Douglas Engelbart

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Douglas Engelbart

| image = SRI Douglas Engelbart 1968 (cropped).jpg

| caption = Engelbart in 1968

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|01|30|mf=y}}

| birth_name = Douglas Carl Engelbart

| birth_place = Portland, Oregon, U.S.

| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|07|02|1925|01|30}}

| death_place = Atherton, California, U.S.

| death_cause =

| field = {{ubl|Human–computer interaction{{cite journal |last1=Engelbart |first1=D. C. |title=Toward augmenting the human intellect and boosting our collective IQ |doi=10.1145/208344.208352 |journal=Communications of the ACM |url=http://dougengelbart.org/pubs/books/augment-133150.pdf |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=30–32 |year=1995 |s2cid=8192136 |access-date=September 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501124346/http://dougengelbart.org/pubs/books/augment-133150.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |url-status=live}}|Inventor}}

| work_institutions={{ubl|SRI International|Tymshare|McDonnell Douglas|Bootstrap Institute/Alliance{{cite web |url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/dei-footnote.html |title=The Doug Engelbart Institute |publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute |access-date=June 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714013459/http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/dei-footnote.html |archive-date=July 14, 2012 |url-status=dead}}|The Doug Engelbart Institute}}

| education = {{ubl |Oregon State University (BS) |University of California, Berkeley (MS, PhD)}}

| doctoral_advisor ={{ubl|Paul L. Morton{{cite web |title=Ph.D. Dissertations – 1955 |publisher=Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of California Berkeley |url=http://www-dev.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/Dissertations/Years/1955.html |access-date=July 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501124427/http://www-dev.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/Dissertations/Years/1955.html |archive-date=May 1, 2015}}|John R. Woodyard{{cite web |title=Turing Award Winners: 1997 |author=Thierry Bardini |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) |url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/engelbart_5078811.cfm |access-date=July 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630095008/http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/engelbart_5078811.cfm |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=live}}}}

| thesis_title = A Study of High-Frequency Gas-Conduction Electronics in Digital Computers

| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/301923912/

| thesis_year = 1956

| doctoral_students=

| known_for = {{ubl|Computer mouse|Hypertext|Groupware|Interactive computing}}

| prizes = {{ubli|National Medal of Technology (2000)|Lemelson–MIT Prize|ACM Turing Award (1997)|BCS Lovelace Medal (2001)|Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility|Computer History Museum Fellow Award (2005){{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Douglas,Engelbart/ |title=Douglas C. Engelbart |work=Hall of Fellows |publisher=Computer History Museum |access-date=June 17, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702234621/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Douglas,Engelbart/ |archive-date=July 2, 2012}} |NAE Member (1996)}}

| website = {{URL|http://dougengelbart.org}}

| footnotes =

}}

Douglas Carl Engelbart (January 30, 1925 – July 2, 2013) was an American engineer, inventor, and a pioneer in many aspects of computer science. He is best known for his work on founding the field of human–computer interaction, particularly while at his Augmentation Research Center Lab in SRI International, which resulted in creation of the computer mouse,{{Efn|The computer mouse has been subject to a parallel and independent invention, see {{section link|Computer mouse|History}} for more information.}} and the development of hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to graphical user interfaces. These were demonstrated at The Mother of All Demos in 1968. Engelbart's law, the observation that the intrinsic rate of human performance is exponential, is named after him.

The "oN-Line System" (NLS) developed by the Augmentation Research Center under Engelbart's guidance with funding mostly from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), later renamed Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), demonstrated many technologies, most of which are now in widespread use; it included the computer mouse, bitmapped screens, word processing, and hypertext; all of which were displayed at "The Mother of All Demos" in 1968. The lab was transferred from SRI to Tymshare in the late 1970s, which was acquired by McDonnell Douglas in 1984, and NLS was renamed Augment (now the Doug Engelbart Institute).{{Cite web |url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/155/87/ |title=the Doug Engelbart Institute website |access-date=December 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165419/http://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/155/87/ |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |url-status=live}} At both Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas, Engelbart was limited by a lack of interest in his ideas and funding to pursue them and retired in 1986.

In 1988, Engelbart and his daughter Christina launched the Bootstrap Institute – later known as The Doug Engelbart Institute – to promote his vision, especially at Stanford University; this effort did result in some DARPA funding to modernize the user interface of Augment. In December 2000, United States President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology, the U.S.'s highest technology award. In December 2008, Engelbart was honored by SRI at the 40th anniversary of the "Mother of All Demos".

