Dog breed#Basal breeds

{{see also|Cultural depictions of dogs in Western art#Early history}}

File:Engagé mit einem indianischen Hundeschlitten by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied.jpg types, sketched in 1833]]

File:Tesem2.jpg, an ancient Egyptian sight-hound]]

In 2017, a study showed that 9,000 years ago the domestic dog was present at what is now Zhokhov Island, arctic north-eastern Siberia, which was connected to the mainland at that time. The dogs were selectively bred as either sled dogs or as hunting dogs, which implies that a sled dog standard and a hunting dog standard existed at that time. The optimal maximum size for a sled dog is {{convert|20-25|kg|lb|abbr=on}} based on thermo-regulation, and the ancient sled dogs were between {{convert|16–25|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The same standard has been found in the remains of sled dogs from this region 2,000 years ago and in the modern Siberian Husky breed standard. Other dogs were larger at {{convert|30|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and appear to be dogs that had been crossed with wolves and used for polar-bear hunting.

Between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago greyhound-types of dogs were depicted on pottery and paintings in Egypt and Western Asia. Mastiff-type dogs were kept for guarding and hunting, and short-legged dogs were also bred.Clutton-Brock, J., 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=I8HU_3ycrrEC&dq=Origins+of+the+dog%3A+domestication+and+early+history+%2F%E2%80%8B+Juliet+Clutton-Brock&pg=PA7 Origins of the dog: domestication and early history]. In:Serpell, J. (Ed.), The Domestic Dog, its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 16–20 Most modern dog breeds are the products of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era (1830–1900),{{cite book |title=Atlas of Dog Breeds of the World |edition=5th |first1=Bonnie |last1=Wilcox |first2=Chris |last2=Walkowicz |isbn=978-0793812844 |location=Neptune City, NJ Lanham, MD |type=Print |pages=912 |date=March 1995 |publisher=TFH Publications, Inc.}}{{cite book|author=American Kennel Club|title=Complete Dog Book|publisher=Ballantine Books; 20 edition|year=2006|isbn=978-0345476265}} and the accurate documenting of pedigrees with the establishment of the English Kennel Club in 1873 in imitation of other stud book registries for cattle and horses.{{cite book|author-link= Anne Rogers Clark|author1=Clark, Annie Rodgers |author2=Brace, Andrew H.|title= The International Encyclopedia of Dogs|year= 1995|publisher= Howell Book House|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-87605-624-0|pages= 8|quote= In the strictest sense, dog breeds date back only to the last couple of decades of the nineteenth century, or to more recent decades in this (the twentieth) century but distinct types of dogs have existed centuries earlier.}}

{{main|Domestication of the dog}}

File:The wolf's family portrait.tif

The domestic dog is the first species, and the only large carnivore, to have been domesticated. The first dogs were certainly wolflike, but the phenotypic changes that coincided with the dog–wolf genetic divergence are not known. Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds. In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes. Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years, and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. These breeds can vary in size and weight from a {{convert|0.46|kg|lb|abbr=on}} teacup poodle to a {{convert|90|kg|lb|abbr=on}} giant mastiff. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour. The difference in size has been attributed to a lncRNA variant in the IGF1 region arisen in wolves from northern latitudes c. 53.000 years ago and fixed by natural and subsequently by human selection.{{cite journal |first1=Jocelyn|last1=Plassais |date=2022-01-27 |title=Natural and human-driven selection of a single non-coding body size variant in ancient and modern canids |journal=Current Biology |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=889–897.e9 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.036 |pmid=35090588 |pmc=8891063 |bibcode=2022CBio...32E.889P |s2cid=246387681 }} Their behavioral traits include guarding, herding, and hunting, retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs. As a result, today dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world. The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era.

