Douglas TBD Devastator

File:Douglas XTBD-1 in flight 1935.jpeg

File:TBD-1 in flight Anacostia 1937.jpg

File:TBD-1A floatplane in flight 1941.jpg

The Douglas XTBD-1 was ordered on 30 June 1934 after being one of the winners of a US Navy competition for new bombers to operate from its aircraft carriers.Doll 1967, p. 28. Other aircraft also ordered for production as a result of the competition included the Brewster SBA, the Vought SB2U Vindicator, and the Northrop BT-1, the last of which would evolve into the Douglas SBD Dauntless. The Great Lakes XB2G, Great Lakes XTBG, Grumman XSBF, Hall XPTBH and Vought XSB3U were also tendered to the specification but were not developed beyond prototype status.Doll 1992, p. 4.

The XTBD Devastator flew for the first time on 15 April 1935 while marking a number of "firsts" for the US Navy.Gunston 1976, p. 66. It was the first American carrier-based monoplane to be widely used, the first all-metal naval aircraft, the first with a completely enclosed cockpit, the first with power-actuated (hydraulically) folding wings. A semi-retractable landing gear was fitted, with the wheels protruding {{cvt|10|in|mm}} below the wings to potentially limit damage to the aircraft in a "wheels-up" landing. A crew of three was normally carried beneath a large "greenhouse" canopy almost half the length of the aircraft. The pilot sat in front; a rear gunner/radio operator took the rearmost position, while the bombardier occupied the middle seat. During a bombing run, the bombardier lay prone, sliding into position under the pilot to sight through a window in the bottom of the fuselage, using the Norden bombsight.

The normal TBD offensive armament consisted of either a {{cvt|1935|lb}} Bliss-Leavitt Mark 13 aerial torpedo or a {{cvt|1000|lb}} bomb carried semi-recessed in the fuselage. Alternatively, three {{cvt|500|lb}} general-purpose bombs (one under each wing root and one inside the fuselage), or twelve {{cvt|100|lb}} fragmentation bombs (six under each wing root), could be carried. This weapons load would often be used when attacking Japanese targets on the Gilbert and Marshall Islands in 1942.Winchester 2004, p. 79. Defensive armament consisted of a {{cvt|.30|in|2}} Browning machine gun for the rear gunner. Fitted in the starboard side of the cowling was either a {{cvt|.30|in|2}} or {{cvt|.50|in|1}} M2 Browning machine gun.

The powerplant was a {{cvt|850|hp}} Pratt & Whitney R-1830-64 Twin Wasp radial engine, a development of the prototype's {{cvt|800|hp}} Pratt & Whitney XR-1830-60/R-1830-1.Mondey 2006, p. 128. Other changes from the 1935 prototype included a revised engine cowlingTaylor 1969, p. 485. and a raised cockpit canopy to improve visibility.

The XTBD had a flat canopy that was replaced on production models by a higher, domed canopy with a rollover bar. Other than requests by test pilots to improve pilot visibility, the prototype easily passed its acceptance trials that ran from 24 April to 24 November 1935 at NAS (Naval Air Station) Anacostia and Norfolk bases. After successfully completing torpedo drop tests, the prototype was transferred to the {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|2}} for carrier certification.Doll 1967, p. 29. The extended service trials continued until 1937 with the first two production aircraft retained by the company exclusively for testing.Tillman 1973, p. 25.

The US Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) purchased 129 examples, and began to equip the carriers {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}}, {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}}, {{USS| Lexington|CV-2|2}}, {{USS|Wasp|CV-7|2}}, {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|2}}, {{USS|Yorktown|CV-5|2}} and {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|2}} starting in 1937. Even prewar, TBD units were being shifted to training duties with at least one aircraft being converted to target tug duty.Doll 1967, p. 32. By 1940, the US Navy was aware that the TBD had become outclassed and a replacement, the Grumman TBF Avenger, was in the works, but it was not yet operational when the US entered World War II. Attrition had by then reduced their numbers to just over 100 aircraft.Tillman and Lawson 2001, p. 56. When the US Navy assigned popular names to its aircraft in late 1941, the TBD became the Devastator, although its nickname "torpecker" was still commonly used.Tillman and Lawson 2001, p. 57.

File:TBD VT-6 over Wake Island 1942.jpg, 24 February 1942]]

File:Yorktown TBD Huon Gulf March 1942.jpg

File:Douglas TBD-1 Devastator of VT-3 in flight on 4 June 1942 (80-G-21668).jpg

File:Vt8tbd-t16-4june1942 waldron.jpg, Horace F. Dobbs CRMP) taking off from {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|6}}, 4 June 1942. The twin .30 caliber machine guns in the rear were unique to VT-8.Tillman 2000, p. 96.]]

