LCVP (United States)
{{Short description|US built landing craft used extensively in amphibious landings in World War II}}
{{About||modern British LCVP|LCVP (United Kingdom)|modern Australian LCVP|LCVP (Australia)}}
| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image |Ship image= File:LCVP line drawing.svg |Ship caption=LCVP side elevation and plan }} {{Infobox ship class overview |Name= |Builders=Higgins Industries and others |Operators=*{{navy|United States|USA}}
|Class before= |Class after= |Subclasses= |Cost= |Built range=1942–1945 |In service range= |In commission range= |Total ships building= |Total ships planned= |Total ships completed=More than 23,358 |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost= |Total ships retired= |Total ships preserved= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship type=Landing craft |Ship displacement= {{convert|18000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} light |Ship length={{convert|36|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}} |Ship beam={{convert|10|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}} |Ship draft=*{{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=on}} aft
|Ship ramps= |Ship propulsion=Gray Marine 6-71 Diesel Engine, {{convert|225|hp|0|abbr=on}} or Hall-Scott gasoline engine, {{convert|250|hp|0|abbr=on}} |Ship speed= {{convert|12|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}} |Ship range= |Ship capacity={{convert|6000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} vehicle or {{convert|8100|lb|kg|abbr=on}} general cargo |Ship troops=36 troops |Ship crew=4: Coxswain, engineer, bowman, sternman |Ship armament=2 × .30 cal. (7.62 mm) Browning machine guns |Ship notes= }} |
The landing craft, vehicle, personnel (LCVP) or Higgins boat was a landing craft used extensively by the Allied forces in amphibious landings in World War II. Typically constructed from plywood, this shallow-draft, barge-like boat could ferry a roughly platoon-sized complement of 36 men to shore at {{convert|12|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}}. Men generally entered the boat by climbing down a cargo net hung from the side of their troop transport; they exited by charging down the boat's lowered bow ramp.
Designer Andrew Higgins based it on boats made for operating in swamps and marshes. More than 23,358 were built, by Higgins Industries and licensees.Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II.New York: Random House. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6964-4}}. pp. 204-206.{{cite magazine |last=Kindy |first=David |date=June 3, 2019 |title=The Invention That Won World War II: Patented in 1944, the Higgins boat gave the Allies the advantage in amphibious assaults |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/invention-won-world-war-ii-180972327/|magazine=Smithsonian |location=Washington DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=July 20, 2022}}
Taking the last letter of the LCVP designation, sailors often nicknamed the Higgins Boat the "Papa Boat" or "Peter Boat" to differentiate it from other landing craft such as the LCU and the LCM, with the LCM being called the "Mike Boat".{{cite web |url=http://www.ussrankin.org/landingcraft.htm |title=USS Rankin Association: Her Landing Craft |author= |date=May 14, 2020 |website=ussrankin.org |publisher=The USS Rankin Association |access-date=July 21, 2022 |quote=Rankin's primary offensive weapon was the 24 landing craft she sent to enemy beaches. Her complement was 14 LCVPs, eight LCMs, and two LCPLs.}}
Design
At just over {{convert|36|ft|m|abbr=on}} long and just under {{convert|11|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide, the LCVP was not a large craft. Powered by a 225-horsepower Gray Marine 6-71 diesel engine at a maximum speed of 12 knots, it would sway in choppy seas, causing seasickness. Since its sides and rear were made of plywood, it offered limited protection from enemy fire but also reduced weight - and thus increased capacity, reduced cost and saved steel. The Higgins boat could hold either a 36-man platoon, a jeep and a 12-man squad, or {{convert|8,000|lb|t|abbr=on}} of cargo. Its shallow draft (3 feet aft and 2 feet, 2 inches forward) enabled it to run up onto the shoreline, and a semi-tunnel built into its hull protected the propeller from sand and other debris. The steel ramp at the front could be lowered quickly. It was possible for the Higgins boat to swiftly disembark men and supplies, reverse itself off the beach, and return to the supply ship for another load within three to four minutes.{{cite magazine |last=Nightingale |first=Keith |date=May 21, 2017 |title=The Higgins Boat: Wood, Steel, and Purpose |url=https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-higgins-boat-wood-steel-and-purpose |magazine=Small Wars Journal |location=McLean, Virginia |publisher=Small Wars Foundation |access-date=July 20, 2022}}
The boat's design left it vulnerable to heavier enemy fire, and it was found that extremely shallow water and hard obstructions such as reefs could stop the boat. Other vehicles such as the Landing Vehicle Tracked were later created to meet those drawbacks in amphibious operations.
