shellfish

{{short description|Culinary and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates}}

Shellfish, in colloquial and fisheries usage, are exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Although most kinds of shellfish are harvested from saltwater environments, some are found in freshwater. In addition, a few species of land crabs are eaten, for example Cardisoma guanhumi in the Caribbean. Shellfish are among the most common food allergens.{{cite web | title = Shellfish Alergies | url = http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/shellfish_allergies/hic_shellfish_allergies.aspx | publisher = Cleveland Clinic | access-date = 2009-08-25}}

Despite the name, shellfish are not fish.{{Cite web |date=2021-08-02 |title=Shellfish Reefs |url=https://www.themarinediaries.com/tmd-blog/one-fish-two-fish-three-fish-shellfish |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Marine Diaries |language=en-GB}} Most shellfish are low on the food chain and eat a diet composed primarily of phytoplankton and zooplankton.{{cite web | title = Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture | url = http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/W3732E/w3732e02.htm | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | access-date = 2009-08-25}} Many varieties of shellfish, and crustaceans in particular, are actually closely related to insects and arachnids; crustaceans make up one of the main subphyla of the phylum Arthropoda. Molluscs include cephalopods (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish) and bivalves (clams, oysters), as well as gastropods (aquatic species such as whelks and winkles; land species such as snails and slugs).

Molluscs used as a food source by humans include many species of clams, mussels, oysters, winkles, and scallops. Some crustaceans that are commonly eaten are shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, crabs and barnacles.{{cite web | title = Shellfish climbs up the popularity ladder; the category is gaining chefs' attention for one-of-a-kind signature menu items | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85675992.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105143157/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85675992.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-11-05 | access-date = 2009-08-25}} Echinoderms are not as frequently harvested for food as molluscs and crustaceans; however, sea urchin gonads are quite popular in many parts of the world, where the live delicacy is harder to transport.{{cite news|title=Sea urchin makes waves, popularity increases on American menus |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_n34_v32/ai_21072930/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524204135/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_n34_v32/ai_21072930/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-24 |publisher=Nation's Restaurant News via BNET |access-date=2009-08-25 |first=Florence |last=Fabricant |year=1998 }}{{cite news|title=The sea urchin market in Japan |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3089/is_n3_v51/ai_9071424/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524204144/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3089/is_n3_v51/ai_9071424/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-24 |publisher=Marine Fisheries Review via BNET |access-date=2009-08-25 |year=1989 }}

Though some shellfish harvesting has been unsustainable, and shrimp farming has been destructive in some parts of the world, shellfish farming can be important to environmental restoration, by developing reefs, filtering water and eating biomass.

Terminology

File:Rheinische Muscheln.jpgs]]The term "shellfish" is used both broadly and specifically. In common parlance, as in "having shellfish for dinner", it can refer to anything from clams and oysters to lobster and shrimp. For regulatory purposes it is often narrowly defined as filter-feeding molluscs such as clams, mussels, and oyster to the exclusion of crustaceans and all else.[http://textonly.mde.state.md.us/CitizensInfoCenter/FishandShellfish/harvesting_notices/index.asp Maryland Shellfish Harvesting Areas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011102911/http://textonly.mde.state.md.us/CitizensInfoCenter/FishandShellfish/harvesting_notices/index.asp |date=11 October 2006 }}, Maryland Department of the Environment

Although the term is primarily applied to marine species, edible freshwater invertebrates such as crayfish and river mussels are also sometimes grouped under the umbrella term "shellfish".

Although their shells may differ, all shellfish are invertebrates. As non-mammalian animals that spend their entire lives in water they are "fish" in an informal sense; however, the term ”finfish" is sometimes used to distinguish fish, animals defined by having vertebrae, from shellfish in modern terminology.

The word "shellfish" is both singular and plural; the rarely used "shellfishes" is sometimes employed to distinguish among various types of shellfish.{{cite book | title=Fishermen: A Community living from the Sea | page=119 | last1=Festing | first1=Sally | year=1999 | location=Stamford | publisher=Shaun Tyas | isbn=978-1-900289-22-1 | edition=Revised}}

Shellfish in various cuisines

Archaeological finds have shown that humans have been making use of shellfish as a food item for hundreds of thousands of years. In the present, shellfish dishes are a feature of almost all the cuisines of the world, providing an important source of protein in many cuisines around the world, especially in the countries with coastal areas.