Early life and education

Engelbart was born in Portland, Oregon, on January 30, 1925, to Carl Louis Engelbart and Gladys Charlotte Amelia Munson Engelbart. His ancestors were of German, Swedish and Norwegian descent.{{cite web|last1=Lowood|first1=Henry|url=https://stanford.edu/dept/SUL/sites/engelbart/engfmst1-ntb.html|title=Douglas Engelbart Interview 1, Stanford and the Silicon Valley: Oral History Interviews|publisher=Stanford University|date=December 19, 1986|access-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218234744/http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/hasrg/histsci/ssvoral/engelbart/main1-ntb.html|archive-date=February 18, 2012|url-status=live}}

He was the middle of three children, with a sister Dorianne (three years older), and a brother David (14 months younger). The family lived in Portland, Oregon, in his early years, and moved to the surrounding countryside along Johnson Creek when he was 8. His father died one year later. He graduated from Portland's Franklin High School in 1942.{{cite web|url=http://history-computer.com/People/EngelbartBio.html|title=Biography of Douglas Engelbart|first1=Georgi|last1=Dalakov|publisher=History of Computers|access-date=July 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711002513/http://history-computer.com/People/EngelbartBio.html|archive-date=July 11, 2012|url-status=live}}

Midway through his undergraduate years at Oregon State University, he served two years in the United States Navy as a radio and radar technician in the Philippines. It was there, on the remote island of Leyte in a small traditional hut on stilts, that he read Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think", which would have a large influence on his thinking and work.{{Cite web|last1=Madrigal|first1=Alexis C.|date=July 8, 2013|title=The Hut Where the Internet Began|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/07/the-hut-where-the-internet-began/277551/|url-status=live|access-date=January 9, 2022|website=The Atlantic|language=en|quote=Engelbart wrote Bush a letter describing how profoundly he'd been affected by the latter's work. "I might add that this article of yours has probably influenced me quite basically. I remember finding it and avidly reading it in a Red Cross library on the edge of the jungle on Leyte, one of the Philippine Islands, in the fall of 1945," he wrote. "I rediscovered your article about three years ago, and was rather startled to realized how much I had aligned my sights along the vector you had described. I wouldn't be surprised at all if the reading of this article sixteen and a half years ago hadn't had a real influence on my thoughts and actions."|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709070455/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/07/the-hut-where-the-internet-began/277551/ |archive-date=July 9, 2013}} He returned to Oregon State and completed his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1948. While at Oregon State, he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity.{{cite web|url=http://www.sigep.org/resourcedocs/about-resources/Citation-Recipients.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110442/http://www.sigep.org/resourcedocs/about-resources/Citation-Recipients.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 24, 2013|title=Citation Recipients|publisher=Sigma Phi Epsilon|page=5|access-date=August 14, 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.sigep.org/about/who-we-are/history-and-facts/prominentalumni/business/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130814140912/http://www.sigep.org/about/who-we-are/history-and-facts/prominentalumni/business/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 14, 2013|title=Prominent Alumni: Business|publisher=Sigma Phi Epsilon|access-date=August 14, 2013}} He was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Ames Research Center, where he worked in wind tunnel maintenance. In his off hours he enjoyed hiking, camping, and folk dancing. It was there he met Ballard Fish (August 18, 1928 – June 18, 1997),{{cite web|url=https://engelbart85.wordpress.com/2010/01/23/happy-birthday-memories/|title=Happy Birthday Memories|work=Happy Birthday Doug Engelbart!|date=January 23, 2010|access-date=September 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033444/https://engelbart85.wordpress.com/2010/01/23/happy-birthday-memories/|archive-date=November 17, 2015|url-status=live}} who was just completing her training to become an occupational therapist. They were married in Portola State Park on May 5, 1951. Soon after, Engelbart left Ames to pursue graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley. At Berkeley, he studied electrical engineering with a specialty in computers, earning his Master of Science (MS) in 1953 and his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in 1955.{{cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae|first1=Douglas|last1=Engelbart|publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute|url=http://dougengelbart.org/about/cv.html|access-date=April 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512082050/http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/cv.html|archive-date=May 12, 2012|url-status=dead}}

Career and accomplishments

File:SRI Computer Mouse.jpg, as designed by Bill English from Engelbart's sketches{{cite news|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1137400/mouse40.html|title=The computer mouse turns 40|first1=Benj|last1=Edwards|publisher=Macworld|date=December 9, 2008|access-date=April 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191941/http://www.macworld.com/article/1137400/mouse40.html|archive-date=January 2, 2014|url-status=live}}]]