A genetic study identified 51 regions of the dog genome which were associated with phenotype variation among breeds in the 57 traits studied, which included body, cranial, dental, and long bone shape and size. There were three quantitative trait loci that explained most of the phenotype variation. Indicators of recent selection were shown by many of the 51 genomic regions that were associated with traits that define a breed, which include body size, coat characteristics, and ear floppiness.

{{cladogram

|caption=Cladogram of nine breeds that are genetically divergent from others|

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|1=Wolf

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|1=Shar Pei

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|1=Chow Chow

|2=Akita Inu

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|2={{clade

|1=Basenji

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|1=Siberian Husky

|2=Alaskan Malamute

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|1=Afghan Hound

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|2=other breeds in the study

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"Ancient breed" is a term formerly, but no longer used for a particular group of dog breeds by the American Kennel Club.{{cite web|author=American Kennel Club|title=Dog breed groups|url=http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/groups/}} These breeds were referred to as "ancient", as opposed to modern, breeds because historically it was believed their origins dated back more than 500 years.

In 2004, a study looked at the microsatellites of 414 purebred dogs representing 85 breeds. The study found that dog breeds were so genetically distinct that 99% of individual dogs could be correctly assigned to their breed based on their genotype, indicating that breeding barriers (purebred breeding) have led to distinct genetic units. The study identified 9 breeds that could be represented on the branches of a phylogenetic tree which grouped together with strong statistical support and could be separated from the other breeds with a modern European origin. These 9 breeds had been referred to as "ancient breeds". The study found that the Pharaoh Hound and Ibizan Hound were not as old as once believed; rather, they had been recreated from combinations of other breeds, and that the Norwegian Elkhound grouped with the other European dogs despite reports of direct Scandinavian origins dating back 5,000 years.

File:Five different types of dogs, woodcut, 1547 Wellcome L0029217.jpg

{{further|Dog type}}

Dog types are broad categories of dogs based on form, function or style of work, lineage, or appearance. In contrast, modern dog breeds are particular breed standards, sharing a common set of heritable characteristics, determined by the kennel club that recognizes the breed.

The spread of modern dog breeds has been difficult to resolve because many are the product of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era (1830–1900). In 2010, a study looked at 48,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms that gave a genome-wide coverage of 912 dogs representing 85 breeds.{{cite journal |first1=Bridgett |last1=vonHoldt |date=2010-03-17 |title=Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature08837 |pmid=20237475 |volume=464 |issue=7290 |pages=898–902 |bibcode=2010Natur.464..898V |pmc=3494089 |last2=Lohmueller |first2=Kirk E. |last3=Han |first3=Eunjung |last4=Parker |first4=Heidi G. |last5=Quignon |first5=Pascale |last6=Degenhardt |first6=Jeremiah D. |last7=Boyko |first7=Adam R. |last8=Earl |first8=Dent A. |last9=Auton |first9=Adam |last10=Reynolds |first10=Andy |last11=Bryc |first11=Kasia |last12=Brisbin |first12=Abra |last13=Knowles |first13=James C. |last14=Mosher |first14=Dana S. |last15=Spady |first15=Tyrone C. |last16=Elkahloun |first16=Abdel |last17=Geffen |first17=Eli |last18=Pilot |first18=Malgorzata |last19=Jedrzejewski |first19=Wlodzimierz |last20=Greco |first20=Claudia |last21=Randi |first21=Ettore |last22=Bannasch |first22=Danika |last23=Wilton |first23=Alan |last24=Shearman |first24=Jeremy |last25=Musiani |first25=Marco |last26=Cargill |first26=Michelle |last27=Jones |first27=Paul G. |last28=Qian |first28=Zuwei |last29=Huang |first29=Wei |display-authors=etal}}

The study found distinct genetic clusters within modern dogs that largely corresponded to phenotype or function. These included spitz-breeds, toy dogs, spaniels, Mastiff-like breeds, small terriers, retrievers, herding dogs, scent-hounds, and sight-hounds. There were 17 breeds that conflicted with phenotype or function and these were thought to be the result of crossing some of the other phenotypes. As in a 2004 study that found 9 'ancient breeds' to be genetically divergent, the study found 13 breeds that were genetically divergent from the modern breeds: the Basenji, Saluki, Afghan hound, Samoyed, Canaan dog, New Guinea singing dog, dingo, Chow Chow, Chinese Shar Pei, Akita, Alaskan malamute, Siberian husky and American Eskimo dog.