File:Sakura ebi.jpg

=In Japan=

In Japanese cuisine, chefs often use shellfish and their roe in different dishes. Sushi (vinegared rice, topped with other ingredients, including shellfish, fish, meat and vegetables) features both raw and cooked shellfish. Sashimi primarily consists of very fresh raw seafood, sliced into thin pieces. Both sushi and sashimi are served with soy sauce and wasabi paste (a Japanese horseradish root, a spice with extremely strong, hot flavor), thinly sliced pickled ginger root, and a simple garnish such as shiso (a kitchen herb, member of the mint family) or finely shredded daikon radish, or both.

=In the United States=

File:Boiled Maine Lobster.jpg]]

Lobster in particular is a great delicacy in the United States, where families in the Northeast region make them into the centerpiece of a clam bake, usually for special occasions. Lobsters are eaten on much of the East Coast; the American lobster ranges from Newfoundland down to about the Carolinas, but is most often associated with Maine. A typical meal involves boiling the lobster with some slight seasoning and then serving it with drawn butter, baked potato, and corn on the cob.

Clamming is done both commercially and recreationally along the Northeast coastline of the US. Various type of clams are incorporated into the cuisine of New England. The soft-shelled clam is eaten either fried or steamed (and then called "steamers"). Many types of clams can be used for clam chowder, but the quahog, a hard shelled clam also known as a chowder clam, is often used because the long cooking time softens its tougher meat.

The Chesapeake Bay and Maryland region has generally been associated more with crabs, but in recent years the area has been trying to reduce its catch of blue crabs, as wild populations have been depleted. This has not, however, stemmed the demand: Maryland-style crabcakes are still a well known treat in crabhouses all over the bay, though the catch now comes from points farther south.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}

File:Scallop sandwich (1).jpg sandwich served in San Diego]]

In the Southeast, and particularly the gulf states, shrimping is an important industry. Copious amounts of shrimp are harvested each year in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean to satisfy a national demand for shrimp. Locally, prawns and shrimp are often deep fried; in the Cajun and Creole kitchens of Louisiana, shrimp and prawns are a common addition to traditional recipes like jambalaya and certain stews. Crawfish are a well known and much eaten delicacy there, often boiled in huge pots and heavily spiced.{{Cite journal |last1=McClain |first1=W. Ray |last2=Romaire |first2=Robert P. |date=1996-04-30 |title=Reducing Population Density to Effect a Greater Production of Large Crawfish |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j028v05n04_01 |journal=Journal of Applied Aquaculture |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1300/j028v05n04_01 |bibcode=1996JApAq...5d...1M |issn=1045-4438|url-access=subscription }}

In many major cities with active fishing ports, raw oyster bars are also a feature of shellfish consumption. When served freshly shucked (opened) and iced, one may find a liquid inside the shell, called the liquor. Some believe that oysters have the properties of an aphrodisiac.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/10/health/the-claim-oysters-are-aphrodisiacs.html|title=The Claim: Oysters Are Aphrodisiacs|last=O'Connor|first=Anahad|date=2005-05-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-01-31|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}

Inter-tidal herbivorous shellfish such as mussels and clams can help people reach a healthy balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fats in their diets, instead of the current Western diets.{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1038/4441002d|title = Shellfish view of omega-3 and sustainable fisheries|journal = Nature|volume = 444|issue = 7122|pages = 1002|year = 2006|last1 = Robson|first1 = Anthony|bibcode = 2006Natur.444.1002R|doi-access = free}} For this reason, the eating of shellfish is often encouraged by dietitians.

File:Gambas in XXmiglia market.jpg for sale in Italy]]

File:Cooked Snail Found In Rajang River.jpg from the Rajang River, Sarawak, Malaysia]]

Some popular dishes using shellfish:

Religious dietary restrictions

The Torah forbids the consumption of shellfish (i.e. the only permitted seafood is fish with fins and scales), in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy.{{bibleverse||Leviticus|11:9-12|31}} Jews (of all religious traditions) who fully observe the dietary laws thus do not eat shellfish, neither do Seventh-day Adventists, who also follow Jewish dietary law.