The Higgins boat was built in New Orleans, Louisiana.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/2017-07/higgins-in-new-orleans-fact.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218211823/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/2017-07/higgins-in-new-orleans-fact.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-18 |url-status=live }}
History
Andrew Higgins started out in the lumber business, but gradually moved into boat building, which became his sole operation after the lumber transport company he was running entered bankruptcy in 1930. Many sources say his boats were intended for use by trappers and oil-drillers; occasionally, some sources imply or even say that Higgins intended to sell the boats to individuals intending to smuggle illegal liquor into the United States.{{cite book|author=Kenneth Macksey|title=Commando: Special Forces in World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZylCwAAQBAJ|date=20 July 2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-78200-402-8}}{{cite book|author1=Jeter A. Isely|author2=Philip A. Crowl|title=U.S. Marines and Amphibious Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9E7WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7946-5|pages=68–}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marcorsyscom.marines.mil/News/News-Article-Display/Article/509414/acquisition-awards-reward-excellence-and-innovation/|title=Acquisition awards reward excellence and innovation|access-date=2018-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101424/http://www.marcorsyscom.marines.mil/News/News-Article-Display/Article/509414/acquisition-awards-reward-excellence-and-innovation/|archive-date=2018-04-02|url-status=live}}
Higgins' financial difficulties, and his association with the U.S. military, occurred around the time Prohibition was repealed, which would have ruined his market in the rum-running sector; the U.S. Navy's interest in the boats was, in any case, providential, though Higgins proved unable to manage his company's good fortune.
The United States Marine Corps was always interested in finding better ways to get men across a beach in an amphibious landing. They were frustrated that the Navy's Bureau of Construction and Repair could not meet its requirements and began to express interest in Higgins' boat. When tested in 1938 by the Navy and Marine Corps, Higgins' Eureka boat surpassed the performance of a Navy-designed boat and was tested by the services during fleet landing exercises in February 1939. Satisfactory in most respects, the boat's major drawback appeared to be that equipment had to be unloaded, and men disembarked, over the sides, thus exposing them to enemy fire in combat situations and making unloading time-consuming and complex. However, that was the best available boat design, and it was put into production and service as the landing craft, personnel (large), abbreviated as LCP(L). The LCP(L) had two machine gun positions at the bow.
The LCP(L), also commonly called the "Higgins" boat, was supplied to the British (from October 1940), to whom it was initially known as the "R-boat" and used for commando raids.