The study found that there were three well-supported groups that were highly divergent and distinct from modern domestic dogs.

• an Asian group (Dingo, New Guinea singing dog, chow chow, Akita and Shar Pei)
• a Middle Eastern group (Afghan hound and Saluki)
• a northern group (Alaskan Malamute and Siberian Husky).

The earliest books in the English language to mention numbers of dog types are from the "Cynegetica" (hunting literature), namely, The Art of Venery (1327) by Twiti (Twici), a treatise that describes hunting with the limer (a leashed bloodhound type); the pack of running hounds, which included barcelets and brachetz (both scent hounds); and the sighthound and greyhound.{{cite book |last=Twiti |first=William |title=The Art of Hunting 1. Stockholm Studies in English XXXVII. |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell Int. |year=1977 |editor=Danielsson, B. |location=Stockholm |translator=Danielsson, B. |editor2=Cynegetica Anglica |translator2=Cynegetica Anglica}} More significant in recording the use and description of various dog types is The Master of Game (circa 1406) by Edward of York,The Master of Game, by Edward, second Duke of York: ed. Baillie-Grohman, William.1st Ed. London: 1904 Ballantine, Hanson & Co Folio, 302pp. 52 pl{{Cite book |last1=Edward |first1=of Norwich |url=https://archive.org/details/masterofgameo00edwa |title=The master of game : the oldest English book on hunting |last2=Baillie-Grohman |first2=William A. (William Adolph) |last3=Baillie-Grohman |first3=F. (Florence) |last4=Roosevelt |first4=Theodore |last5=Gaston III Phebus |first5=Count of Foix |date=1 January 1909 |publisher=London : Chatto & Windus}} a treatise that describes dogs and their work, such as the alaunt, greyhound, pack scent hounds, spaniel, and mastiff, used by the privileged and wealthy for hunting purposes. The Master of Game is a combination of the earlier Art of Venery and the French hunting treatise Livre de Chasse by Gaston Phoebus (circa 1387).{{Cite web |title=BNF – Le livre de chasse de Gaston Phebus |url=http://classes.bnf.fr/phebus/ |access-date=17 November 2016 |website=classes.bnf.fr}} The Book of Saint Albans, published in 1486,{{cite book |last=Berners |first=Juliana |title=English hawking and hunting in the Boke of St. Albans : a facsimile edition of sigs. a2-f8 of the Boke of St. Albans (1486) / by Rachel Hands |date=1975 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-811715-9 |author-link=Juliana Berners |orig-year=Facsimile of 1486 original}}{{Cite book |last1=Berners |first1=Juliana |url=https://archive.org/details/bokeofsaintalban00bern |title=The boke of Saint Albans |last2=Blades |first2=William |date=1 January 1901 |publisher=London : Elliot Stock}} a "school" book about hawking, hunting, fishing, and heraldry, attributed to Juliana Berners (Barnes), lists dogs of the time mainly by function: "First there is a greyhound, a bastard, a mongrel, a mastiff, a limer, a spaniel, "raches" (small-to-medium-sized scenthounds), "kennets" (small hunting dogs), terriers, "butcher's hounds", dung-heap dogs, "trundel tails" (lapdogs?) and prick-eared curs, and small ladies puppies that bear away the fleas and diverse small sorts."