= Guiding philosophy =

Engelbart's career was inspired in December 1950 when he was engaged to be married and realized he had no career goals other than "a steady job, getting married and living happily ever after".{{cite news |url=http://www.siliconvalley.com/ci_23592605 |title=Douglas Engelbart's lasting legacy |date=February 9, 1999 |author=Tia O'Brien |work=San Jose Mercury News |access-date=July 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707130924/http://www.siliconvalley.com/ci_23592605 |archive-date=July 7, 2013}} Over several months he reasoned that:

he would focus his career on making the world a better place{{cite web|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/colloquium/colloquium.html|title=The Unfinished Revolution II: Strategy and Means for Coping with Complex Problems|work=Colloquium at Stanford University|publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute|date=April 2000|access-date=June 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007003536/http://dougengelbart.org/colloquium/colloquium.html|archive-date=October 7, 2012|url-status=live}}
any serious effort to make the world better would require some kind of organized effort that harnessed the collective human intellect of all people to contribute to effective solutions.{{Cite journal |last1=Barnes |first1=S.B. |date=July 1997 |title=Douglas Carl Engelbart: developing the underlying concepts for contemporary computing |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/601730 |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=16–26 |doi=10.1109/85.601730 |issn=1934-1547|url-access=subscription }}
if you could dramatically improve how we do that, you'd be boosting every effort on the planet to solve important problems – the sooner the better
computers could be the vehicle for dramatically improving this capability.

In 1945, Engelbart had read with interest Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think",{{cite web|url=http://dougengelbart.org/events/vannevar-bush-symposium.html#2|title=The MIT/Brown Vannevar Bush Symposium: Influence on Doug Engelbart|publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute|access-date=June 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914061144/http://www.dougengelbart.org/events/vannevar-bush-symposium.html#2|archive-date=September 14, 2012|url-status=live}} a call to action for making knowledge widely available as a national peacetime grand challenge. He had also read something about the recent phenomenon of computers, and from his experience as a radar technician, he knew that information could be analyzed and displayed on a screen. He envisioned intellectual workers sitting at display "working stations", flying through information space, harnessing their collective intellectual capacity to solve important problems together in much more powerful ways. Harnessing collective intellect, facilitated by interactive computers, became his life's mission at a time when computers were viewed as number crunching tools.{{cite web|title=Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework|first1=Douglas C|last1=Engelbart|work=SRI Summary Report AFOSR-3223, Prepared for: Director of Information Sciences, Air Force Office of Scientific Research|publisher=SRI International, hosted by The Doug Engelbart Institute|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html|date=October 1962|access-date=August 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504035147/http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html|archive-date=May 4, 2011|url-status=dead}}

As a graduate student at Berkeley, he assisted in the construction of CALDIC. His graduate work led to eight patents.{{cite web|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/patents.html|title=U.S. Patents held by Douglas C. Engelbart|publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute|access-date=August 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824011812/http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/patents.html|archive-date=August 24, 2017|url-status=live}} After completing his doctorate, Engelbart stayed on at Berkeley as an assistant professor for a year before departing when it became clear that he could not pursue his vision there. Engelbart then formed a startup company, Digital Techniques, to commercialize some of his doctoral research on storage devices, but after a year decided instead to pursue the research he had been dreaming of since 1951.{{cite web|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/history/engelbart.html|title=A Lifetime Pursuit|publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute|access-date=August 11, 2013|archive-date=July 5, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705223025/http://www.dougengelbart.org/history/engelbart.html|url-status=live}}

= SRI and the Augmentation Research Center =

Engelbart took a position at SRI International (known then as Stanford Research Institute) in Menlo Park, California in 1957. He worked for Hewitt Crane on magnetic devices and miniaturization of electronics; Engelbart and Crane became close friends.{{cite book|title=What the Dormouse Said|author=Markoff, John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTyfxP-g2IIC&pg=PT70|publisher=Penguin|year=2005|page=70|isbn=1-101-20108-8|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501124226/http://books.google.com/books?id=cTyfxP-g2IIC&pg=PT70&lpg=PT70|archive-date=May 1, 2015|url-status=live}} At SRI, Engelbart soon obtained a dozen patents, and by 1962 produced a report about his vision and proposed research agenda titled Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework. The research was funded by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, where Rowena Swanson took an active interest in Engelbart's work.{{cite book |first1=Douglas |last1=Engelbart |chapter=Workstation History and The Augmented Knowledge Workshop |title=Proceedings of the ACM Conference on the History of Personal Workstations |year=1986 |location=New York |publisher=ACM Press |pages=87–100 |url=https://www.invisiblerevolution.net/timeline/notes-59-dougnotes.html}} Among other highlights, this paper introduced "Building Information Modelling", which architectural and engineering practice eventually adopted (first as "parametric design") in the 1990s and after.{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering.com/BIM/ArticleID/11436/BIM-101-What-is-Building-Information-Modeling.aspx|title=What is Building Information Modeling|publisher=Engineering.com|access-date=February 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304224947/http://www.engineering.com/BIM/ArticleID/11436/BIM-101-What-is-Building-Information-Modeling.aspx|archive-date=March 4, 2017|url-status=live}}