The Japanese had been using ramp-bowed landing boats like Daihatsu-class landing craft in the Second Sino-Japanese War since the summer of 1937—boats that had come under intense scrutiny by Navy and Marine Corps observers at the Battle of Shanghai in particular, including from future general, Victor H. Krulak.Goldstein, Richard. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/05/obituaries/05krulak.html "Victor H. Krulak, Marine Behind U.S. Landing Craft, Dies at 95"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730065436/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/05/obituaries/05krulak.html |date=2017-07-30 }}. The New York Times, January 4, 2009. Accessed January 5, 2009. When Krulak showed Higgins a picture and suggested that Higgins develop a version of the ramped craft for the Navy, Higgins, at his own expense, started his designers working on adapting the idea to the boat design. He then had three of the craft built, again at his own expense.{{cite book|last1=Strahan|first1=Jerry E.|title=Andrew Jackson Higgins and the Boats That Won World War II|date=1994|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|location=Baton Rouge, LA|isbn=0-8071-2339-0}}
On May 26, 1941, Commander Ross Daggett, from the Navy Bureau of Ships, and Major Ernest Linsert, of the Marine Corps Equipment Board, witnessed the testing of the three craft. Tests involved off-loading a truck and the embarking and disembarking of 36 Higgins employees, simulating troops. Early models were designated Landing Craft, Personnel (Ramp) or LCP(R). The LCP(R) was used in beach landings in North Africa and at Guadalcanal, Salerno and Tarawa. The Landing Craft, Personnel (Ramp) craft later was superseded in production by the LCVP—Landing Craft Vehicle, Personnel. During the war, 2,193 LCP(L) and 2,631 LCP(R) were built compared to 23,358 LCVP.{{cite web |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/ships-slc.html |title=Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945, Small Landing Craft |date=25 May 2006|access-date=26 Feb 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926142902/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/ships-slc.html |archive-date=26 Sep 2023 |url-status=live}} By D-Day the LCVP had replaced the LCP(R).[http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_landing_craft_personnel_ramp.html Landing Craft, Personnel (Ramp) (LCP(R))historyofwar.org]
Image:Darke APA-159 - LCVP 18.jpg LCVP 18, possibly with army troops as reinforcements at Okinawa, circa 9 to 14 April 1945.]]
File:LCVP off Chinnampo.jpg gear behind an LCVP off Chinnampo, North Korea, on 5 December 1950 during the Korean War.]]
Legacy
The Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, declared the Higgins boat to have been crucial to the Allied victory on the European Western Front and the previous fighting in North Africa and Italy:
{{blockquote|Andrew Higgins ... is the man who won the war for us. ... If Higgins had not designed and built those LCVPs, we never could have landed over an open beach. The whole strategy of the war would have been different.{{cite web|url=http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/ww2/projects/fighting-vehicles/higgins-boat.htm|title=The Higgins Boat|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627074411/http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/ww2/projects/fighting-vehicles/higgins-boat.htm|archive-date=27 June 2012|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mahsnet.org/projects/Salisbury_LCVP/Salisbury_LCVP_9.html|title=MAHS Salisbury/Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP)|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509003803/http://www.mahsnet.org/projects/Salisbury_LCVP/Salisbury_LCVP_9.html|archive-date=9 May 2013|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://lst494.freeyellow.com/LST_494_Higgins_Boat_LCVP_.html|title=LST 494 LCVPs (Higgins Boats)|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220507/http://lst494.freeyellow.com/LST_494_Higgins_Boat_LCVP_.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}}}
The Higgins boat was used for many amphibious landings, including the landings in Nazi German-occupied Normandy as part of Operation Overlord and during the Allied Crossing of the Rhine,{{cite web|url=https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/journeys-innovation/historical-stories/patented-boat-won-war|title=The patented boat that won the war|access-date=9 September 2020}}{{cite web|url=https://www.invent.org/inductees/andrew-higgins|title=Andrew Higgins|access-date=9 September 2020}} and previously Operation Torch in North Africa, the Allied invasion of Sicily, Operation Shingle and Operation Avalanche in Italy, Operation Dragoon, as well as in the Pacific Theatre at the Battle of Guadalcanal, the Battle of Attu, the Battle of Tarawa, the Battle of Guam, the Battle of Peleliu, the Battle of the Philippines, the Battle of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa. Higgins boats also saw use during the Korean War during the Battle of Incheon, Operation Tailboard, and the Hungnam evacuation. The boats also participated in the landing of U.S. Marines during the 1958 Lebanon crisis.
