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sighthound

{{Short description|Type of dog}}

Image:WhippetWhiteSaddled wb.jpg: characteristic long legs, deep chest, and narrow waist of a sighthound]]

Sighthounds (also called gazehounds) are a type of hound dog that hunts primarily by sight and speed, unlike scent hounds, which rely on scent and endurance.

Appearance

File:Sighthound head.jpg head proportions of a typical sighthound]]

These dogs specialize in pursuing prey, keeping it in sight, and overpowering it by their great speed and agility. They must be able to detect motion quickly, so they have keen vision. Sighthounds must be able to capture fast, agile prey, such as deer and hares, so they have a very flexible back and long legs for a long stride, a deep chest to support an unusually (compared to other dogs) large heart, very efficient lungs for both anaerobic and aerobic sprints, and a lean, wiry body to keep their weight at a minimum. Sighthounds have unique anatomical and physiological features, likely due to intentional selection for hunting by speed and sight; laboratory studies have established reference intervals for hematology and serum biochemical profiles in sighthounds, some of which are shared by all sighthounds and some of which may be unique to one breed."Clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds" S. Zaldívar‐López L.M. Marín M.C. Iazbik N. Westendorf‐Stingle S. Hensley C.G. Couto Veterinary Clinical Pathology Volume 40, Issue 4, first published: 24 October 2011

The typical sighthound type has a light, lean head, which is dolichocephalic in proportion. This shape can create the illusion that their heads are longer than usual. Wolves and other wild dogs are dolichocephalic or mesaticephalic, but some domestic dogs have become brachycephalic (short-headed) due to artificial selection by humans over the course of 12,000 years.{{Citation |last1=Roberts |first1=Taryn |last2=McGreevy |first2=Paul |last3=Valenzuela |first3=Michael |date=July 2010 |title=Human Induced Rotation and Reorganization of the Brain of Domestic Dogs |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=#7 |page=e11946 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011946 |pmid=20668685 |pmc=2909913|bibcode=2010PLoSO...511946R |doi-access=free }} Dolichocephalic dogs have a wider field of vision but smaller overlap between the eyes and therefore possibly poorer depth perception in some of their field of view than brachycephalic dogs; most, if not all, dogs have less visual acuity than their antecedent, the wolf.{{Citation |last1=Miller |first1=Paul E. |last2=Murphy |first2=Christopher J. |date=December 15, 1995 |title=Vision in Dogs |url=http://redwood.berkeley.edu/bruno/animal-eyes/dog-vision-miller-murphy.pdf |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |volume=207 |issue=#12 |pages=1623–1634 |doi=10.2460/javma.1995.207.12.1623 |pmid=7493905 |access-date=2012-12-24}} There is no science-based evidence to confirm the popular belief that sighthounds have a higher visual acuity than other types of dogs. However, there is increasing evidence that dolichocephalic dogs, thanks to a higher number of retinal ganglion cells in their “visual streak”, retain more heightened sensitivity than other dog types to objects and rapid movement in the horizontal field of vision.{{Citation |first1=Paul |last1=McGreevy |first2=Tanya D. |last2=Grassia |first3=Alison M. |last3=Harman |date=December 2004 |volume=63 |number=#1 |title=A strong correlation exists between the distribution of retinal ganglion cells and nose length in the dog |journal=Brain, Behavior and Evolution |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1159/000073756|pmid=14673195 |s2cid=24772865 }}

Image:Saluki dog breed.jpg]]

History

Sighthounds such as the Saluki/Sloughi type (both named after the Seleucid Empire) may have existed for at least 5,000 years, with the earliest presumed sighthound remains of a male with a shoulder height around 54 cm, comparable to a Saluki, appearing in the excavations of Tell Brak dated approximately 4,000 years before present.Clutton-Brock, J., 1989. A dog and a donkey excavated at Tell Brak. Iraq, 51, pp.217-224. The earliest complete European description of a sighthound and its work, the Celtic vertragus[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Bronzen_beeldje_hazewindhond_ForumHadriani_015501_RMO_Leiden.jpg Bronze statue beeldje_hazewindhond_ForumHadriani_015501_RMO_Leiden] via wikimedia.org from Roman Spain of the 2nd century C.E., comes from Arrian's Cynegeticus.

