access-date=July 3, 2024}}
- {{Cite web |url=https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/g19557233/royal-family-illegitimate-children/ |title=All the Royals With (Rumored) Illegitimate Children |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Blanca |last2=Warner |first2=Alex |website=Marie Claire |publisher=Future plc |date=December 31, 2019 |access-date=March 12, 2024}}
- {{Cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,758044,00.html |title=Milestones, Jul. 26, 1937 |author=TIME |magazine=TIME |date=July 26, 1937 |access-date=July 3, 2024}}
Further reading
- {{Cite book |last=Aronson |first=Theo |author-link=Theo Aronson |date=November 12, 2020 |title=A Family of Kings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRwOzgEACAAJ |location= |publisher=Lume Books |isbn=978-1-83901-257-0}} A text that describes the relationships among the children of Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel.
- {{Cite book |last1=Beéche |first1=Arturo E. |last2=Hall |first2=Coryne |date=April 5, 2014 |title=Apapa: King Christian IX of Denmark and His Descendants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DS3_oAEACAAJ |location= |publisher=Euro History |isbn=978-0-9854603-4-1}} A text that documents writings and rare photos of Christian IX of Denmark.
- {{Cite book |last1=Lerche |first1=Anna |last2=Mandal |first2=Marcus |date=2003 |title=A Royal Family: The Story of Christian IX and His European Descendants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSjoPAAACAAJ |location= |publisher=Aschehoug |isbn=978-87-15-10957-7}} A text that chronicles the rise of Christian IX of Denmark to his country's throne.
External links
{{Sister project links |n=no |c=Category:Christian IX of Denmark with his family |d=y |wikt=no |b=no |voy=no |v=no |mw=no |m=no |q=no |species=no |s=no}}
- [https://heinbruins.nl/Christian.html Complete list of descendants of Christian IX of Denmark]
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Category:Christian IX of Denmark