LCVPs fitted with a roof and an Oerlikon 20 mm cannon were used by the French Navy's Dinassauts during the First Indochina War to patrol the Mekong, along with other US-origin landing craft.{{Cite book |language=fr |first1=Pierre |last1=Guillaume |first2=Elisabeth |last2=Escalle |title=Mon âme à Dieu, mon corps à la Patrie, mon honneur à moi: Mémoires |place=Paris |publisher=Plon |year=2006 |isbn=978-2259204422}}
Surviving examples
Image:HigginsViaUSCG239266.jpg
File:DDayMuseumHigginsPA22-21 Sept07.jpg]]
File:2023 Louisiana American Innovation Dollar.jpg]]
Only a few Higgins boats have survived, often with substantial modifications for post-war use. A remarkably preserved Higgins boat, with the original Higgins motor, was discovered in a boat yard in Valdez, Alaska, and moved to the Museum of World War II just outside Boston in 2000. It had been used as a fishing boat in very shallow areas but, except for an easily removed addition to the cockpit, had not been altered; all of the armor plate was complete, as were gauges and equipment. The only restoration was a repainting to the original color.Morgan, Thomas J. "D-Day saga on display as never before at World War II Museum". The Providence Journal, May 31, 2014.{{cite web |title=PACIFIC FRONT |url=http://museumofworldwarii.org/collection/pacific-front |website=The International Museum of World War II |access-date=22 May 2020}}
An original Higgins boat discovered in Normandy has been professionally restored by the North Carolina Maritime Museum for the First Division Museum at Cantigny Park in Wheaton, Illinois.{{cite news |last1=Olsen |first1=George |title=Maritime Museum-restored LCVP handed over to 1st Division Museum |url=http://www.publicradioeast.org/post/maritime-museum-restored-lcvp-handed-over-1st-division-museum |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=Public Radio East}} This Higgins boat was located in Vierville-sur-Mer, Normandy, by Overlord Research, LLC, a West Virginia company formed in 2002 for the purpose of locating, preserving, and returning WWII artifacts to the United States.Record for [http://www.wvsos.com/wvcorporations/OrgInfo.asp?OrgID=208598 Overlord Research, LLC], West Virginia Secretary of State, Business Organization Information System. Overlord purchased the vessel from its French owners and then transported the Higgins boat to Hughes Marine Service in Chidham, England, for initial evaluation and restoration. During this evaluation, the First Division Museum acquired the Higgins boat from Overlord Research, LLC, and moved the vessel to Beaufort, North Carolina, for extensive restoration.Price, Jay. McClatchy Newspapers; "Rare Boat Crucial to Winning WWII Being Restored". The Sunday Gazette-Mail, Page 12A, Charleston, West Virginia, September 7, 2008. It was then acquired by the Collings Foundation and is now on display at the American Heritage Museum in Stow, Massachusetts.{{cite magazine |author= |title=Restoration & Acquisition Report 2017 |url=https://issuu.com/collingsfoundation/docs/cfmag |magazine=The Collings Foundation 2017-2018 Newsletter |location=Stow, Massachusetts, USA |publisher=Collings Foundation |date=30 November 2017 |access-date=9 April 2019 }}
An original LCVP is on display at the National Museum of the United States Army in Fort Belvoir, Virginia.{{cite web |title=GLOBAL WAR |url=http://www.thenmusa.org/exhibit/global-war |website=National Museum of the United States Army |access-date=22 May 2020}} It was located by Overlord Research, LLC, on the Isle of Wight and acquired by the company. It was transported to Hughes Marine Service, where it underwent extensive restoration. Upon completion of the restoration work to standards set by the United States Army Center of Military History, this Higgins boat was purchased by the Center of Military History for future display in the museum.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
An original LCVP is on display at the National Museum of the United States Navy in Washington, D.C.{{cite web |title=LCVP |url=http://www.hnsa.org/hnsa-ships/lcvp |website=Historic Naval Ships Association |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=14 May 2014}}
An original LCVP is under restoration at the Maisy battery in Grandcamp-Maisy, Normandy.{{cite web |title=LCVP Restoration |url=http://www.maisybattery.com/preservation/lcvp-restoration |website=Maisy Battery |access-date=21 May 2020}} It was found in a farmyard in Isigny sur Mer in 2008.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
An original LCVP is on display at The D-Day Story in Portsmouth, Hampshire.{{cite web |title=A closer look at our collections: LCVP landing craft |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4AxXTIg9VU | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/T4AxXTIg9VU| archive-date=2021-11-18 | url-status=live|website=YouTube |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=1 May 2017}}{{cbignore}} It was restored by Hughes Marine Service.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