A similar type, possibly a moderately sized male sighthound, with a height of 61–63 cm, of approximately the same historic period, the Warmington Roman dog is described from a well-preserved skeleton found in England.{{cite journal | url=https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ar.24412 | doi=10.1002/ar.24412 | title=From head to hind: Elucidating function through contrasting morphometrics of ancient and modern pedigree dogs | date=2021 | last1=Schoenebeck | first1=Jeffrey J. | last2=Hamilton-Dyer | first2=Sheila | last3=Baxter | first3=Ian L. | last4=Schwarz | first4=Tobias | last5=Nussbaumer | first5=Marc | journal=The Anatomical Record | volume=304 | issue=1 | pages=63–77 | pmid=32445504 }}

Sighthound type "gracile" bones, dating from the 8th to 9th century CE, anatomically defined as those of a 70 cm (28 in) high "greyhound", were genetically compared with the modern Greyhound and other sighthounds and found to be almost identical with the modern Greyhound breed, with the exception of only four deletions and one substitution in the DNA sequences, which were interpreted as differences probably arising from 11 centuries of breeding of this type of sighthound. SVOBODOVÁ, H., BARTOŠ, M., NÝVLTOVÁ FIŠÁKOVÁ, M. and KOUŘIL, P., (2015). Genetic analysis of possibly the oldest greyhound remains within the territory of the Czech Republic as a proof of a local elite presence at Chotěbuz-Podobora hillfort in the 8th–9th century AD. SbNM B, 71, pp.17-24.{{cite web |author=Miriam Nyvltova Fisakova |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283696817 |title=Genetic analysis of possibly the oldest greyhound remains within the territory of the Czech Republic as a proof of a local elite presence at Hotěbuz-Podobora hillfort in the 8th–9th century AD |via=www.researchgate.net}}

Population genomic analysis proposes that true sighthounds originated independently from native dogs and were comprehensively admixed among breeds, supporting the multiple origins hypothesis of sighthounds.Li, Wu-Lue, et al. "Multiple origins and genomic basis of complex traits in sighthounds". Molecular Biology and Evolution (2023): msad158.[https://watermark.silverchair.com/msad158.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW%20Ercy7Dm3ZL%209Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAtkwggLVBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggLGMIICwgIBADCCArsGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMdmN7K9tNATkRjtg-AgEQgIICjB5iSTimqxtMUK%20RJ-mABGimVTeQEZxFdhXNzlXsPqwoFZC msad158.pdf] at watermark.silverchair.com {{dead link|date=July 2024}}

Although today most sighthounds are kept primarily as pets, some of them may have been bred for as many as thousands of years to detect movement of prey, then chase, capture, and kill it primarily by speed. They thrive on physical activity. Some have mellow personalities, others are watchful or even hostile towards strangers, but the instinct to chase running animals remains strong.{{cite book|last=Fogle|first=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Fogle|title=The Encyclopedia of the Dog|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=0-7513-0471-9|date=2000|orig-year=1995}}

Apart from coursing and hunting, various dog sports are practiced with purebred sighthounds, and sometimes with lurchers and longdogs. Such sports include racing, lure coursing, and other events.