This led to funding from ARPA to launch his work. Engelbart recruited a research team in his new Augmentation Research Center (ARC, the lab he founded at SRI). Engelbart embedded a set of organizing principles in his lab, which he termed "bootstrapping strategy". He designed the strategy to accelerate the rate of innovation of his lab.{{cite web|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/bootstrapping-strategy.html|title=About an Accelerative Bootstrapping Strategy|publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute|access-date=June 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712033921/http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/bootstrapping-strategy.html|archive-date=July 12, 2012|url-status=live}}{{Scopus|id=6701716173}}{{DBLP|name=Douglas C. Engelbart}}

The ARC became the driving force behind the design and development of the oN-Line System (NLS). He and his team developed computer interface elements such as bitmapped screens, the mouse, hypertext, collaborative tools, and precursors to the graphical user interface.{{ACMPortal|id=81100342853}} He conceived and developed many of his user interface ideas in the mid-1960s, long before the personal computer revolution, at a time when most computers were inaccessible to individuals who could only use computers through intermediaries (see batch processing), and when software tended to be written for vertical applications in proprietary systems.

File:Apple Macintosh Plus mouse.jpg mice, 1986]]

Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it in 1970, for the wooden shell with two metal wheels (computer mouse – {{US patent |3541541}}), which he had developed with Bill English, his lead engineer, sometime before 1965.[https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19660020914 Computer-aided Display Control] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104104354/https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19660020914 |date=January 4, 2018}} English & Engelbart, July 1965{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1633972.stm|title=Mouse inventor strives for more|first1=Alfred|last1=Hermida|work=BBC News Online|date=November 5, 2001|access-date=June 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030054344/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1633972.stm|archive-date=October 30, 2011|url-status=live}} In the patent application it is described as an "X-Y position indicator for a display system". Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the "mouse" because the tail came out the end. His group also called the on-screen cursor a "bug", but this term was not widely adopted.{{cite web |url=http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/Archive/AugmentingHumanIntellect62/Display1967.html |title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation |author1-link=William English (computer engineer) |first1=William K |last1=English |first2=Douglas |last2=Engelbart |first3=Melvyn L |last3=Berman |work=Stanford MouseSite |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=July 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429100600/http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/Archive/AugmentingHumanIntellect62/Display1967.html |archive-date=April 29, 2012 |url-status=live}} Engelbart's original cursor was displayed as an arrow pointing upward, but was slanted to the left upon its deployment in the XEROX PARC machine to better distinguish between on-screen text and the cursor in the machine's low-resolution interface.{{cite news |url=https://gizmodo.com/why-your-mouse-cursor-is-slanted-instead-of-straight-1524402432 |title=Why Your Mouse Cursor Is Slanted Instead of Straight |author=Ashley Feinberg |publisher=Gizmodo |date=February 17, 2014}} The now-familiar cursor arrow is characterized by a vertical left side and a 45-degree angle on the right.

He never received any royalties for the invention of the mouse. During an interview, he said, "SRI patented the mouse, but they really had no idea of its value. Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple Computer for something like $40,000."{{cite web| url= http://www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/mouse/mouse.html| title= Doug Engelbart: Father of the Mouse| publisher= SuperKids| first1= Andrew| last1= Maisel| access-date= June 17, 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120702162333/http://www.superkids.com/aweb/pages/features/mouse/mouse.html| archive-date= July 2, 2012| url-status= live}} Engelbart showcased the chorded keyboard and many more of his and ARC's inventions in 1968 at The Mother of All Demos.{{cite journal|last1=Engelbart|first1= Douglas C.|title=SRI-ARC. A technical session presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco|date=December 9, 1968 |journal=NLS Demo '68: The Computer Mouse Debut |series=Engelbart Collection |publisher=Stanford University Library |location=Menlo Park, CA|display-authors=etal}}{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/350|title=The Mouse – CHM Revolution|website=www.computerhistory.org|access-date=November 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102224402/http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/350|archive-date=January 2, 2017|url-status=live}}

= Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas =

Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity by the mid-1970s. As early as 1970, several of his researchers became alienated from him and left his organization for Xerox PARC, in part due to frustration, and in part due to differing views of the future of computing. Engelbart saw the future in collaborative, networked, timeshare (client-server) computers, which younger programmers rejected in favor of personal computers. The conflict was both technical and ideological: the younger programmers came from an era where centralized power was highly suspect, and personal computing was just barely on the horizon.

