Dharawal

{{Short description|Australian Aboriginal people of southern and south western areas of Sydney}}

{{About|the Australian Indigenous group|their language|Tharawal language}}

{{distinguish|Wadjalang{{!}}Dharawala people}}

{{Infobox

| above =

| abovestyle = background-color: #FFFF99

| subheader = {{small|aka: Dharawal, Darawal, Carawal, Turawal, Thurawal, Thurrawal, Thurrawall, Turu-wal, Turuwul, Turrubul, Turuwull}}
{{small|Tharawal (AIATSIS),}} {{small|nd (SIL)}}{{sfn|Dousset|2005}}

| image1 = 220px

| caption1 = Sydney Basin bioregion

| headerstyle = background-color: #FFFF99

| header1 = Hierarchy

| label2 = Language family:

| data2 = Pama–Nyungan

| label3 = Language branch:

| data3 = Yuin–Kuric

| label4 = Language group:

| data4 = Yora

| label5 = Group dialects:

| data5 = Tharawal{{sfn|AIATSIS|2012}}

| label6 = Group estate:

| header20 = Area

| label22 = Bioregion:

| data22 = Sydney Basin

| label23 = Location:

| data23 = Sydney and Illawarra, New South Wales

| label24 = Coordinates:

| data24 = {{coord|-34|151|region:AU-NSW|display=inline, title}}

| label25 = Mountains:

| label26 = Rivers

| data26 = Georges and Shoalhaven

| label27 = Other geological:

| label28 = Urban areas

| header30 = Notable individuals

| data31 =

| title = Tharawal People

}}

File:Dharag-Neighbors1.png

The Tharawal people and other variants, are an Aboriginal Australian people, identified by the Yuin language.{{sfn|AIATSIS|2012}} Traditionally, they lived as hunter–fisher–gatherers in family groups or clans with ties of kinship, scattered along the coastal area of what is now the Sydney basin in New South Wales.

Etymology

Dharawal means cabbage palm.{{sfn|Organ|Speechley|1997|p=7}}

Country

According to ethnologist Norman Tindale, traditional Dharawal lands encompass some {{convert|450|mi2|km2}} from the south of Sydney Harbour, through Georges River, Botany Bay, Port Hacking and south beyond the Shoalhaven River to the Beecroft Peninsula. Their inland extent reaches Campbelltown and Camden.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=198}}

Clans

The Gweagal were also known as the "Fire Clan". They are said to be the first people to make contact with Captain Cook. The artist Sydney Parkinson, one of the Endeavour's crew members, wrote in his journal that the indigenous people threatened them shouting words he transcribed as warra warra wai, which he glossed to signify 'Go away'. According to spokesmen for the contemporary Dharawal community, the meaning was rather 'You are all dead', since warra is a root in the Dharawal language meaning 'wither', 'white' or 'dead'. As Cook's ship hove to near the foreshore, it appeared to the Dharwal to be a white low-lying cloud, and its crew 'dead' people whom they warned off from returning to the country.{{sfn|Higgins|Collard|2020}}

The Cubbitch Barta clan registered an Indigenous land use agreement for Helensburgh in 2011.{{sfn|ILUA Agreement|2011}}

Lifestyle

The whale is the main totem for the Dharawal people.{{sfn|Bursill|2007|p=12}} The historical artwork (rock engravings) of the Dharawal people is visible on the sandstone surfaces throughout their language area and charcoal and ochre paintings, drawings and hand stencils can be found on hundreds of rock surfaces and in the many dozens of rock shelters and overhangs in that area of land.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} There is a public viewing site of one group of engravings at Jibbon Point, showing a whale and a wallaby. According to an early Dharawal informant, Biddy Giles,{{efn| Her Dharawal name was Byarraw/Biyarrung. She was born around 1820, and had been married off as a teenager to Kooma, an elderly George's River 'king'. Later she married Paddy Burragalang. She also stated that her uncle had witnessed Cook's landing){{sfn|Goodall|Cadzow|2009|pp=88-89}}}} these images commemorated notable events, a successful hunt and the stranding of a whale.{{sfn|Watt|2014|p=104}} {{sfn|Goodall|Cadzow|2009|p=97}}

The Dharawal people lived mainly by the produce of local plants, fruits and vegetables and by fishing and gathering shellfish products. The men also hunted land mammals and speared fish. The women collected the vegetable foods and were well known{{By whom?|date=August 2024}} for their fishing and canoeing prowess. There are a large number of shell middens still visible in the areas around the southern Sydney area and a glimpse of the Dharawal lifestyle can be drawn from an understanding of the kitchen rubbish left on the midden sites.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