A study in 2012 examined 49,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms that gave a genome-wide coverage of 1,375 dogs representing 35 breeds, 19 wolves, and previous published genetic signatures of other breeds, giving a total of 121 breeds covered. The study found a deep genetic split between old-world and new-world wolves, and confirmed the genetic divergence of 13 breeds from a 2010 study (Afghan Hound, Akita, Alaskan Malamute, American Eskimo, Basenji, Canaan dog, Chow Chow, Dingo, New Guinea singing dog, Saluki, Samoyed, Shar-Pei, Siberian Husky), plus another three: the Eurasier, Finnish Spitz and Shiba Inu. The study referred to these 16 as basal breeds, as opposed to ancient breeds, as they exhibited genetic divergence but not all of them were historically considered to be "ancient breeds".

image:Phylogenetic tree of ancient dog breeds.png

The 2012 study found that modern breeds only emerged in the 19th century and that claims of their antiquity are based on little or no historical or empirical evidence. The study indicated that throughout history, global dog populations experienced numerous episodes of diversification and homogenization, with each round further reducing the power of genetic data derived from modern breeds to help infer their early history.

Of the basal breeds, the American Eskimo Dog and Eurasier were the very recent product of cross-breeding other basal breeds. Most basal breeds have hybridized with other lineages in the past. If those other lineages were other basal breeds then a basal genetic signature remains. The combination of introgression and past population bottlenecks suggested that basal breeds have little or no genetic connections to their ancestral populations and that their genetic distinctiveness does not signify ancient heritage. They are distinctive from the modern breeds because the genetic heritage of the modern breeds has become blurred due to admixture, and the basal breeds have mostly avoided admixture with them due to geographic or cultural barriers.

As dogs are a subspecies but their breeds are distinct genetic units, and because only certain breeds share the same type of cancers as humans, the differences in the genes of different breeds may be useful in human medical research.{{cite journal | last1 = Cadieu | first1 = Edouard | last2 = Ostrander | first2 = Elaine A. | year = 2007| title = Canine Genetics Offers New Mechanisms for the Study of Human Cancer | url = http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/11/2181 | journal = Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention | volume = 16 | issue = 11| pages = 2181–2183 | doi = 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2667 | pmid = 17982116 | doi-access = | s2cid = 28325634 | url-access = subscription }}

In 2014, a study indicated that some breed-temperaments, such as anxiety or fear, may be linked to gene mutations. Other temperaments may be due to the legacies of 'ancient' ancestry.{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-53994-7_2 |chapter=Dog Breeds and Their Behavior |title=Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior |pages=31–57 |year=2014 |last1=Serpell |first1=James A. |last2=Duffy |first2=Deborah L. |isbn=978-3-642-53993-0|s2cid=81062726 }}

{{Main|List of dog breeds}}

{{further|Dog breeding}}

File:Big and little dog 1.jpg mix and purebred Great Dane ]]

Groups of owners that have dogs of the same breed and have an interest in dog breeding can form national Kennel clubs. Kennel Clubs maintain breed standards, record pedigrees in a breed registry (or studbook), and issue the rules for conformation dog shows and trials and accreditation of judges. They often serve as registries, which are lists of adult purebred dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents.

A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations. Dogs of same breed have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics.{{cite book |author1=Donna L. Morden |author2=Seranne, Ann |author3=Wendell J. Sammet |author4=Gasow, Julia |title=The joy of breeding your own show dog |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York, N.Y |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7645-7302-6 }} Dogs of a specific breed breed true, producing young that are very similar to their parents. An individual dog is identified as a member of a breed through proof of ancestry, using genetic analysis or written records of ancestry. Without such proof, identification of a specific breed is not reliable.{{cite web|url= http://www.grapevine.net/~wolf2dog/review.htm |title= The New Breed Of Municipal Dog Control Laws:Are They Constitutional? |author= Lynn Marmer |year= 1984 |work= first published in the University of Cincinnati Law Review |quote= The court found it was impossible to identify the breed of an unregistered dog. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000926031554/http://www.grapevine.net/~wolf2dog/review.htm |archive-date=2000-09-26 |access-date=13 December 2013}} Such records, called stud books, may be maintained by individuals, clubs, or other organizations.