In the early days of the Pacific war, the TBD acquitted itself well during February and March 1942, with TBDs from Enterprise and Yorktown attacking targets in the Marshall and Gilbert Islands, Wake and Marcus Islands, while TBDs from Yorktown and Lexington struck Japanese shipping off New Guinea on 10 March.Air International March 1990, p. 155. In the Battle of the Coral Sea Devastators helped sink the Japanese aircraft carrier {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shōhō||2}} on 7 May, but failed to hit another carrier, the {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shōkaku||2}}, the next day.Doll 1967, pp. 7–8.

Many faults were discovered with the Mark 13 torpedo at this point. Many were seen to hit the target yet failed to explode; there was also a tendency to run deeper than the set depth. It took over a year for the defects to be corrected. These problems were not fixed by the time of the Battle of Midway on 4 June 1942.

At Midway, a total of 41 Devastators, the majority of the type still operational, were launched from Hornet, Enterprise and Yorktown to attack the Japanese fleet. The sorties were not well coordinated, in part because Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance ordered a strike on the enemy carriers immediately after they were discovered, rather than spending time assembling a well-coordinated attack involving the different types of aircraft – fighters, bombers, torpedo planes – reasoning that attacking the Japanese would prevent a counterstrike against the US carriers. The TBDs from Hornet and Enterprise lost contact with their escort and started their attacks without fighter protection.Cressman et al. 1990, pp. 84–89.Parshall and Tulley 2005, pp. 206–215.

The Devastator proved to be a death trap for its crews: slow and hardly maneuverable, with poor armor for the era; its speed on a glide-bombing approach was a mere {{convert|200|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, making it easy prey for fighters and defensive guns alike. The aerial torpedo could not even be released at speeds above {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.Jackson and Doll 1973, p. 5. Torpedo delivery requires a long, straight-line attack run, making the aircraft vulnerable, and the slow speed of the aircraft made them easy targets for the Mitsubishi A6M Zeros.{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=2007-12-18|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}} Only four TBDs made it back to Enterprise, none to Hornet and two to Yorktown, without scoring a torpedo hit.Buell 1987, p. 494.

Nonetheless, their sacrifice was not completely in vain, as several TBDs managed to get within a few ship-lengths range of their targets before dropping their torpedoes, being close enough to be able to strafe the enemy ships and force the Japanese carriers to take sharp evasive maneuvers.[http://www.cv6.org/1942/midway/midway_3.htm "USS Enterprise CV-6: The Most Decorated Ship of the Second World War, p. 3."] cv6.org. Retrieved: 7 June 2010. By obliging the Japanese to keep their flight decks clear and to continually cycle and reinforce their combat air patrols, they prevented any Japanese counter-attacks against the American carriers, just as Spruance had anticipated. These windows of opportunity were exploited by the late-arriving Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers led by Lieutenant Commanders C. Wade McClusky and Max Leslie, which dive-bombed and fatally damaged three of the four Japanese carriers about one hour after the first TBD torpedo attacks had developed.Parshall and Tully 2005, pp. 215–216, 226–227. While the Devastators faced the stiff defenses of the carriers and their fighters, their attacks served to distract the Japanese attention from the Dauntless dive bombers' strikes, resulting in relatively lighter resistance from the IJN carriers' defensive fighter patrols, and more effective American attacks that crippled the IJN carrier forces.

The Navy immediately withdrew the 39 remaining TBDs from frontline units after the failure at Midway. The surviving Devastators in VT-4 and VT-7 remained in service briefly in the Atlantic and in training squadrons until 1944.Doll 1967, p. 34. Many were relegated to training duties for pilots and mechanics or were destroyed following use as instructional airframes for firefighting training. By late 1944, no TBD Devastators were left in the US Navy inventory.Tillman and Lawson 2001, p. 61. The original prototype finished its career at NAS Norman, Oklahoma; the last TBD in the US Navy was used by the Commander of Fleet Air Activities-West Coast. When his TBD was scrapped in November 1944,Ginter 2006, p. 91. there were no more.Jackson and Doll 1973, p. 43. None survived the war and there are none known to exist on dry land today.Champlin, Doug. [http://www.nwrain.net/~newtsuit/recoveries/tbd-1/tbd004.htm "Douglas TBD-1."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522105901/http://www.nwrain.net/~newtsuit/recoveries/tbd-1/tbd004.htm |date=2011-05-22 }} nwrain.net. Retrieved: 11 April 2010.