List of sighthound breeds

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=Crossbreed sighthound types=

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Breeds considered to be controversial, not having by origin a sighthound function

A number of breeds or types of dogs which do not hunt solely by speed and sight, as well as a number of non-hunting breeds, are currently being recognized as sighthounds, either formally or informallyBengtson, Bo. "How Many Sighthound Breeds? Would you believe more than 50?" Sighthound Review Vol. 5, Issue 4, Winter 2014–2015 by kennel clubs, or lure and live coursing clubs. These include:

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Kennel club classification

When competing in conformation shows, most Anglophone kennel clubs, including the American Kennel Club and The Kennel Club (UK), group pedigree sighthound breeds together with scent hounds in a Hound Group,{{cite web |url=https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/hound/ |title=Hound Group |author= |website=American Kennel Club |access-date=24 December 2019 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/Default.aspx?group=HDS |title=Hound |author= |website=The Kennel Club |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226163009/https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/Default.aspx?group=HDS |url-status=dead }} the Fédération Cynologique Internationale groups them in a dedicated Sighthound Group,{{cite web |url=http://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/10-Sighthounds.html |title=Group 10: Sighthounds |author= |website=Fédération Cynologique Internationale |access-date=24 December 2019 }} whilst the United Kennel Club groups them in a Sighthound and Pariah Group.{{cite web |url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/breed-groups |title=Breed Group Designations |author= |website=United Kennel Club |access-date=24 December 2019 }}

