Dora Richter

Richter was born as the second child of seven in Seifen (now {{ill|Ryžovna|de}}), a small town in the Bohemian Ore Mountains region{{Cite book |last=Wolfert |first=Raimund |title=Charlotte Charlaque : Transfrau, Laienschauspielerin, "Königin der Brooklyn Heights Promenade" |date=2021 |isbn=978-3-95565-475-7 |edition=1. Auflage |location=Leipzig |language=de |oclc=1286534661 |publisher=Verlag Hentrich & Hentrich}} to a poor farming family{{Cite book|title=Peninsula of Lies: A True Story of Mysterious Birth and Taboo Love|last=Ball|first=Edward|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2010|isbn=9781451603712|pages=89}} on 16 April 1892. Her mother was Antonia Richter (née Kraus; 1867–1938), and her father, Josef Richter (1862–1931), was a musician. She was baptized into the Catholic Church on 17 April 1892.

Early in childhood, Richter displayed a "tendency to act and carry on in a feminine way".{{Cite web|url=http://www.hirschfeld.in-berlin.de/institut/en/personen/pers_34.html |title=Rudolph R./Dorchen |last=Rimmele |first=Harald |access-date=13 October 2017 |archive-date=3 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603171337/http://www.hirschfeld.in-berlin.de/institut/en/personen/pers_34.html |url-status=live |website=Institute for Sexual Science (1919–1933)}} At the age of 6, she apparently tried to remove her penis with a tourniquet.{{Cite web |last=Stroude |first=Will |date=16 November 2021 |title=The incredible story of the first known trans woman to undergo gender confirmation surgery |url=https://www.attitude.co.uk/culture/sexuality/the-incredible-story-of-the-first-known-trans-woman-to-undergo-gender-confirmation-surgery-304097/ |website=Attitude |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620111801/https://www.attitude.co.uk/culture/sexuality/the-incredible-story-of-the-first-known-trans-woman-to-undergo-gender-confirmation-surgery-304097/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Thomasy |first=Hannah |date=28 March 2022 |title=A Rose for Dora Richter |url=https://protomag.com/medical-history/a-rose-for-dora-richter/ |website=Proto Magazine}}

In 1909, after a baker apprenticeship, she left her small town and moved to a bigger one, where she continued to dress as a girl in her free time. She joined a wandering theater troupe and moved to Leipzig, where she stayed for two years. In 1916, she got drafted to the army, but was discharged in just two weeks. From Leipzig she came back to her hometown, where she was encouraged by a friend to go to Magnus Hirschfeld's practice in Berlin.

While living in Berlin, Richter worked as a cook and waiter at hotels using her birth name and presenting herself as a man. She was arrested several times in Berlin for dressing in women's clothes in public and was sent to male prisons.{{Cite web |last=Sheldon |first=Natasha |date=8 October 2017 |url=https://historycollection.com/11-remarkable-transgender-people-history/ |title=11 Remarkable Transgender People from History |website=HistoryCollection.com |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704161117/https://historycollection.com/11-remarkable-transgender-people-history/ |url-status=live }}

In 1922, Richter underwent an orchiectomy, a surgical removal of the testicles, performed by Berlin surgeon Erwin Gohrbandt at the Charité Universitätsmedizin.{{cite news|url=http://www.transmediawatch.org/timeline.html|website=Trans Media Watch|access-date=3 February 2016|title=A Trans Timeline – Trans Media Watch|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226033626/http://www.transmediawatch.org/timeline.html|url-status=dead}} From May 1923, she worked with other transgender people as a domestic servant at Magnus Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Research, one of the few places where a trans person could be employed, where she was affectionately nicknamed "Dörchen" by Hirschfeld.

In early 1931, Richter had a penectomy performed by Institute physician Ludwig Levy-Lenz, and in June that year an artificial vagina was surgically grafted by Gohrbandt, making her the first recorded transgender woman to undergo vaginoplasty.{{Cite web |last=McCall |first=Vivian |date=1 August 2023 |title=So You Want a Vagina |url=https://www.thestranger.com/queer/2023/08/01/79101236/so-you-want-a-vagina |website=The Stranger |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807203619/https://www.thestranger.com/queer/2023/08/01/79101236/so-you-want-a-vagina |url-status=live }}

In 1931, {{ill|Felix Abraham|de}}, a psychiatrist working at the institute, published a paper about Richter's (and Toni Ebel's) gender confirming surgeries as a case study in the {{lang|de|Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft und Sexualpolitik}}: "Her castration had the effect – albeit not very extensive – of making her body become fuller, restricting her beard growth, making visible the first signs of breast development, and giving the pelvic fat pad... a more feminine shape."{{Cite web |title=Institute Employees and Domestic Personnel |url=https://magnus-hirschfeld.de/institute-for-sexual-science-1919-1933/personnel/institute-employees-and-domestic-personnel/ |website=magnus-hirschfeld.de |language=de |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605180023/https://magnus-hirschfeld.de/institute-for-sexual-science-1919-1933/personnel/institute-employees-and-domestic-personnel/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Abraham |first=Felix |date=1997 |title=Genital Reassignment on Two Male Transvestites |url=https://www.symposion.com:80/ijt/ijtc0302.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502001044/http://www.symposion.com:80/ijt/ijtc0302.htm |archive-date=2 May 2007 |publisher=The International Journal of Transgenderism}}

File:21 ToniCharlotteDora.jpg

In late 1931, Richter was working as a chef at Restaurant Kempinski (modern Hotel Bristol) at Kurfürstendamm 27.

