Dorig language
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu}}
{{Distinguish|Doric Greek|Doric dialect (Scotland)}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Dorig
|nativename=Dōrig
|pronunciation={{IPA|wwo|ⁿdʊˈriɰ|}}
|states=Vanuatu
|region=Gaua
|speakers=300
|date=2012
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3=Oceanic
|fam4=Southern Oceanic
|fam5=North-Central Vanuatu
|fam6=North Vanuatu
|fam7=Torres-Banks
|iso3=wwo
|glotto=weta1242
|glottorefname=Dorig
|map = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
|mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Dorig is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}
}}
Dorig (formerly called Wetamut) is a threatened Oceanic language spoken on Gaua island in Vanuatu.
The language's 300 speakers live mostly in the village of Dorig {{IPA|wwo|ⁿdʊˈriɰ|}}, on the south coast of Gaua. Smaller speaker communities can be found in the villages of Qteon (east coast) and Qtevut (west coast).
Dorig's immediate neighbours are Koro and Mwerlap.[http://alex.francois.free.fr/AF-field.htm#Vanuatu List of Banks islands languages].
Name
{{Unsourced|section|date=February 2025}}
The name Dorig is derived from the name of the village where it is spoken.
Phonology
Dorig has 8 phonemic vowels. These include 7 short monophthongs {{IPA|/i ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ u/}} and one long vowel {{IPA|/aː/}}.{{Harvcoltxt|François|2005|p=445}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Dorig vowels | ||
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close
| {{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}} | {{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}} | ||
| Near-close
| {{IPA link|ɪ}} {{angbr|ē}} | {{IPA link|ʊ}} {{angbr|ō}} | ||
| Open-mid
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{angbr|e}} | {{IPA link|ɔ}} {{angbr|o}} | ||
| Open
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}}, {{IPA link|aː}} {{angbr|ā}} |
Dorig has 15 consonant phonemes.François (2022).{{Harvcoltxt|François|2010|p=396}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Dorig consonants ! |
| Voiceless stop
|{{IPA link|k͡p}}{{IPA link|ʷ}} {{angbr|q}} | |{{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|t}} |{{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|k}} |
|---|
| Prenasalized stop
| |{{IPA link|ᵐb}} {{Angbr|b}} |{{IPA link|ⁿd}} {{Angbr|d}} | |
| Nasal
|{{IPA link|ŋ͡m}}{{IPA link|ʷ}} {{angbr|m̄}} |{{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}} |{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|n̄}} |
| Fricative
| |{{IPA link|β}} ~ {{IPA link|ɸ}} {{angbr|v}} |{{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}} |{{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angbr|g}} |
| Rhotic
| | |{{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|r}} | |
| Lateral
| | |{{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l}} | |
| Approximant
|{{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|w}} | | | |
The phonotactic template for a syllable in Dorig is: {{IPA|/CCVC/}} — e.g. {{IPA|/rk͡pʷa/}} ‘woman’ (< *rVᵐbʷai); {{IPA|/ŋ͡mʷsar/}} ‘poor’ (< *mʷasara); {{IPA|/wrɪt/}} ‘octopus’ (< *ɣurita). Remarkably, the consonant clusters of these /CCVC/ syllables are not constrained by the Sonority Sequencing Principle. Historically, these /CCVC/ syllables reflect former trisyllabic, paroxytone words */CVˈCVCV/, after deletion of the two unstressed vowels:{{Harvcoltxt|François|2010|p=407}} e.g. POc. *kuRíta ‘octopus’ > *wərítə > {{IPA|/wrɪt/}}.
Grammar
The system of personal pronouns in Dorig contrasts clusivity, and distinguishes four numbers (singular, dual, trial, plural).François (2016).
Spatial reference is based on a system of geocentric (absolute) directionals, which is typical of Oceanic languages.François (2015).
References
{{reflist|2|}}
Bibliography
- {{citation
|doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0034
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|author-link = Alexandre François (linguist)
|year=2005
|title=Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages
|journal=Oceanic Linguistics
|volume=44
|issue=2
|pages=443–504
|s2cid=131668754
|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_VowelsNorthernVanuatu_OL44-2.pdf
}}
- {{citation
|doi=10.1017/s0952675710000205
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|author-mask= 2
|year=2010
|title=Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment
|journal=Phonology
|volume=27
|issue=3
|pages=393–434
|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Hiw-lateral_Phonology_published.pdf
}}
- {{citation
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|author-mask= 2
|year=2011
|title=Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence
|journal=Journal of Historical Linguistics
|volume=1
|issue=2
|pages=175–246
|doi=10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra
|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2011_JHL1-2_Social-ecology_Vanuatu.pdf
|ref=ecology
|hdl=1885/29283
|hdl-access=free
}}.
- {{citation
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|author-mask= 2
|year=2012
|title=The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages
|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language
|volume=2012
|issue=214
|doi=10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022
|pages=85–110
|s2cid=145208588
|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2012_NorthVanuatuSocioling_IJSL.pdf
|ref=AF-diversity
}}
- {{Cite book
| publisher = Asia-Pacific Linguistics
| isbn = 978-1-922185-23-5
| pages = 137–195
|editor= Alexandre François |editor2=Sébastien Lacrampe |editor3=Michael Franjieh |editor4=Stefan Schnell
| last = François
| first = Alexandre
|author-mask= 2
| title = The languages of Vanuatu: Unity and diversity
| chapter = The ins and outs of up and down: Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages
| location = Canberra
| series = Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia
| url = http://hdl.handle.net/1885/14819
| contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2015_North-Vanuatu-space-directionals.pdf
| date = 2015
| hdl = 1885/14819
| ref = updown }}
- {{citation
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|author-mask= 2
|year=2016
|contribution = The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu
|editor1-last = Pozdniakov
|editor1-first = Konstantin
|title = Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles
|volume = 47
|pages = 25–60
|publisher = Peter Lang
|place = Bern
|series = Faits de Langues
|contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2016_History-personal-pronouns_north-Vanuatu_s.pdf
|ref=pronouns
}}
- {{cite web
|url=https://pangloss.cnrs.fr/corpus/Dorig?lang=en&mode=pro&seeMore=true
|title=Presentation of the Dorig language, and audio archive
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|author-mask= 2
|date=2022
|website=Pangloss Collection
|location=Paris
|publisher=CNRS
|access-date=28 Sep 2022
|quote=
|ref=pangloss}}
External links
- [http://alex.francois.free.fr/AlexFrancois_Torba-languages_map-e.htm Linguistic map of north Vanuatu, showing range of Dorig on Gaua].
- [https://pangloss.cnrs.fr/corpus/Dorig?lang=en&mode=pro Audio recordings in Dorig language], in open access, by A. François (source: Pangloss Collection).
- [http://alex.francois.free.fr/AFtxt_drg-pixies_e.htm A story in Dorig, with audio recording and translation].
{{Languages of Vanuatu}}
{{Southern Oceanic languages}}
{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dorig Language}}