Kennel clubs provide the recognition of distinct dog breeds, but there are many independent clubs with differing, and sometimes inconsistent standards and they need not apply scientific standards. Four varieties of the Belgian Shepherd Dog are recognised as four distinct breeds by the New Zealand Kennel Club.{{cite web | url=http://www.nzkc.org.nz/pdf/breed_groups/working_standard.pdf | title=Standards of the Breeds: Group 5 – Working | publisher=New Zealand Kennel Club}} Further, some groups of dogs which clearly share a persistent set of characteristics and documented descent from a known foundation stock may still not be recognized by some clubs as breeds. For instance, the feist is a hunting dog raised in the Southern United States for hunting small game. Feists have a consistent set of characteristics that reliably differentiate them from other dog types and breeds. However, the United Kennel Club recognizes one breed of feist, the Treeing Feist, while the American Kennel Club does not recognize any feist breed.

A dog is said to be purebred if their parents were purebred and if the dog meets the standards of the breed. The American Kennel Club allows mixed-breed dogs to be shown but under the condition the animals have been spayed or neutered, are not a wolf hybrid, and not eligible for the AKC Foundation Stock Service Program or an AKC Purebred Alternative Listing (PAL).{{cite web | title=Get Started – Register Your Mixed Breed Dog With AKC Canine Partners | website=American Kennel Club | date=2019-07-28 | url=https://www.akc.org/register/information/canine-partners/get-started/ | access-date=2019-08-09}}

In Canada, the Animal Pedigree Act lays out strict standards for the documenting of what it calls "evolving breeds".{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/a-11.2/FullText.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726205721/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/A-11.2/FullText.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2012 |title=Animal Pedigree Act 1985 |access-date=9 April 2008 |work=Department of Justice, Canada }}{{Cite journal |date=2003-02-24 |title=Secretary's manual (page 1 of 9) |url=http://agriculture.canada.ca/en/sector/animal-industry/animal-genetics/resources-related-animal-pedigree-act/secretarys-manual}}

The breed standard for each breed of dog is a detailed description of the appearance and behaviour of an idealized dog of that breed.[http://www.akc.org/about/glossary.cfm American Kennel Club Glossary] Included in the breed standard description are externally observable aspects of appearance and behaviour that are considered by the breed club to be the most important for the breed, and externally observable details of appearance or temperament that are considered by the breed club to be unacceptable (called faults). In addition, most breed standards include a historical section, describing the place of origin and the original work done by the breed or its ancestor types.

Dogs with a breed standard may be accepted into one or more of the major registries (kennel clubs) of dog breeds, including The Kennel Club (1873, UK), American Kennel Club (1884), New Zealand Kennel Club (1886), Canadian Kennel Club (1888), United Kennel Club (1898), United Kennel Clubs International (UCI, Germany 1976), Australian National Kennel Council (1958), and other national breed registries. Recognized dog breeds are classified by groups, such as Hound, Terrier, Working, Herding, Sporting, Non-Sporting, Toy and Miscellaneous; some groups may be further subdivided by some registries.{{cite web | title=List of Breeds by Group – American Kennel Club | website=American Kennel Club | date=2019-01-02 | url=https://www.akc.org/public-education/resources/general-tips-information/dog-breeds-sorted-groups/ | access-date=2019-08-09}} Some breeds are managed by independent organizations, e.g. border collies by the International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS).

Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) is neither a breed registry nor does it issue pedigrees or keep addresses for breeders.{{cite web | title=Main activities of the FCI Secretariat | website= Fédération Cynologique Internationale | url=http://www.fci.be/en/Main-activities-of-the-FCI-Secretariat-3.html | ref={{sfnref | Fédération Cynologique Internationale }} | access-date=2022-03-15}} It is a global canine organization with member and contract partners (one member per country) that conduct international conformation shows, working/hunting/herding trials, and various other events. The results are submitted to FCI for processing, approval and international recognition. Each of the member and contract partners issue and maintain their own pedigrees and respective breed standards, and train their own judges. FCI ensures that each member mutually recognizes the pedigrees and judges of all FCI members.{{cite web | title=Presentation of our organisation | website= Fédération Cynologique Internationale | url=http://www.fci.be/en/Presentation-of-our-organisation-4.html | ref={{sfnref | Fédération Cynologique Internationale }} | access-date=2022-03-17}}

Purebred dogs have more health problems than mongrel dogs, and require more veterinary visits,{{Cite journal

| last1 = Egenvall

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| journal = Veterinary Record

| language = en

| volume = 146

| issue = 18

| pages = 519–525

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| issn = 2042-7670

| pmid = 11321213

| s2cid = 24303176

| url-access = subscription

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| title = Mortality in insured Swedish dogs: rates and causes of death in various breeds

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| journal = Veterinary Record

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| pmid = 9253830

| s2cid = 9721674

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| pmid=12628771

}} Indeed, studies have reported lifespans that are shorter by between one and almost two years.{{Cite journal

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| pmid=24206631

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| pmid = 9158552

| doi-access = free

}}

Notably, dog breeds with flat faces and short noses have breathing difficulties,[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/video_and_audio/headlines/37427887 How fashion has left this dog gasping for air] eye trouble and other health issues.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37423040 Vets warn people against buying 'flat-faced' dogs]

:Refer: List of dog breeds

The Fédération Cynologique Internationale is a global organisation with 98 members and contract partners (one member per country) that recognize 356 purebreds.{{cite web | title=Presentation of our organisation | website= Fédération Cynologique Internationale | url=http://www.fci.be/en/Presentation-of-our-organisation-4.html | ref={{sfnref | Fédération Cynologique Internationale }} | access-date=2022-03-17}}

{{main|Dog crossbreed}}

{{See also|List of dog crossbreeds}}

A dog crossbreed is the result of mating two different breeds.{{cite web|title=cross-breed|work=Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cross-breed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717215401/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cross-breed|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012}} "Designer Dog" became a fad in the late 20th century.{{Cite web|url=https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/designer-dog-breeds|title=VCA Hospitals|last=Buzhardt|first=Lynn|date=2016|website=VCA}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.showqualitydogs.com/indian-dog-breeds/best-dog-breeds-in-indian-climate/|title=Show Quality Dogs |date=2020|website=show quality dogs}} Dog crossbreeds are combinations of lineages of the domestic dog; they are distinguished from canid hybrids, which are interspecific crosses between Canis species (wolves, coyotes, jackals, etc.). Notable canid hybrids include the coydog, coywolf, dingo–dog hybrid, jackal–dog hybrid, and wolfdog.{{cite web |last=Bennett |first=Laura |date=10 December 2007 |title=Pet Industry Trends for 2008 |url=http://www.smallbiztrends.com/2007/12/pet-industry-trends-for-2008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704210718/http://www.smallbiztrends.com/2007/12/pet-industry-trends-for-2008.html |archive-date=4 July 2008 |website=smallbiztrends.com |quote=2008 will see the rapid growth of the puppy farm crossbreeds to take advantage of the inflated prices people are paying for these dogs.}}{{cite news |last=Patterson |first=Melissa |date=23 July 2008 |title=Not all cute and cuddly in land of 'designer dogs,' |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chicago/chi-hybrid-dogs-23-jul23,0,1726044.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006151823/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chicago/chi-hybrid-dogs-23-jul23,0,1726044.story |archive-date=6 October 2008 |quote=[crossbreed designer dog puppies] often go for more money than purebreds, which can range from $200 to $2,000 per dog.}}{{cite news |last=Caesar |first=Ed |date=8 March 2007 |title=Hounded out: Fur and loathing in the dog world |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/hounded-out-fur-and-loathing-in-the-dog-world-439360.html |quote=the stampede to acquire one (designer dog) has become so furious that puppies now sell for as much as £2,000.}}{{cite web |title=Designer Dogs are the Rage |url=http://www.designerdoggies.com/Hybridsinthenews.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704210718/http://www.designerdoggies.com/Hybridsinthenews.html |archive-date=4 July 2008 |website=designerdoggies.com |quote=the Beagle is one of the lowest priced purebred dogs, yet the Puggle often sells for much more than the purebred Pug.}}