Beginning in 1972, several key ARC personnel were involved in Erhard Seminars Training (EST), with Engelbart ultimately serving on the corporation's board of directors for many years. Although EST had been recommended by other researchers, the controversial nature of EST and other social experiments reduced the morale and social cohesion of the ARC community. The 1969 Mansfield Amendment, which ended military funding of non-military research, the end of the Vietnam War, and the end of the Apollo program gradually reduced ARC's funding from ARPA and NASA throughout the early 1970s.

SRI's management, which disapproved of Engelbart's approach to running the center, placed the remains of ARC under the control of artificial intelligence researcher Bertram Raphael, who negotiated the transfer of the laboratory to Tymshare in 1976. Engelbart's house in Atherton, California burned down during this period, causing him and his family further problems. Tymshare took over NLS and the lab that Engelbart had founded, hired most of the lab's staff (including its creator as a Senior Scientist), renamed the software Augment, and offered it as a commercial service via its new Office Automation Division. Tymshare was already somewhat familiar with NLS; when ARC was still operational, it had experimented with its own local copy of the NLS software on a minicomputer called OFFICE-1, as part of a joint project with ARC.

At Tymshare, Engelbart soon found himself further marginalized. Operational concerns at Tymshare overrode Engelbart's desire to conduct ongoing research. Various executives, first at Tymshare and later at McDonnell Douglas, which acquired Tymshare in 1984, expressed interest in his ideas, but never committed the funds or the people to further develop them. His interest inside of McDonnell Douglas was focused on the enormous knowledge management and IT requirements involved in the life cycle of an aerospace program, which served to strengthen Engelbart's resolve to motivate the information technology arena toward global interoperability and an open hyperdocument system.{{cite web|url=http://dougengelbart.org/about/ohs.html|title=About An Open Hyperdocument System (OHS)|publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute|access-date=June 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712033937/http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/ohs.html|archive-date=July 12, 2012|url-status=live}} Engelbart retired from McDonnell Douglas in 1986, determined to pursue his work free from commercial pressure.

= Bootstrap and the Doug Engelbart Institute =

Teaming with his daughter, Christina Engelbart, he founded the Bootstrap Institute in 1988 to coalesce his ideas into a series of three-day and half-day management seminars offered at Stanford University from 1989 to 2000. By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work, and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort. Although the invasion of Iraq and subsequent recession spawned a rash of belt-tightening reorganizations which drastically redirected the efforts of their alliance partners, they continued with the management seminars, consulting, and small-scale collaborations. In the mid-1990s they were awarded some DARPA funding to develop a modern user interface to Augment, called Visual AugTerm (VAT),{{cite web |title=About NLS/Augment |publisher=Doug Engelbart Institute |url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/augment.html |access-date=July 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704150436/http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/augment.html |archive-date=July 4, 2013 |url-status=live}} while participating in a larger program addressing the IT requirements of the Joint Task Force.

Engelbart was Founder Emeritus of the Doug Engelbart Institute, which he founded in 1988 with his daughter Christina Engelbart, who is executive director. The Institute promotes Engelbart's philosophy for boosting Collective IQ—the concept of dramatically improving how we can solve important problems together—using a strategic bootstrapping approach for accelerating our progress toward that goal.{{cite web |publisher=Doug Engelbart Institute |url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/vision-highlights.html |title=Doug's Vision Highlights |access-date=January 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221231428/http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/vision-highlights.html |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |url-status=live}} In 2005, Engelbart received a National Science Foundation grant to fund the open source HyperScope project.{{cite web|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/hyperscope.html|title=HyperScope Basics|publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute|access-date=August 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809041605/http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/hyperscope.html|archive-date=August 9, 2013|url-status=live}} The Hyperscope team built a browser component using Ajax and Dynamic HTML designed to replicate Augment's multiple viewing and jumping capabilities (linking within and across various documents).{{cite web|url=http://conferences.oreillynet.com/cs/euos2006/view/e_sess/9626|title=Douglas Engelbart's HyperScope: Taking Web Collaboration to the Next Level Using Ajax and Dojo|publisher=O'Reilly Media|access-date=July 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222023413/http://conferences.oreillynet.com/cs/euos2006/view/e_sess/9626|archive-date=December 22, 2011|url-status=live}}

= Later years and death =

Engelbart attended the Program for the Future 2010 Conference where hundreds of people convened at The Tech Museum in San Jose and online to engage in dialog about how to pursue his vision to augment collective intelligence.{{cite web|url= http://www.corporationtocommunity.com/douglas-engelbart/|title= Douglas Engelbart|publisher= Corporation to Community|date= February 16, 2011|access-date= July 29, 2012|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130405225218/http://www.corporationtocommunity.com/douglas-engelbart/|archive-date= April 5, 2013}}