An original LCVP is seaworthy with Challenge LCVP in Rouen, Normandy. It was constructed in 1942 and may have taken part in landings in North Africa and in Italy during World War II.{{cite web |title=Historique du L9386 |url=http://www.challengelcvp.com/spip.php?article6 |website=Challenge LCVP Higgins Boat |access-date=22 May 2020 |language=fr}}
An original LCVP is in storage with the WWII Veterans History Project in Clermont, Florida. It was acquired by the organization in April 2020 and is currently awaiting restoration.{{cite web |title=WWII LCVP RESTORATION PROJECT |url=http://ww2veteranshistoryproject.com/saving-higgins |website=WWII Veterans History Project |access-date=21 May 2020}}
An original LCVP is undergoing restoration at the Indiana Military Museum in Vincennes, Indiana.{{cite web |title=Exhibit Sponsorship |url=http://indymilitary.com/support-the-imm/exhibit-sponsorship |website=Indiana Military Museum |access-date=22 May 2020}} The stern of the boat displays AG 39 and was presumably attached to the {{USS|Menemsha|AG-39}}, a weather patrol ship in the North Atlantic, during WWII. It was later used, commercially, in Vallejo, California, before being re-located previously to Port St. Lucie, Florida.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
An original LCVP is on display at the Motts Military Museum in Groveport, Ohio. It is from the {{USS|Cambria|APA-36}}, which survived seven Pacific Theatre invasions.{{cite web |title=World War II |url=http://www.mottsmilitarymuseum.org/worldwarii.html |website=Motts Military Museum |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118003312/http://www.mottsmilitarymuseum.org/worldwarii.html |archive-date=18 November 2019}}
An original LCVP is on display at the Roberts Armory Museum in Rochelle, Illinois.{{cite web |title=Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP) "Higgins Boat" |url=http://www.robertsarmory.com/higgins-boat-exhibit.html |website=RobertsArmory.com |access-date=21 May 2020}}
One is undergoing restoration at the Louisiana Military Hall of Fame and Museum in Abbeville, Louisiana.{{cite web|title=Projects|url=http://www.lamilitarymuseum.com/projects|website=Louisiana Military Hall of Fame and Museum|access-date=4 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630221813/http://lamilitarymuseum.com/projects/|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}
A replica Higgins boat, built in the 1990s using the original specifications from Higgins Industries, is on display in The National WWII Museum in New Orleans.{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalww2museum.org/education/for-students/fact-sheets/higgins-boats.pdf|title= New Orleans: Home of the Higgins Boats|access-date=2014-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505191748/http://www.nationalww2museum.org/education/for-students/fact-sheets/higgins-boats.pdf|archive-date=2015-05-05|url-status=live | publisher = National World War II Museum }}
In July 2018, a 1942 LCVP designed in a similar fashion to the Eureka model was discovered in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta of California. Having been left unattended in brackish waters for at least 40 years, restoration was not required and post survey, the hull was confirmed as perfectly sound. It is currently being operated under its own power by owner with the original Chrysler Crown Marine engine and unmodified transmission. Features include the original gauges, Bureau of Ships ID 72530, steel bunks, fire extinguisher, boat horn and several other original features all of which are in working order.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
An intact surviving example is known to lie beached at King Edward Point on South Georgia although this craft is in poor condition due to the Antarctic environment.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
An LCVP in relatively good condition was discovered in Shasta Lake in Northern California, during a drought in 2021. The boat had been carried by the USS Monrovia during World War II, and had been in combat in Sicily and later in the Battle of Tarawa, where it had sunk and had later been salvaged. It is not known how the boat ended up at Shasta Lake. When stabilized, the boat will be exhibited at the Nebraska National Guard Museum.{{cite news | last =Levenson | first =Michael | title = How Did a World War II 'Ghost Boat' End Up in a Shallow Lake in California?: The 36-foot boat carried U.S. troops during the invasion of Sicily and the Battle of Tarawa in the Pacific, officials said. How it ended up in Lake Shasta is a mystery.