In fairness to the Devastator, the newer TBF Avengers were similarly ineffective in 1942, losing five out of six aircraft without scoring a hit during the Battle of Midway. The Avengers' only successes in 1942 would be against the light carrier {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Ryūjō||2}} and the battleship {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Hiei||2}}.{{#tag:ref|The Hiei had already been crippled the night before.|group=N}}Mondey 2006, p. 152. In the initial part of the Pacific War, the poor performance of US torpedo bombers was due to the vulnerability of that type in general against fire from anti-aircraft artillery and defending fighters, plus the inexperience of American pilots and lack of coordinated fighter cover, as well as serious defects in US torpedoes which were not officially corrected until the fall of 1943.[http://www.cv6.org/1942/midway/midway_2.htm "USS Enterprise CV-6: The Most Decorated Ship of the Second World War, p. 2."] cv6.org. Retrieved: 11 April 2010. It took growing American air superiority, improved attack coordination, and more experienced pilots, before the Avengers were able to successfully accomplish their roles in subsequent battles against Japanese surface forces.[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/supership/ "'Sinking the Supership'." ] PBS-Nova. Retrieved: 11 April 2010.

;XTBD-1

:Prototype powered by an {{convert|800|hp|kW|abbr=on}} XR-1830-60, one built.

;TBD-1

:Production variant powered by an {{convert|850|hp|kW|abbr=on}} R-1830-64, 129 built.

;TBD-1A

:One TBD-1 modified with twin floats.{{#tag:ref|In 1939, the first production TBD was test flown with floats at Newport, Rhode Island.Winchester 2004, p. 78.|group=N}}

File:TBD-1 Devastator of VT-4 taking off from USS Ranger (CV-4) in 1942.jpg

File:VT-6TBDs.jpg]]

;{{flag|United States|1912}}

• United States NavyTillman 2000, p. 82.
• VT-2 used 58 Devastators between December 1937 and May 1942.
• VT-3 used 71 Devastators between October 1937 and June 1942. They starred in the 1941 movie Dive Bomber.Ginter 2006, p. 45.
• VT-4 used nine Devastators between December 1941 and September 1942.
• VT-5 used 57 Devastators between February 1938 and June 1942.
• VT-6 used 62 Devastators between April 1938 and June 1942.
• VT-7 used 5 Devastators between January 1942 and July 1942.
• VT-8 used 23 Devastators between September 1941 and June 1942.
• VB-4 used three Devastators between December 1941 and January 1942.
• VS-42 used three Devastators between December 1940 and December 1941.
• VS-71 used eight Devastators between December 1940 and June 1942.
• VS-72 used two Devastators in June 1941.
• VU-3 used a single Devastator from January until May 1940.
• United States Marine Corps
• VMS-2 used a single Devastator, BuNo. 1518, from 26 March 1941 till 5 June 1941, loaned from VT-3.

File:TBD Devastators of VT-2 in flight c1938.jpeg

No TBD’s survive in museums or private collections, nor are there any currently under restoration. However, below are eleven underwater aircraft that are known to exist and are the closest to a complete airframe.[http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Devastator/surveyamerican2.htm "To save a Devastator: TBD Devastator Jaluit Lagoon Survey 2004, p. 2."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509204634/http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Devastator/surveyamerican2.htm |date=2007-05-09 }} tighar.org, 1997. Retrieved: 7 June 2010. An expedition has been proposed to recover several TBDs from the wreck of the USS Lexington.{{cite web |last1=Hogan |first1=Mickeen |url=https://usslexingtonaircraftrecoveryproject.com/home |title=USS Lexington Aircraft Recovery Project |publisher=A&T Recovery |access-date=12 March 2023}} Note that these aircraft exist in varying degrees of intactness due to circumstances of their loss and subsequent saltwater corrosion. For example, the pair at Jaluit, a shallow warm-water atoll, have reef creatures growing on their exteriors; several of those lost at Coral Sea have broken wings and fuselages due to avgas explosions and their free-fall to the deep sea floor.