The most complete coverage of Engelbart's bootstrapping ideas can be found in Boosting Our Collective IQ, by Douglas C. Engelbart, 1995.{{cite web|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/library/books.html|title=Engelbart Books|publisher=Doug Engelbart Institute |access-date=March 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307040334/http://www.dougengelbart.org/library/books.html |archive-date=March 7, 2009 |url-status=live}} This includes three of Engelbart's key papers, edited into book form by Yuri Rubinsky and Christina Engelbart to commemorate the presentation of the 1995 SoftQuad Web Award to Doug Engelbart at the World Wide Web conference in Boston in December 1995. Only 2,000 softcover copies were printed, and 100 hardcover, numbered and signed by Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee. The book was re-published and has been available since 2008.Since 2008, available online at https://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/books/augment-133150.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404160942/https://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/books/augment-133150.pdf |date=April 4, 2020}}

Two comprehensive history of Engelbart's laboratory and work are in What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry by John Markoff and A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century by Donald Neilson.{{cite book|title=A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century|author=Donald Neilson|publisher=SRI International |year=2005 |isbn=0-9745208-0-2}} Other books on Engelbart and his laboratory include Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing by Thierry Bardini and The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart, by Valerie Landau and Eileen Clegg.{{cite book |title=The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart |first1=Valerie |last1=Landau |author-link=Valerie Landau |date=November 17, 2009 |publisher=NextNow Collaboratory NextPress |isbn=978-0-615-30890-6}} All four of these books are based on interviews with Engelbart as well as other contributors in his laboratory.

Engelbart served on the Advisory Boards of the University of Santa Clara Center for Science, Technology, and Society, Foresight Institute, Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, The Technology Center of Silicon Valley, and The Liquid Information Company.{{cite web |url=http://www.liquid.info/company.html |work=About Us |title=Advisory Board |publisher=The Liquid Information Co |access-date=July 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920042009/http://liquid.info/company.html |archive-date=September 20, 2012 |url-status=live}}

Engelbart had four children, Gerda, Diana, Christina and Norman with his first wife Ballard, who died in 1997 after 47 years of marriage. He remarried on January 26, 2008, to writer and producer Karen O'Leary Engelbart.{{cite web |title=Celebrating Doug's 85th Birthday| publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute| url=http://dougengelbart.org/events/celebrating-dougs-85th-birthday.html | access-date=April 14, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717161716/http://dougengelbart.org/events/celebrating-dougs-85th-birthday.html| archive-date=July 17, 2011| url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Karen O'Leary, Palo Alto, Writer and Producer|publisher=Karen O'Leary Engelbart|url=http://karenengelbart.com/|access-date=April 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207231523/http://karenengelbart.com/|archive-date=February 7, 2011|url-status=live}} An 85th birthday celebration was held at The Tech Museum of Innovation.{{cite news |title= Honoring a creative force in high tech: Douglas Engelbart turns 85 |author= Mike Swift |work= The San Jose Mercury News |date= January 30, 2010 |url= http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_14303651 |access-date= September 10, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131212161705/http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_14303651 |archive-date= December 12, 2013 |url-status= live}}

Engelbart died at his home in Atherton, California, on July 2, 2013, due to kidney failure.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html |title=Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse |first1=John |last1=Markoff |work=The New York Times |date=July 4, 2013 |url-access=limited}}{{cite web |url=https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/ietf/current/msg80472.html |title=Doug Engelbart |last1=Crocker |first1=Dave |date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=July 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717112338/http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/ietf/current/msg80472.html |archive-date=July 17, 2013 |url-status=live}} A close friend and fellow computer scientist, Ted Nelson, delivered the eulogy at his funeral.{{cite AV media |date=October 31, 2014 |title=Ted Nelson's Eulogy for Douglas Engelbart |medium=youtube |language=en| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqqbfRjoISc |access-date=January 19, 2020}} According to the Doug Engelbart Institute, his death came after a long battle with Alzheimer's disease, which he was diagnosed with in 2007.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/douglas-engelbart-computer-visionary-and-inventor-of-the-mouse-dies-at-88/2013/07/03/1439b508-0264-11e2-9b24-ff730c7f6312_story.html |title=Technology visionary Doug Engelbart, inventor of computer mouse, dies at age of 88 |newspaper=The Washington Post |agency=Associated Press |date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=August 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905213328/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-03/business/40346997_1_douglas-engelbart-mice-stanford-research-institute |archive-date=September 5, 2013}} Engelbart was 88 and was survived by his second wife, four children from his first marriage, and nine grandchildren.

