Destroyer escort

File:USS Dealey (DE-1006).jpg

Full-sized destroyers must be able to steam as fast or faster than cruisers and fast capital ships such as fleet carriers. This typically requires a speed of {{convert|25|-|35|kn|km/h|lk=in}} (dependent upon the era and navy). They must carry torpedoes and a smaller caliber of naval guns to use against enemy ships, anti-aircraft guns, and antisubmarine detection equipment and weapons. While these requirements made the destroyer a fast all-around combatant, this made them too valuable to be relegated to convoy escort duties.

A destroyer escort needed only to be able to maneuver relative to a slow convoy (which in World War II would travel at {{convert|10|to|12|kn|km/h}}), be able to defend against aircraft, and detect, pursue, and attack submarines. These lower requirements greatly reduce the size, cost, and crew required for the destroyer escort. Destroyer escorts were optimized for antisubmarine warfare, having a tighter turning radius and more specialized armament (such as the forward-firing Hedgehog mortar) than fleet destroyers. The slower speed of destroyer escorts was not a liability in this context as sonar was useless at speeds over {{convert|20|kn|km/h}}.

As an alternative to geared steam-turbine propulsion found in sloops of similar purpose, size and speed (as well as full-sized destroyers and larger warships), many US destroyer escorts of the World War II period had diesel-electric or turboelectric drive, in which the engine rooms functioned as power stations supplying current to electric motors sited close to the propellers. Electric drive was selected because it does not need gearboxes (produced on special precise machining tooling available in limited quantities, they were heavily in demand for the fast fleet destroyers) to adjust engine speed to the much lower optimal speed for the propellers. The current from the engine room can be used equally well for other purposes, and after the war, many destroyer escorts were re-used as floating power stations for coastal cities in Latin America under programs funded by the World Bank.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}. {{sclass|Edsall|destroyer escort|0}} ships were the exception to this and they used a geared diesel engine to drive the propellers directly. {{sclass|John C. Butler|destroyer escort|5}}s used the typical boiler and geared turbine propulsion system.

Destroyer escorts were also useful for coastal antisubmarine and radar picket ship duty. During World War II, seven destroyer escorts (DEs) were converted to radar picket destroyer escorts (DERs), supplementing radar picket destroyers. Although these were relegated to secondary roles after the war, in the mid-1950s, 36 more DEs were converted to DERs, serving as such until 1960–1965.Friedman, Destroyers, pp 230–232 Their mission was to extend the Distant Early Warning Line on both coasts, in conjunction with 16 {{sclass|Guardian|radar picket ship|1}}s, which were converted Liberty ships.

During World War II, some 95 destroyer escorts were converted by the US to high-speed transports (APDs). This involved adding an extra deck which allowed space for about 10 officers and 150 men. Two large davits were also installed, one on either side of the ship, from which landing craft (LCVPs) could be launched.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

The Lend-Lease Act was passed into law in the United States in March 1941, enabling the United Kingdom to procure merchant ships, warships, munitions, and other materiel from the US, to help with the war effort. This enabled the UK to commission the US to design, build, and supply an escort vessel that was suitable for antisubmarine warfare in deep open-ocean situations, which they did in June 1941. Captain E.L. Cochrane of the American Bureau of Shipping came up with a design which was known as the British destroyer escort (BDE). The BDE designation was retained by the first six destroyer escorts transferred to the United Kingdom (BDE 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, and 46); of the initial order of 50, these were the only ones the Royal Navy received, the rest being reclassified as destroyer escorts on 25 January 1943 and taken over by the United States Navy.{{sfn | Franklin | 1999 | p=7}}

When the United States entered the war, and found they also required an antisubmarine warfare ship and that the destroyer escort fitted their needs perfectly, a system of rationing was put in place whereby out of every five destroyer escorts completed, four would be allocated to the U.S. Navy and one to the Royal Navy.