See also

{{Portal|Dogs|Mammals}}

References

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Further reading

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  • Almirall, Leon V. Canines and Coyotes. Caldwell, Id.: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1941.
  • Anderson, John Kinlock. Hunting in the Ancient World. University of California Press 1985.
  • Belkin, Dan. [http://saluqi.home.netcom.com/belkin.htm "The Functional Saluki: Lessons from the Coursing Field"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226055022/http://saluqi.home.netcom.com/belkin.htm |date=2012-12-26 }}. Field Advisory News, November/December 1993.
  • Bengtson, Bo. "What IS a Sighthound?" Sighthound Review, charter Issue, May–June 1984.
  • Bengtson, Bo. "What is a Sighthound?" Sighthound Review. January 2011.
  • Bennett, D. & Timm, R.M., The dogs of Roman Vindolanda, Part IV: Large sighthounds and guard and utility dogs. Archaeofauna (30) 2021, 185-216 [https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/32147/Bennett%20%26%20Timm%202021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y]
  • Brown, Curtis. Dog Locomotion and Gait Analysis. Wheat Ridge, Colo.: Hoflin Publishing, 1986.
  • Burnham, Pat Gail. "Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and the Question of What Is a Sighthound?". Field Advisory News, March/April 1992.
  • Copold, Steve. The Complete Book of Coursing: Hounds, Hares & Other Creatures, rev. and expanded 2nd ed. Wheat Ridge, Colo.: Hoflin Publishing, 1996.
  • Copold, Steve. Hounds, Hares & Other Creatures: The Complete Book of Coursing (1st ed.). Arvada, Colo.: D. R. Hoflin, 1977 (1996).
  • Couto Veterinary Consultants. [https://www.riversideanimalcare.com/about-us/your-dublin-vet/c-guillermo-couto-dvm-diplomate-acvim-columbus-ohio-veterinarian/greyhounds-really-dogs/html "Are Sighthounds Really Dogs?"]
  • Cunliffe, Juliette. Popular Sight Hounds. London: Popular Dogs Publishing Co. Ltd., 1992. {{ISBN|0-09-175025-3}}.
  • Dansey, William. [https://archive.org/details/arrianoncoursing00arri Arrian on Coursing: The Cynegeticus]. London: J. Bohn, 1831
  • Grant-Rennick, Richard (ed.). Coursing: The Pursuit of Game with Gazehounds. Saul, Gloucestershire: The Standfast Sporting Library, 1977. {{ISBN|0-9502148-9-2}}.
  • Hancock, David. Sighthounds: Their Form, their Function and their Future. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press Ltd, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-84797-392-4}}.
  • Hawkins, Richard. "What Is A Sighthound". Dogs in Canada, April 2006.
  • Hawkins, Richard. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330910245_HawkinsSighthound_Identity_PSJ_July-Sept200738-47 "Sighthound Identity"]. The Performance Sighthound Journal, July–September 2007.
  • Hull, Denison B. Hounds and Hunting in Ancient Greece. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1964.
  • Miller, Constance O. Gazehounds: The Search for Truth. Wheat Ridge, Colo.: Hoflin Publishing, 1988.
  • Nichols, Christopher. Three Dogs from the Late Iron Age Boat Grave Cemetery at Gamla Uppsala Prästgården, Sweden. European Journal of Archaeology 2023: 1-18.[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/43262B2B298E584D8B2CDF0D1844E610/S1461957123000402a.pdf/three-dogs-from-the-late-iron-age-boat-grave-cemetery-at-gamla-uppsala-prastgarden-sweden.pdf]
  • Parker, Heidi G. et al. [https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdfExtended/S2211-1247(17)30456-4 "Genomic Analyses Reveal the Influence of Geographic Origin, Migration, and Hybridization on Modern Dog Breed Development"]. Cell Reports (#19) 697–708, 2017.
  • Phillips, A. A., and M. M. Willcock, (eds.). Xenophon & Arrian on Hunting with Hounds. Oxford: Aris & Phillips, 1999. {{ISBN|0-85668-706-5}}.
  • Recum, Andreas F. von, Hunting with Hounds in North America. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Co. 2002. {{ISBN|1-58980-043-5}}
  • Russell, Joanna. All about Gazehounds. London: Pelham, 1976. {{ISBN|0-7207-0926-1}}.
  • M. H. Salmon ("Dutch"). Gazehounds & Coursing. St. Cloud, Minn.: North Star Press, 1977. {{ISBN|0-87839-024-3}}.
  • M. H. Salmon ("Dutch"). Gazehounds & Coursing: The History, Art, and Sport of Hunting with Sighthounds, Rev. and expanded 2nd ed. Silver City, N.M.: High-Lonesome Books, 1999. {{ISBN|0-944383-49-1}}.
  • Severtsov, A. S. Shubkina, A. V., [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A_Shubkina/publication/274249701_Predator_As_a_Universal_Breeder/links/551951570cf2d241f3563169/Predator-As-a-Universal-Breeder.pdf Predator as a universal breeder]. Science in Russia 2014 No. 5 (#203)
  • Severtsov, A. S., Rosenzweig, M. L. and Shubkina, A. V., [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A_Shubkina/publication/320547184_Predators_detect_the_welfare_of_their_potential_prey_and_cull_those_that_are_poorly/links/59ec9f91a6fdccef8b0dbb3f/Predators-detect-the-welfare-of-their-potential-prey-and-cull-those-that-are-poorly.pdf "Predators detect the welfare of their potential prey and cull those that are poorly"]. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2017 18 (#5), pp. 555–569.
  • Suchanova, J. & Tovstucha, R. E., [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramune_Tovstucha/publication/318191678_Problems_in_Translating_The_Names_of_Dog_Breeds_From_the_Perspective_of_Different_Nomination_Principles_and_Linguistic_Relativity/links/59ad41d5aca272f8a1615d92/Problems-in-Translating-The-Names-of-Dog-Breeds-From-the-Perspective-of-Different-Nomination-Principles-and-Linguistic-Relativity.pdf "Problems in translating the names of dog breeds from the perspective of different nomination principles & linguistic relativity"]. Coactivity: Philology, Educology 2016, 24 (#2): 113–121.
  • Uhrikova, I. et al. "Haematological and biochemical variations among eight Sighthound breeds". Australian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 91 (#11), 2013. [http://sloughi.tripod.com/preserving/haematologybiochemistry8sighthounds.html Summary] by Dr. Dominique de Caprona.
  • Wimmer, Barbara. [http://www.dwzrv.de/files/dr.wimmer_vortrag_hund_dwzrv_2012_baw.pdf Genetic Differences between Western bred Sighthound (FCI group 10) and Primitive breeds (FCI group 5)]. See [http://sloughi.tripod.com/preserving/geneticswesterbredsighthoundsgermany.html summary] by Dr. Dominique de Caprona

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External links

{{Wiktionary|sighthound|gazehound}}

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