= Anecdotal notes =

Historian of science Thierry Bardini argues that Engelbart's complex personal philosophy (which drove all his research) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology.{{cite journal |author1-link=Thierry Bardini |first1=Thierry |last1=Bardini |first2=Michael |last2=Friedewald |title=Chronicle of the Death of a Laboratory: Douglas Engelbart and the Failure of the Knowledge Workshop |journal=History of Technology |year=2002 |volume=23 |pages=192–212 |url=http://www.friedewald-family.de/Publikationen/hot2002.pdf |access-date=August 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316202505/http://www.friedewald-family.de/Publikationen/hot2002.pdf |archive-date=March 16, 2012 |url-status=live}} Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf. Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that language, Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information, and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new, improved technologies. He thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly, and also to improve individual and group processes for knowledge-work.

Awards and honors

Since the late 1980s, prominent individuals and organizations have recognized the seminal importance of Engelbart's contributions.{{cite web|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/honors.html|title=Honors Awarded to Doug Engelbart|publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute|access-date=June 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712033645/http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/honors.html|archive-date=July 12, 2012|url-status=live}} In December 1995, at the Fourth WWW Conference in Boston, he was the first recipient of what would later become the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award. In 1997, he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $500,000, the world's largest single prize for invention and innovation, and the ACM Turing Award. To mark the 30th anniversary of Engelbart's 1968 demo, in 1998 the Stanford Silicon Valley Archives and the Institute for the Future hosted Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution, a symposium at Stanford University's Memorial Auditorium, to honor Engelbart and his ideas.{{cite web|url=http://unrev.stanford.edu/introduction/introduction.html|title=Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution: A Symposium at Stanford University|date=December 9, 1998|work=Stanford University Libraries|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=June 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208131842/http://unrev.stanford.edu/introduction/introduction.html|archive-date=February 8, 2012|url-status=live}} He was inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1998.{{cite web|url=http://invent.org/inductee-detail/?IID=53|title=Douglas Engelbart Computer Mouse Inducted in 1998|publisher=NIHF|access-date=February 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211845/http://invent.org/inductee-detail/?IID=53|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=live}}

Engelbart was awarded the Stibitz-Wilson Award from the American Computer & Robotics Museum in 1998.{{Cite web|url=https://acrmuseum.org/1998|title=Stibitz-Wilson Awards 1998}}

Also in 1998, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) SIGCHI awarded Engelbart the CHI Lifetime Achievement Award.{{cite web|url=http://www.sigchi.org/about/awards/|title=SIGCHI Awards|publisher=SIGCHI|access-date=July 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624082711/http://www.sigchi.org/about/awards|archive-date=June 24, 2013|url-status=live}} ACM SIGCHI later inducted Engelbart into the CHI Academy in 2002. Engelbart was awarded The Franklin Institute's Certificate of Merit in 1996 and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1999 in Computer and Cognitive Science. In early 2000 Engelbart produced, with volunteers and sponsors, what was called The Unfinished Revolution – II, also known as the Engelbart Colloquium at Stanford University, to document and publicize his work and ideas to a larger audience (live, and online).{{cite web|url=http://dougengelbart.org/colloquium/colloquium.html|title=Colloquium|publisher=Doug Engelbart institute|access-date=September 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607011320/http://www.dougengelbart.org/colloquium/colloquium.html|archive-date=June 7, 2009|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://scpd.stanford.edu/engelbart_colloquium/index.jsp |type=video archives |year=2000 |title=UnRev-II: Engelbart's Colloquium |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=August 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021083641/http://scpd.stanford.edu/engelbart_colloquium/index.jsp |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |url-status=live}}

In December 2000, U.S. President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology, the country's highest technology award.{{cite news |url= http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update43/Update43.2.html |title= Douglas Engelbart, Foresight Advisor, Is Awarded National Medal of Technology |publisher= Foresight Institute |work= Update |date= December 30, 2000 |volume= 43 |access-date= April 15, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081019170748/http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update43/Update43.2.html |archive-date= October 19, 2008 |url-status= live}} In 2001 he was awarded the British Computer Society's Lovelace Medal.{{cite web|url=http://academy.bcs.org/content/lovelace-lecture|title=Lovelace lecture|publisher=British Computer Society|access-date=July 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531190301/http://academy.bcs.org/content/lovelace-lecture|archive-date=May 31, 2013|url-status=live}} In 2005, he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for advancing the study of human–computer interaction, developing the mouse input device, and for the application of computers to improving organizational efficiency." He was honored with the Norbert Wiener Award, which is given annually by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.{{cite web|url=http://cpsr.org/about/wiener/wiener-award/|title=Winners of the Norbert Wiener Award for Professional and Social Responsibility|publisher=CPSR|access-date=July 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204081936/http://cpsr.org/about/wiener/wiener-award/|archive-date=February 4, 2012|url-status=dead}} Robert X. Cringely did an hour-long interview with Engelbart on December 9, 2005, in his NerdTV video podcast series.{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nerdtv011|title=NerdTV Episode 11|publisher=Internet Archive|date=December 9, 2005|access-date=July 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004022353/https://archive.org/details/nerdtv011|archive-date=October 4, 2014|url-status=live}}