Shia Islamic schools of thought vary on whether (and which types of) shellfish may be acceptable.{{cite web|url= https://www.sistani.org/english/qa/01251/|title=Question and Answer: Meat}} Sunni Muslims, except Hanafis, view them as halal.{{cite web |url=https://fiqh.islamonline.net/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9/|title=حكم أكل القواقع}}{{cite web |url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/114855/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D9%87-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7|title=حكم أكل " الحلزون " ، وهل يجوز طبخه حيّاً؟}}{{cite web |title=Is Seafood Halal Or Haram? (Crab, Lobster, Shark, Octopus) |date=27 April 2022 |url=https://lessonislam.com/is-seafood-halal/}}

Allergy

Approximately 1% of the population is estimated to suffer from shellfish allergy,{{cite journal |vauthors=Moonesinghe H, Mackenzie H, Venter C, Kilburn S, Turner P, Weir K, Dean T |title=Prevalence of fish and shellfish allergy: A systematic review |journal=Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=264–72.e4 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27613460 |doi=10.1016/j.anai.2016.07.015 |hdl=10044/1/45844 |hdl-access=free }} which is more common in teenage and adult life than very early childhood.{{cite journal |vauthors=Wai CY, Leung NY, Chu KH, Leung PS, Leung AS, Wong GW, Leung TF |title=Overcoming Shellfish Allergy: How Far Have We Come? |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=21 |issue=6 |date=March 2020 |page=2234 |pmid=32210187 |pmc=7139905 |doi=10.3390/ijms21062234 |doi-access=free }}

There is some evidence that shellfish intolerance exists in an unknown proportion of the population. The symptoms of this do not include the immune and respiratory symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as hives, hyperventilation, or anaphylaxis, but do involve gastrointestinal distress, such as nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. {{Cite journal |last1=Firszt |first1=K. |last2=Sebastien |first2=K. |last3=Gleich |first3=G. J. |last4=Wagner |first4=L. A. |date=February 2012 |title=Delayed Gastrointestinal Symptoms after Ingesting Shrimp in the Absence of IgE Sensitization |url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(11)02361-X/fulltext |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=129 |issue=2|pages=AB170 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.398 }} Similar symptoms can come from foodborne illness or as part of a toxic effect.{{Cite journal |last1=Woo |first1=Chee |last2=Bahna |first2=Sami |date=June 2011 |title=Not all shellfish "allergy" is allergy! |journal=Clinical and Translational Allergy |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |doi=10.1186/2045-7022-1-3 |doi-access=free |pmid=22410209 |pmc=3294628 }}

Toxic content

Some shellfish, such as whelk, contain arsenic. A sample of whelk was found to have a total content of arsenic at {{nowrap|15.42 mg/kg}} of which 1% is inorganic arsenic.{{cite web|title=82/05 October 2005 Arsenic in fish and shellfish|url=http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis8205.pdf|date=2010-09-08|access-date=2013-04-06|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|archive-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721044102/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis8205.pdf|url-status=dead}}

Shellfish caught in Alaska can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).{{cite web|url=http://dhss.alaska.gov/dph/Chronic/Documents/02-Internal/ParalyticShellfishPoisoningFactSheet.pdf|title=Fact sheet|website=dhss.alaska.gov|access-date=2020-06-16|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712173150/http://dhss.alaska.gov/dph/chronic/documents/02-internal/paralyticshellfishpoisoningfactsheet.pdf|url-status=dead}} PSP is caused by toxins, namely saxitoxin, released by dinoflagellates, a type of protista (also considered algae), which are extremely poisonous (1000 times more potent than cyanide) and can lead to death by paralyzing the breathing muscles. Due to warming oceans, algae blooms have become more widespread,{{cite web | last=Meyer | first=Robinson | title=An Upheaval at the Ends of the World | website=The Atlantic | date=2018-12-12 | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/12/north-pole-faces-unprecedented-climate-future-nasa-says/577915/ | access-date=2020-06-16}} thereby increasing the likelihood of intoxications of various types.