Destroyer escorts were designed and built to naval construction standards, and as such could only be built at yards experienced with naval standards. The United States Maritime Commission created its S2-S2-AQ1 design – which was based on the British-designed River class – for much the same role but using civilian construction standards. These ships would be classed by the Navy as the Tacoma class frigates (PF).Friedman, Small Combatants These frigates had a greater range than the superficially similar destroyer escorts, but the US Navy viewed them as decidedly inferior in all other respects. The Tacoma class had a much larger turning circle than destroyer escorts, lacked sufficient ventilation for warm-weather operations (a reflection of their original British design and its emphasis on operations in the colder North Atlantic Ocean), were criticized as far too hot below decks, and, because of the mercantile style of their hulls, had far less resistance to underwater explosions than ships built to naval standards like the destroyer escorts.Gardiner, Robert, ed., Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, New York: Mayflower Books, 1980, {{ISBN|0-8317-0303-2}}, pp. 148–149.

After World War II, new-build United States Navy destroyer escorts were referred to as ocean escorts, but retained the hull classification symbol DE. However, other navies, most notably those of NATO countries and the USSR, followed different naming conventions for this type of ship, which resulted in some confusion. To remedy this problem, the 1975 ship reclassification declared ocean escorts (and by extension, destroyer escorts) as frigates (FF). This brought the USN's nomenclature more in line with NATO, and made comparing ship types with the Soviet Union easier. As of 2006, no plans existed for future frigates for the US Navy. {{USS|Zumwalt|DDG-1000|6}} and the littoral combat ship (LCS) were the main ship types planned in this area. However, by 2017 the Navy had reversed course, and put out a Request For Proposals (RFP) for a new frigate class, temporarily designated FFG(X). One major problem with ship classification is whether to base it on a ship's role (such as escort or air defense), or on its size (such as displacement). One example of this ambiguity is the {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|0}} air-defense ship class, which is classified as cruiser, though it uses the same hull as the {{sclass|Spruance|destroyer|1}}s.

During the Vietnam War, the Republic of Vietnam Navy received two {{sclass|Edsall|destroyer escort|1}}s from the United States.

{{notelist|group=comm}}

total ships in the table: 507DEs + 56APDs

37 Buckleys listed here as Buckleys were converted to APDs after having been commissioned as destroyer escorts. All APDs listed in the table were completed as conversions. Captains were converted before commissioning as DEs.

Data from "Ship's Data U.S. Naval Vessels"{{cite web | url=http://www.alternatewars.com/Archives/Ships_Data_USN/Ships_Data.htm | title=Ships' Data -- U.S. Naval Vessels - BuShips }}

hull numbers for WGT and FMR are still incomplete, price of $2,157 for Brown/WGT DE-423 is assumed to be a typo

other classes missing (work in progress)

From the same document, List of Naval Vessels, pp. 11:

{{Main|Captain-class frigate}}

File:HMS Dacres.jpg]]

The Captain class was a designation given to 78 frigates of the Royal Navy, constructed in the United States, launched in 1942–1943 and delivered to the United Kingdom under the provisions of the Lend-Lease agreement (under which the United States supplied the United Kingdom and other Allied nations with materiel between 1941 and 1945),{{sfn | Lenton | 1998 | pp=198–199}}{{sfn | Morison | 1956 | p=34}} they were drawn from two subclasses of the destroyer escort (originally British destroyer escort) classification: 32 from the Evarts subclass and 46 from the Buckley subclass.{{sfn | Franklin | 1999 | p=7}}{{sfn | Lenton | 1998| pp=198–199}} Upon reaching the UK, the ships were substantially modified by the Royal Navy, including removal of torpedo tubes, making them distinct from the US Navy destroyer escort ships.{{sfn | Collingwood | 1998 | pp=30–31}}

Captain-class frigates acted in the roles of convoy escorts, antisubmarine warfare vessels,{{sfn | Franklin | 1999 | p=x}} coastal forces control frigates and headquarters ships for the Normandy landings. During the course of World War II, this class participated in the sinking of at least 34 German submarines and a number of other hostile craft with 15 of the 78 Captain-class frigates being either sunk or written off as a constructive total loss.