  Historically, crosses between dogs of different types were more well accepted at a time when modern purebred breeds (based on the eugenics principles) did not yet exist.{{Cite book |last=Brandow |first=Michael |url=https://dogcutieshq.com/ |title=Dogcutieshq |date=2015 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=9780807033432 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=John Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/doginhealthandd00walsgoog |title=The dog, in health and disease, by Stonehenge |date=1859 |language=en}} Some crossbred dogs, created by breeding two purebred dogs of different breeds, may have the advantage of heterosis, or crossbreed vigor. This advantage can be progressively diluted when two crossbreeds are bred in the attempt to create a breed, narrowing the gene pool. The best way to continue taking advantage of crossbreed vigor is from the breeding of dogs of purebred ancestry, as this vigor is typically seen only in the first generation cross of two purebred animals of separate breeds, thus taking advantage of genetic diversity.

{{cite book |last=Csányi |first=Vilmos |title=If Dogs Could Talk |date=2005 |publisher=North Point Press |isbn=978-0-86547-686-8 |edition=First American |location=New York |pages=285–286 |translator=Richard E. Quandt}}{{cite journal |last1=Birchler |first1=James A. |last2=Yao |first2=Hong |last3=Chudalayandi |first3=Sivanandan |date=29 August 2006 |title=Unraveling the genetic basis of hybrid vigor |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=35 |pages=12957–12958 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10312957B |doi=10.1073/pnas.0605627103 |pmc=1559732 |pmid=16938847 |doi-access=free}}

{{main|Mongrel}}

A mongrel, mixed-breed dog or mutt is a dog that does not belong to one officially recognized breed but can be a mix of two breeds and is not the result of intentional breeding.{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Desmond|title=Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds|year=2008|publisher=Tralfalgar Square|location=Vermont|isbn=978-1-57076-410-3|pages=696–697|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjG-LAAACAAJ|edition=First Paperback|chapter=Feral dogs|quote=The mongrel is not a true breed, but it is certainly a common category of domestic dog. It has been estimated that, worldwide, there are 150 million of them."}}

In the United States, the term mixed-breed is a favored synonym over mongrel among individuals who wish to avoid negative connotations associated with the latter term.{{cite book |last=Witiak |first=Dr. Gene |title=True Confessions of a Veterinarian |publisher=Glenbridge Publishing Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-944435-54-0 |page=11 |quote=Canines of unknown lineage used to be termed mongrels—how demeaning! Over time, the term 'mixed breed' was preferred.}} The implication that such dogs must be a mix of defined breeds may stem from an inverted understanding of the origins of dog breeds. Purebred dogs have been, for the most part, artificially created from random-bred populations by human selective breeding with the purpose of enhancing desired physical, behavioral, or temperamental characteristics. Dogs that are not purebred are not necessarily a mix of such defined breeds.{{Cite book |last=Budiansky |first=Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/truthaboutdogsin00budi/page/35 |title=The Truth About Dogs; an Inquiry into the Ancestry, Social Conventions, Mental Habits, and Moral Fiber of Canis familiaris |date=2000 |publisher=Viking Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-89272-3 |location=New York |page=35}} Therefore, among some experts and fans of such dogs, mongrel is still the preferred term.{{cite book |last=Riddle |first=Maxwell |title=Lovable Mongrel |date=1954 |publisher=All-Pets}}{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Jilly |title=Intelligent and Loyal, a Celebration of the Mongrel |date=1981 |location=London}}{{cite book |last=Patmore |first=Angela |title=The Mongrel |date=1985 |location=London}}{{cite book |last=White |first=Kay |title=Book of the Mongrel |date=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins}}