On December 9, 2008, Engelbart was honored at the 40th Anniversary celebration of the 1968 "Mother of All Demos".{{cite web|url= http://www.sri.com/engelbart-event.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113014138/http://www.sri.com/engelbart-event.html|archive-date=January 13, 2012|title= Engelbart and the Dawn of Interactive Computing|date=November 16, 1968 |publisher=SRI International}} The event was produced by SRI International and held at Memorial Auditorium at Stanford University. Speakers included several members of Engelbart's original Augmentation Research Center (ARC) team including Don Andrews, Bill Paxton, Bill English, and Jeff Rulifson, Engelbart's chief government sponsor Bob Taylor, and other pioneers of interactive computing, including Andy van Dam and Alan Kay. In addition, Christina Engelbart spoke about her father's early influences and the ongoing work of the Doug Engelbart Institute.

In June 2009, the New Media Consortium recognized Engelbart as an NMC Fellow for his lifetime of achievements.{{cite web |url=http://www.nmc.org/about/fellows/2009-fellows-award-doug-engelbart-phd |title=2009 NMC Fellows Award: Doug Engelbart, Ph.D. |publisher=New Media Consortium |access-date=August 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815205407/http://www.nmc.org/about/fellows/2009-fellows-award-doug-engelbart-phd |archive-date=August 15, 2013 |url-status=dead}} In 2011, Engelbart was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI's Hall of Fame.{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/MIS.2011.64 |title=AI's Hall of Fame |url=http://www.computer.org/cms/Computer.org/ComputingNow/homepage/2011/0811/rW_IS_AIsHallofFame.pdf |journal=IEEE Intelligent Systems |publisher=IEEE Computer Society |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=5–15 |year=2011 |access-date=September 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216235804/http://www.computer.org/cms/Computer.org/ComputingNow/homepage/2011/0811/rW_IS_AIsHallofFame.pdf |archive-date=December 16, 2011 |url-status=live}} Engelbart received the first honorary Doctor of Engineering and Technology degree from Yale University in May 2011.{{cite web |title=Yale Awards Honorary Degrees To Joan Didion, Martin Scorsese |work=Hartford Courant |date=May 24, 2011 |url=https://www.courant.com/2011/05/24/yale-awards-honorary-degrees-to-joan-didion-martin-scorsese/ |access-date=March 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513142317/http://articles.courant.com/2011-05-24/news/hc-yale-commencement-0524-20110523_1_honorary-degrees-doctor-graduates |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Citations for Recipients of Honorary Degrees at Yale University 2011 |work=Yale University |date=May 23, 2011 |url=http://news.yale.edu/citations-recipients-honorary-degrees-yale-university-2011 |access-date=March 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510170744/http://news.yale.edu/citations-recipients-honorary-degrees-yale-university-2011 |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=University confers 2,907 degrees at 310th Commencement |work=Yale Daily News |first1=David |last1=Burt |first2=Max |last2=de la Bruyère |date=May 23, 2011 |url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2011/05/23/university-confers-2907-degrees-at-310th-commencement/ |access-date=March 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408012839/http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2011/05/23/university-confers-2907-degrees-at-310th-commencement/ |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |url-status=live}}

Notes

References

External links

{{External media

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| audio1 = [http://www.stranova.com/Podcasts/Stranova28.mp3 "Collective IQ and Human Augmentation"], Interview with Douglas Engelbart

| video1 = [https://archive.org/details/XD304_95JCNProfile Doug Engelbart featured on JCN Profiles], Archive.org

}}

{{Official website|dougengelbart.org}}, Doug Engelbart Institute formerly Bootstrap Institute
{{cite web |url=https://purl.stanford.edu/cb260zz4895 |date=December 9, 1968 |title=The Demo |publisher=Stanford University}}
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeSgaJt27PM Douglas Engelbart Interviewed by John Markoff of The New York Times] (recorded March 26, 2002)
[https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/ft3n39n626/entire_text/ Guide to the Douglas C. Engelbart Papers], Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries (with new accessions added in 2016)
[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8778694/reference/ The Augmentation of Douglas Engelbart], a documentary film directed by Daniel Silveira, 2018