In the postwar period, all of the surviving Captain-class frigates except one (HMS Hotham) were returned to the US Navy before the end of 1947 to reduce the amount payable under the provisions of the Lend-Lease agreement; the last such frigate was returned to United States custody in March 1956.{{sfn | DANFS: Hotham}}{{sfn | Lenton | 1974 | p=16}}

Six Cannon-class destroyer escorts were built for the Free French Navy. Although initially transferred under the Lend-Lease Act, these ships were permanently transferred under the Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP).

• FFL Algérien (F-1), ex-Cronin (DE-107)
• FFL Sénégalais (F-2), ex-Corbestier (DE-106)
• FFL Somali (F-3), ex-Somali (DE-111)
• FFL Hova (F-4), ex-Hova (DE-110)
• FFL Marocain (F-5), ex-Marocain (DE-109)
• FFL Tunisien (F-6), ex-Crosley (DE-108)

Under the MDAP the destroyer escorts leased to the Free French were permanently transferred to the French Navy. In addition, the following navies also acquired DEs:

:DE-47, DE-6

:DE-1007, DE-1008, DE-1009, DE-1010, DE-1011, DE-1012, DE-1013, DE-1016, DE-1017, DE-1018, DE1019

: DE-173, DE-766, DE-768, DE-193

:DE-1020, DE-1031

:DE-168, DE-169

:DE-168, DE-169, DE-170, DE-770, DE-771, DE-251, DE-637

:DE-509, DE-1032, DE-1039, DE-1042, DE-1046

:DE-770, DE-771

DE-574DE-574 was originally provided to the United Kingdom under the Lend-Lease (Public Law 77-11) scheme, DE-574 was returned to the US custody under the provisions of the Lend-Lease scheme on the 25 April 1952 and simultaneously transferred back to the United Kingdom under the Mutual Defence Assistance Program.{{sfn | DANFS: Hotham}}

:USS Burrows (DE-105), USS Rinehart (DE-196), USS Gustafson (DE-182), USS O'Neill (DE-188), USS Eisner (DE-192), USS Stern (DE-187)

:DE-746

:DE-166, DE-189,

The table below compares destroyer escorts and frigates designed for similar missions.

Four destroyer escorts are preserved as museum ships, while others remain in active service.

• The {{sclass|Edsall|destroyer escort|2}} {{USS|Stewart|DE-238}} is preserved in Galveston, Texas.
• The {{sclass|Cannon|destroyer escort|2}} {{USS|Slater|DE-766}} is preserved in Albany, New York.
• The {{sclass|Cannon|destroyer escort|2}} BNS Bauru (BE-4), formerly {{USS|McAnn|DE-179}} is preserved in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• The modified {{sclass|Rudderow|destroyer escort|2}}, ARC Cordoba (DT-15), formerly {{USS|Ruchamkin|APD-89}} is preserved in Tocancipa, Colombia.
• The {{sclass|Cannon|destroyer escort|2}} HTMS Pin Klao (DE-1), formerly {{USS|Hemminger|DE-746}}, is active in the Royal Thai Navy as a training ship. She is the last operational World War II destroyer escort in any navy.
• The Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force operates six {{sclass|Abukuma|destroyer escort|2}}s.

• The Enemy Below, a movie filmed on a DE
• List of destroyers of the Second World War
• List of escort vessel classes of the Second World War
• List of Escorteurs of the French Navy
• List of frigates
• List of Captain class frigates
• List of frigates of the Second World War
• List of frigates of the United States Navy subset of above with hull numbers DE/FF 1037 and higher plus all DEG/FFGs because of the United States Navy 1975 ship reclassification
• Naval tactics

{{DANFS}}

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book

| last=Blackman

| first=Raymond V.B.