| newspaper = New York Times| location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date =October 13, 2022 | url = https://nyti.ms/3SWSDIR| accessdate =October 18, 2022 }}
A capsized surviving example was revealed during a severe drought in July 2022 at Lake Mead. According to The Lake Mead National Recreation Area National Park Service (NPS) the Higgins Craft is still wrapped in armor plating.{{cite web |title=Drought-stricken Lake Mead recedes to reveal a World War II-era landing craft |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/11/us/lake-mead-drought-ww2-higgins-craft/index.html |website=cnn.com |date=11 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022}}
= Postwar =
A post-war version is in use at the Regional Military Museum in Houma, Louisiana.{{cite web|title=SCHEDULE A RIDE ON OUR LCVP!|url=http://www.regionalmilitarymuseum.com/lcvp-rides|website=The Regional Military Museum|access-date=4 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408080548/https://www.regionalmilitarymuseum.com/lcvp-rides/|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=live}}
File:ROCS Chung Ming (LST-227).jpg With her complement of four LCVPs]]
A post-war example utilising fibreglass construction instead of plywood is in the Shopland Collection, located near Bristol, England. It has been used in the filming of Saving Private Ryan and several documentaries about Operation Overlord. This vessel is currently{{When|date=January 2016}} stored awaiting restoration.{{cite web |title=Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP) |url=http://shoplandcollection.com/miscellaneous-vehicles/88-miscellaneous/113-landing-craft-vehicle-for-personnel |website=The Shopland Collection |access-date=22 May 2020}}
A partially restored LCVP is exhibited outside at the Maritime Museum of New Caledonia in Nouméa, New Caledonia.{{cite web |title=Landing Barge |url=http://www.museemaritime.nc/english/discoveries/selected-exhibits-and-documentaries/39-landing-barge |website=Musée Maritime de Nouvelle-Calédonie |access-date=11 September 2023 |date=24 November 2014}} The boat had been built in France under license from Higgins and was removed from display and scrapped on 19 July 2023.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
In popular culture
The 1956 movie Away All Boats shows the role of Higgins boats in beach landings. The novel of the same name was written by a former naval officer who served on an attack transport and gives detailed information on their use.{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/kenneth-dodson-2/away-all-boats-2/|title=AWAY ALL BOATS by Kenneth Dodson | publisher = Kirkus Reviews|access-date=2017-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119132455/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/kenneth-dodson-2/away-all-boats-2/|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live}}
The use of these boats during the D-day invasions at Normandy is shown in the feature films The Longest Day and Saving Private Ryan. The boats were also used in a scene during the 1985 film Invasion USA,{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gY8RakbpXnE| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420113358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gY8RakbpXnE&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2020-04-20 | url-status=dead|title=Watch Invasion USA 1985 Watch Movies Online Free|last=Robert Pope|date=25 December 2016|via=YouTube}} in which communist guerrillas land on a Florida beach.
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category|LCVP}}
- [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/LCVP.html Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940–1945: LCVP]
- [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/USMC-I-I-3.html History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II Volume I Chapter 3: "Development of Landing Craft"]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060527235425/http://www.ussrankin.org/id41.htm USS Rankin (AKA-103): LCVP]
- [http://lst494.freeyellow.com/LST_494_Higgins_Boat_LCVP_.html USS LST 494 Higgins Boats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220507/http://lst494.freeyellow.com/LST_494_Higgins_Boat_LCVP_.html |date=2016-03-03 }}
- [http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/HIC Higgins Industries Motor Torpedo Boat Diagram Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509045554/http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/HIC |date=2013-05-09 }} in the [http://www.louisianadigitallibrary.org LOUISiana Digital Library]
- {{Cite journal |last=Armagnac |first=Alden P. |date=October 1941 |title=New Tools for Army Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76 |journal=Popular Science |pages=76–77}} Photos of early testing of Higgins's first landing boats.
{{Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries}}