In 1933, footage of Richter and two other of Hirschfeld's trans patients, Toni Ebel and Charlotte Charlaque (all anonymously/uncredited) was used as a documentary segment in the Austrian film {{lang|de|Mysterium des Geschlechtes}} (Mystery of Sex), directed by Lothar Golte and Carl Kurzmayer about contemporary sexology.{{Cite web |title=Mysterium des Geschlechtes |url=https://www.filmarchiv.at/en/program/film/mysterium-des-geschlechtes/ |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Filmarchiv Austria |language=de |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526235422/https://www.filmarchiv.at/en/program/film/mysterium-des-geschlechtes/ |url-status=live }}

In May 1933, with growing Nazi influence in Germany (Hirschfeld had fled the country), a mob of students attacked the institute, and the state authorities then burned its records.{{Cite web |last=Strochlic |first=Nina |date=28 June 2022 |title=The great hunt for the world's first LGBTQ archive |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-great-hunt-for-the-worlds-first-lgbtq-archive |website=National Geographic}}{{Cite web |last=Schillace |first=Brandy |date=10 May 2021 |title=The Forgotten History of the World's First Trans Clinic |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-forgotten-history-of-the-worlds-first-trans-clinic/ |website=Scientific American}} Richter's fate after this attack was unknown for many years and she was presumed dead.{{Cite web |first=Alejandra |last=Caraballo |date=21 June 2023 |title=To protect gender-affirming care, we must learn from trans history |url=https://harvardpublichealth.org/equity/to-protect-gender-affirming-care-we-must-learn-from-trans-history/ |website=Harvard Public Health Magazine}} However, in the March 1955 issue of American magazine ONE, Charlotte Charlaque, who fled Germany to Karlsbad in 1933, wrote in a pseudonymized article about Hirschfeld's trans patients, that Dora Richter, "[...]born in Karlsbad,{{efn|Some sources such as Charlotte Charlaque's 1955 article incorrectly list Karlsbad as Richter's birthplace, but her baptismal record lists Seifen (later renamed as Ryžovna) as her birthplace.}} Bohemia[...] soon became an owner of a small restaurant in the city of her birth".{{Cite magazine |last=Baronin von Curtius |first=Carlotta |date=March 1955 |title=Reflections on the Christine Jorgenson Case |url=https://outhistory.org/items/show/3321 |url-status=live |access-date=28 March 2022 |magazine=ONE |pages=27–28 |via=outhistory.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603130930/http://outhistory.org/items/show/3321 |archive-date=3 June 2019}}{{better source needed|date=March 2024}} Furthermore, in February 1934, Richter applied for a legal name change, granted by the president of Czechoslovakia in April 1934. At this time, her address was still listed in Berlin. From then on, her legal name was Dora Rudolfine Richter (in the Czech form: Dora Rudolfa Richterová).

According to 1939 Census records from Prague's National Archives, Richter was living in a house that she owned in her birthplace of {{ill|Ryžovna|cs}} as of 17 May 1939, was unmarried and earned her living as a homework lace maker.{{Cite web|url=https://lili-elbe.de/blog/2024/08/dora-richter-trans-raetsel-um-verbleib-geloest/|title=Rätsel um Verbleib gelöst|lang=de|last=lilielbe|website=Lili-Elbe-Bibliothek|date=2024-08-30|access-date=2024-12-09}} Her employer was listed as Berta Kolitsch, who traded in bobbin lace.

Richter lived in Ryžovna until 1946. With the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia in 1946, she moved to Allersberg, Bavaria, where she lived until her death at the age of 74 on 26 April 1966.

Richter was portrayed by German actor {{ill|Tima die Göttliche|de}} in the 1999 German film The Einstein of Sex, a biopic about Magnus Hirschfeld directed by Rosa von Praunheim.{{Cite web |date=4 May 2018 |title=TGIF: Trash Goddess in Film |url=https://magnus-hirschfeld.de/netzwerk/veranstaltungen/aha-einstein/ |website=magnus-hirschfeld.de |language=de |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118032920/https://magnus-hirschfeld.de/netzwerk/veranstaltungen/aha-einstein/ |url-status=live }}

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