Alternative names

Carawal (Pacific islands phonetic system, c had the value of th)
Darawad
Ta-ga-ry (tagara = north)
Thurawal
Thurrawal
Thurrawall
Turawal
Turrubul
Turuwal
Turuwul
Turuwull

Source: {{harvnb|Tindale|1974|p=198}}

Notes

=Citations=

Sources

{{Cite book| title = Dharawal : the story of the Dharawal-speaking people of Southern Sydney

| last = Bursill | first = L. | year = 2007

| publisher = Kurranulla Aboriginal Corporation | location = Sydney

}}

{{cite web| title = Cubbitch Barta Clan of the Dharawal People Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA)

| publisher = Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements (ATNS) project

| url = https://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=5369

| access-date = 31 July 2020

| ref = {{harvid|ILUA Agreement|2011}}

}}

{{cite web| title = Tharawal

| last = Dousset | first = Laurent | year = 2005

| website = AusAnthrop (Australian Aboriginal tribal database)

| url = http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=104 | url-status = dead

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016091013/http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=104

| access-date = 4 January 2013 | archive-date = 16 October 2014

}}

{{cite book | title = Rivers and Resilience: Aboriginal People on Sydney's Georges River

| last1 = Goodall | first1 = Heather

| last2 = Cadzow | first2 = Allison

| publisher = University of New South Wales Press

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNByb2UuGZ8C&dq=Jibbon+point+engravings+whales+hunting&pg=PA97

| year = 2009

| isbn=978-1-921-41074-1

}}

{{cite web| title = Gogi

| last1 = Goodall | first1 = Heather

| last2 = Cadzow | first2 = Allison

| work = Dictionary of Sydney

| publisher = Dictionary of Sydney Trust

| url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/gogi

| date = 2014 | access-date = 9 October 2015

}}

{{cite news| title = Captain James Cook's landing and the Indigenous first words contested by Aboriginal leaders

| last1 = Higgins | first1 = Isabella

| last2 = Collard | first2 = Sarah

| publisher = ABC News

| work = Dictionary of Sydney

| url = https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-29/captain-cook-landing-indigenous-people-first-words-contested/12195148

| date = 28 April 2020

}}

{{cite web| title = Language information: Dharawal

| publisher = AIATSIS

| url = http://austlang.aiatsis.gov.au/main.php?code=S59

| date = 23 August 2012 | access-date = 4 January 2013

| ref = {{harvid|AIATSIS|2012}}

}}

{{Cite book| chapter = Illawarra Aborigines – an Introductory History

| last1 = Organ | first1 = Michael K.

| last2 = Speechley | first2 = Carol

| year = 1997

| title = A History of Wollongong

| editor1-last = Hagan | editor1-first = J. S.

| editor2-last = Wells | editor2-first = A.

| publisher = University of Wollongong Press

| url = http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=asdpapers

| pages = 7–22

}}

{{Cite book| title = Kámilarói, and other Australian languages

| last = Ridley | first = William | year = 1875

| author-link = William Ridley (Presbyterian missionary)

| publisher = T. Richards, government printer | location = Sydney

| url = https://archive.org/download/kmilariother00ridlrich/kmilariother00ridlrich.pdf

| via = Internet Archive

}}

{{Cite book| chapter = Tharawal(NSW)

| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | year = 1974

| author-link = Norman Tindale

| title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names

| publisher = Australian National University Press

| chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/tharawal.htm

| isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6

}}

{{cite book| title = The Shire: A journey through time

| last = Watt | first = Bruce | year = 2014

| publisher = Bruce Watt | location = Cronulla, Australia

| pages = 11, 26, 27, 67

| isbn = 978-064692019-1

}}

{{cite book| title = Dharawal: the first contact people; 250 years of black and white relations

| last = Watt | first = Bruce | year = 2019

| publisher = Bruce Watt | location = Cronulla, Australia

| pages = vi, vii, 3, 5, 21, 43, 46, 50, 56, 87, 95, 111–114, 112, 121–122

| isbn = 978-064699683-7

}}

{{cite news| title = An indigenous Australian perspective on Cook's arrival

| last = Williams | first = Shayne T.

| publisher = BBC News

| url = https://www.bl.uk/the-voyages-of-captain-james-cook/articles/an-indigenous-australian-perspective-on-cooks-arrival

}}

External links

{{official|https://tacams.com.au/ | Tharawal Aboriginal Corporation}}
[https://www.facebook.com/TharawalLALC/ Local Aboriginal Land Council on Facebook]

Category:Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales