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Dierama

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|image = Dierama igneum1UME.jpg

|image_caption = Dierama igneum

|display_parents = 2

|taxon = Dierama

|authority = K.Koch

|type_species = Dierama ensifolium

|type_species_authority = Koch & Bouché

|subdivision_ranks = Species

|subdivision = See text

}}

Dierama is a genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae. Common names include hairbells, angel's fishing rod, fairybells, and wandflowers in English and grasklokkies (= grass-bells) in Afrikaans.Glen, H. [http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/dieramrey.htm Dierama reynoldsii.] South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2005. They are native to Africa, with most occurring in the southern regions of the continent.[http://apps.kew.org/efloras/namedetail.do?qry=namelist&flora=fz&taxon=9892&nameid=26237 Dierama K.Koch.] Flora Zambesiaca. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The center of diversity is the province of KwaZulu-Natal in eastern South Africa.

File:Dierama dracomontanum1UME.jpg]]

Description

Plants of this genus are evergreen perennial herbs growing from large corms with fibrous tunics. The lowest two or three leaves are cataphylls that sheath the lower stem and become dry. The thin, wiry, branching stem may bend and droop when in flower. It is lined with leaves that have linear blades with thick longitudinal veins and often no midrib. The inflorescence is a panicle of several spikes of flowers. The spikes may hang like bells or grow erect. The bracts around the flowers are usually dry, thin, membranous, translucent, and streaked or veined with brown. The bell-shaped flowers of most wild species are pink; red, purple, yellow, and white taxa also exist. There are many cultivars in a range of colors, sometimes with spots of yellow or blue.{{cite book | author = Hilliard, O. M. and B. L. Burtt. | title = Dierama: the Hairbells of Africa | publisher =Acorn Books | location = Randburg | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-1-874802-01-3 }} The fruit is a spherical capsule.

File:Dierama pendulum Hairbells Flower 0560.jpg]]

File:Dierama nixonianum (Hilliard) 0502.jpg]]

Etymology

The genus name is derived from the Greek word dierama, meaning "funnel," and alludes to the flower shape.{{cite book |author=Manning, J. and P. Goldblatt. |title=The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon|pages=91–93 |year=2008|isbn=978-0-88192-897-6}}

Diversity

There are about 44 species.

Species include:Arnold, T. H. and B. C. de Wet, Eds. Plants of Southern Africa: Names & Distribution. In: Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 62. National Botanical Institute, South Africa. 1993. {{ISBN|1-874907-03-X}}[http://redlist.sanbi.org/search.php?sppsearch=dierama Dierama.] Red List of South African Plants. South African National Biodiversity Institute.

Uses

Some species of dierama are cultivated as ornamental plants, such as the purple-pink-flowered D. pendulum. The South African endemic D. erectum is grown for the large, pink flowers it bears on tall, erect stems. It is prone to attack by the bean weevil Urodon lilii.Koetle, M. J., et al. (2010). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11240-010-9749-x#page-1 In vitro regeneration in Dierama erectum Hilliard.] Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 103(1) 23-31.

Certain species have been used in traditional African medicine and spiritual practices. D. erectum is used as an enema by the Sotho people and as a treatment for stomach problems. The corm of the plant is a fertility charm for bringing a good harvest.

Conservation

Some species, especially the narrow endemics, are decreasing in abundance due to loss of habitat. The South African natives D. ambiguum, D. erectum, and D. nixonianum are considered endangered species.

References

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Category:Iridaceae genera