| title=Jane's Fighting Ships

| year=1970–71

| publisher=Jane's Yearbooks

}}

• {{cite book

| last=Collingwood

| first=Donald

| title=The Captain class frigates in the second world war: an operational history of the American-built destroyer escorts serving under the White Ensign from 1943–46

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgxnAAAAMAAJ

| access-date=24 May 2012

| year=1998

| publisher=Leo Cooper

| isbn=978-0-85052-615-8

}}

• {{cite book

| last=Cooney

| first=David M.

| title=Ships, Aircraft and Weapons of the United States Navy

| year=1980

| publisher=United States Government Printing Office

}}

• {{cite book

| last=Franklin

| first=Bruce Hampton

| title=The Buckley-Class Destroyer Escorts

| year=1999

| publisher=Chatham Publishing

| isbn=1-86176-118-X

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Friedman

|first=Norman

|author-link = Norman Friedman

|title=U.S. Small Combatants: An Illustrated Design History

|year=1987

|publisher=United States Naval Institute

|location=Annapolis, Maryland

|isbn=978-0870217135

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Friedman

| first = Norman

| title = US Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History

| edition = Revised

| year = 2004

| publisher = Naval Institute Press

| location = Annapolis

| isbn = 1-55750-442-3

}}

• {{cite book

| last=Lenton

| first=H T.

| title=British and Empire Warships of the Second World War

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1ZyQgAACAAJ

| access-date=24 May 2012

| year=1998

| publisher=Greenhill Books/Naval Institute Press

| isbn=1-85367-277-7

}}

• {{cite book

| last=Lenton

| first=H.T.

| title=British Escort Ships

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7KIAAAACAAJ

| access-date=24 May 2012

| year=1974

| publisher=Macdonald and Jane's

| isbn=0-356-08062-5

}}

• {{cite book

| last=Morison

| first=Samuel Eliot

| author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison

| title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 10: The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943 – May 1945

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hFaQwAACAAJ

| access-date=24 May 2012

| year=1956

| publisher=Little, Brown and Company

| isbn=978-0316583107

}}

• {{cite book

| last=NAVPERS

| title=Warship Identification Manual

| year=1955

| publisher=United States Government Printing Office

}}

• {{cite book

| last1=Potter

| first1=E.B.

| last2=Nimitz

| first2=Chester W.

| title=Sea Power

| url=https://archive.org/details/seapowernavalhis0000pott

| url-access=registration

| year=1960

| publisher=Prentice-Hall

| isbn=9780137968701

}}

• {{cite book

| last=Silverstone

| first=Paul H.

| title=U.S. Warships of World War II

| year=1968

| publisher=Doubleday & Company

}}

• {{cite book

| last=Watts

| first=Anthony J.

| title=Japanese Warships of World War II

| year=1966

| publisher=Doubleday & Company

}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite web

|ref = {{harvid|DANFS: Hotham}}

|last = Mooney

|first = James L

|title = Hotham

|work = Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships

|url = http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/h8/hotham-i.htm

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040331095957/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/h8/hotham-i.htm

|url-status = dead

|archive-date = 31 March 2004

|publisher = The Naval Historical Foundation

|oclc = 2794587

|access-date = 22 August 2007

}}

{{refend}}

• On the subject of a particular example of this type of ship in World War II, the USS Abercrombie (DE-343), see Little Ship, Big War: The Saga of DE-343 by Edward Peary Stafford. Naval Institute Press (2000) {{ISBN|1-55750-890-9}}
• On the subject of the Captain-class frigate variant of the destroyer escort in World War II, see The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War by Donald Collingwood. published by Leo Cooper (1998), {{ISBN|0-85052-615-9}}

• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20010330193438/http://www.desausa.org/ DESA – Destroyer Escort Sailors Association]}}
• [http://www.ussslater.org/ Destroyer Escort Historical Museum, Albany, NY]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070301070801/http://www.captainclassfrigates.co.uk/ Captains Class Frigates]

{{Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Destroyer Escort}}

Category:Ship types

Category:Escort ships