Ecosystem services and reef-building

Shellfish of various kinds contribute to the formation of reefs, such as when millions of oysters or mussels aggregate together. Reefs provide habitat for numerous other species, bury carbon, contributing to climate change mitigation,{{Cite journal|last1=Fodrie|first1=F. Joel|last2=Rodriguez|first2=Antonio B.|last3=Gittman|first3=Rachel K.|last4=Grabowski|first4=Jonathan H.|last5=Lindquist|first5=Niels. L.|last6=Peterson|first6=Charles H.|last7=Piehler|first7=Michael F.|last8=Ridge|first8=Justin T.|date=2017-07-26|title=Oyster reefs as carbon sources and sinks|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=284|issue=1859|pages=20170891|doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.0891|issn=0962-8452|pmc=5543224|pmid=28747477}} and defend the shore against erosion, floods and waves.{{Cite journal|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Mohammed Shah Nawaz|last2=Walles|first2=Brenda|last3=Sharifuzzaman|first3=S. M.|last4=Shahadat Hossain|first4=M.|last5=Ysebaert|first5=Tom|last6=Smaal|first6=Aad C.|date=2019-06-12|title=Oyster breakwater reefs promote adjacent mudflat stability and salt marsh growth in a monsoon dominated subtropical coast|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=8549|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44925-6 |pmid=31189886|pmc=6561949|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.8549C|issn=2045-2322}}{{Cite journal|last1=Walles|first1=Brenda|last2=Salvador de Paiva|first2=João|last3=van Prooijen|first3=Bram C.|last4=Ysebaert|first4=Tom|last5=Smaal|first5=Aad C.|date=2015-05-01|title=The Ecosystem Engineer Crassostrea gigas Affects Tidal Flat Morphology Beyond the Boundary of Their Reef Structures|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-014-9860-z|journal=Estuaries and Coasts|language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=941–950|doi=10.1007/s12237-014-9860-z|bibcode=2015EstCo..38..941W |s2cid=85817134|issn=1559-2731|url-access=subscription}} Conversely, when they are destroyed or exploited, carbon can be released into the atmosphere, simultaneously increasing the likelihood of severe weather while removing the natural defence against its consequences.{{Cite web|title=Shellfish reefs: Australia's untold environmental disaster|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-02-shellfish-reefs-australia-untold-environmental.html|access-date=2021-10-13|website=phys.org|language=en}} In addition, some shellfish are known for filtering water, removing suspended particles and contaminants, which contributes to both quality and clarity.{{Cite web|last=Ramsar|date=2011|title=Wetlands Ecosystem Services Factsheet 5: Water Purification|url=https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/services_05_e.pdf|access-date=13 October 2021|website=ramsar.org}} These benefits cascade to other species that are helpful to humankind such as seagrasses.

References

= Sources =

Pawley, Andrew (2004) [http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/centres/sc/june2004.htm "Are crustaceans shellfish? A whiff of scandal in English lexicography"] Australian Style, 12 (1): 1–3.

External links

[http://bcsga.ca/ BC Shellfish Growers Association]
[http://www.ecsga.org/ East Coast Shellfish Growers Association]
[http://pcsga.net/ Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20060830083723/http://www.cefas.co.uk/Publications/shellfishnews/default.htm Shellfish News]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090212213053/http://shellfish.org/image/tid/104 Shellfish Gallery]
[http://academic.evergreen.edu/t/thuesene/bivalves/Biology.htm#Biology Shellfish Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084117/http://academic.evergreen.edu/t/thuesene/bivalves/Biology.htm#Biology |date=4 March 2016 }}
[http://content.lib.washington.edu/cgi-bin/queryresults.exe?CISOOP=adv&CISORESTMP=%2Fsite-templates%2Fsearch_results-sub.html&CISOVIEWTMP=%2Fsite-templates%2Fitem_viewer.html&CISOMODE=thumb&CISOGRID=thumbnail%2CA%2C1%3Btitle%2CA%2C1%3Bsubjec%2CA%2C0%3Bdescri%2C200%2C0%3B0%2CA%2C0%3B10&CISOBIB=title%2CA%2C1%2CN%3Bsubjec%2CA%2C0%2CN%3Bdescri%2CK%2C0%2CN%3B0%2CA%2C0%2CN%3B0%2CA%2C0%2CN%3B10&CISOTHUMB=3%2C5&CISOTITLE=10&CISOPARM=%2Ffishimages%3Asubjec%3Ashellfish&x=25&y=6 Freshwater and Marine Image Bank—Shellfish]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at the University of Washington Libraries, Digital Collection
[http://www.healthaliciousness.com/nutritionfacts/nutrition-comparison.php?o=90240&t=15169&h=15159&s=100&e=100&r=100 Nutrition Facts for Various Shellfish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306092500/https://www.healthaliciousness.com/nutritionfacts/nutrition-comparison.php?o=90240&t=15169&h=15159&s=100&e=100&r=100 |date=6 March 2016 }}

Category:Seafood

Category:Fish products