:See further: Landraces

Natural breeds rose through time in response to a particular environment and in isolation from other populations of the species.{{cite book |last=Sponenberg |first=D. Phillip |chapter=Genetic Resources and Their Conservation |pages=392–393 |editor1-last=Bowling|editor1-first=Ann T. |editor2-last=Ruvinsky |editor2-first=Anatoly |title=The Genetics of the Horse |date=May 18, 2000 |publisher=CABI Publishing |location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-0-85199-429-1 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL3A097IbjsC&q=Landrace+horses&pg=PA392 |access-date=September 28, 2014}} This environment included humans but with little or no selective breeding by humans.Coppinger, Raymond & Lorna Coppinger. Dogs. Scribner 2001, {{ISBN|0-684-85530-5}}, Chapter 3, "Natural Breeds", p. 85. "Natural breeds can arise locally with no human interaction"

{{main|List of dog breeds|List of dog crossbreeds}}

• Dogs portal
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

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{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.04.003|title=Archaeological dogs from the Early Holocene Zhokhov site in the Eastern Siberian Arctic|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|volume=13|pages=491–515|year=2017|last1=Pitulko|first1=Vladimir V.|last2=Kasparov|first2=Aleksey K.|bibcode=2017JArSR..13..491P }}

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• {{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedia of Dogs |first1=David |last1=Alderton |date=September 2008 |publisher=Parragon Inc |type=Hardcover |isbn=978-1407524382 |location=Bath |pages=384}}
• {{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds: Profiles of More than 150 Breeds |first1=D. Caroline |last1=Coile |isbn=9780764157004 |publisher= Barron's Educational Series, Incorporated |date=1 April 2005 |edition=2nd |pages=368}}
• {{cite encyclopedia|last1=De Prisco |first1=Andrew |first2=James B. |last2=Johnson |title=Canine Lexicon |publisher=T. F. H. Publications |year=1993 |isbn=978-3-929545-60-9 |pages=886}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kister |first1=Kenneth F. |year=1994 |title=Kister's Best Encyclopedias |edition=2nd |location=Phoenix |publisher=Oryx |isbn=978-0-89774-744-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kistersbestencyc00kist/page/329 329–330] |url=https://archive.org/details/kistersbestencyc00kist/page/329 }}
• {{cite encyclopedia |title=World Atlas of Dog Breeds |first1=Dominique |last1=De Vito |pages=960 |location=Neptune City, NJ Lanham, MD |type=Print |publisher=TFH Publications, Inc. Distributed in the U.S. to the Bookstore and library trade by National Book Network |edition=6th |date=1 September 2005 |isbn=978-0793806560 }}
• {{cite encyclopedia|title=The Dog Encyclopedia |type=Hardcover |author=DK Publishing |pages=360 |publisher=DK Adult |edition=1st |date=15 July 2013 |isbn=978-1465408440 }}
• {{cite encyclopedia |title=Atlas of Dog Breeds of the World |edition=5th |first1=Bonnie |last1=Wilcox |first2=Chris |last2=Walkowicz |isbn=978-0793812844 |location=Neptune City, NJ Lanham, MD |type=Print |pages=912 |date=March 1995 |publisher=TFH Publications, Inc. Distributed in the U.S. to the Bookstore and library trade by National Book Network}}

• [http://www.fci.be/nomenclature.aspx Fédération Cynologique Internationale breeds nomenclature], lists 339 dog breeds in 78 groups.

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Category:Rare breed conservation