;TBD-1, Bureau Numbers 0298 and 1515

:Ex-VT-5 / USS Yorktown (CV-5) "5-T-7", "5-T-6" Jaluit Lagoon, Marshall Islands.[http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Devastator/surveyamerican.htm "TBD Devastator Jaluit Lagoon Survey 2004."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509204710/http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Devastator/surveyamerican.htm |date=2007-05-09 }} tighar.org. Retrieved: 7 June 2010.{{Cite web |url=http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Devastator/surveyamerican2.htm |title="To save a Devastator: TBD Devastator Jaluit Lagoon Survey 2004, p. 2." |access-date=2007-05-09 |archive-date=2007-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509204634/http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Devastator/surveyamerican2.htm |url-status=dead }}

;TBD-1 BuNo 0353

:Ex-NAS Miami, Atlantic Ocean, Miami, Florida.[http://www.nwrain.com/~newtsuit/recoveries/tbd-1/tbd003.htm 1998 Return to the TBD page at the "Douglas TBD-1 #0353 wreck."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928123100/http://www.nwrain.com/~newtsuit/recoveries/tbd-1/tbd003.htm |date=2007-09-28 }} nwrain.com, 1998. Retrieved: 7 June 2010.

;TBD-1 BuNo 0377

:Ex-VT-2 / USS Lexington (CV-2) "6-T-7", Pacific Ocean, Mission Beach, California.[http://www.eaa.org/news/2011/2011-03-02_tbd.asp "Holy Grail of Warbirds Found off San Diego."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217075434/http://www.eaa.org/news/2011/2011-03-02_tbd.asp |date=17 December 2011 }} eaa.org. Retrieved 21 November 2011.[http://www.eaa.org/news/2011/tbd_report.pdf "Accident Report, TBD-1 BuNo.0377."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609151507/http://www.eaa.org/news/2011/tbd_report.pdf |date=2012-06-09 }} eaa.org. Retrieved: 21 November 2011.

;Wreck of the {{USS|Lexington|CV-2}}

On 4 March 2018, Paul G. Allen's R/V Petrel team discovered the wreck of the USS Lexington at 3,000 meters (about two miles) below the surface, resting on the floor of the Coral Sea more than 500 miles off the eastern coast of Australia.{{Cite web |url=https://www.paulallen.com/uss-lexington-wreck-located-rv-petrel/ |title=Wreck of Aircraft Carrier USS Lexington Located in Coral Sea After 76 Years |website=paulallen.com |access-date=2018-03-06 |archive-date=2019-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801100834/https://www.paulallen.com/uss-lexington-wreck-located-rv-petrel/ |url-status=dead }} Near the wreck were the remains of seven Devastators, as well as an F4F-3 Wildcat. An attempt by A and T Recovery to recover at least four of the wrecks, including the Devastator, is currently underway as of January 2023.{{cite web | url=https://flyer.co.uk/attempt-to-recover-four-wwii-aircraft-from-pacific-sea-bed/ | title=Attempt to recover four WWII aircraft from Pacific sea bed | date=17 January 2023 }}

On 19 September 2019, the USS Midway Museum acquired a 1:1 scale replica used in the World War II movie, Midway. The plane was donated from Lionsgate following the conclusion of filming and will become an exhibit on {{USS|Midway|CV-41}}'s hangar.{{Cite web | url=https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/national/military-news/uss-midway-in-san-diego-gets-tbd-devastator-replica-from-movie-about-battle-of-midway/509-09b9557c-c995-4ed0-bf4a-1a92a7839dad | title='They don't exist – except this one' | USS Midway's newest addition is one-of-a-kind military plane | date=19 September 2019 }}

File:Douglas TBD Devastator 3-view.svg

{{Aircraft specs

|ref=Devastator...The Not-so-Devastating TBD-1{{cite journal |title=Devastator...The Not-so-Devastating TBD-1 |journal=Air International |date=March 1990 |page=152}}

|prime units?=imp

|crew=3: (Pilot, Torpedo Officer/Navigator, Radioman/Gunner)

|length ft=35

|length in=0

|span ft=50

|span in=0

|height ft=15

|height in=1

|wing area sqft=422

|airfoil=

|empty weight lb=5600

|gross weight lb=9289

|max takeoff weight lb=10194

|fuel capacity=

|eng1 number=1

|eng1 name=Pratt & Whitney R-1830-64 Twin Wasp

|eng1 type=14-cylinder two-row air-cooled radial piston engine

|eng1 hp=900

|prop blade number=3

|prop name=variable-pitch propeller

|prop dia ft=

|prop dia in=

|prop dia note=

|max speed mph=206

|max speed note=at {{cvt|8000|ft}}

|cruise speed mph=128

|cruise speed note=

|stall speed mph=

|stall speed note=

|never exceed speed mph=

|never exceed speed note=

|range miles=435

|range note=with Mark 13 torpedo or

::::{{cvt|716|mi|nmi km}} with {{cvt|1000|lb}} of bombs

|combat range miles=

|combat range note=

|ferry range miles=

|ferry range note=

|endurance=

|ceiling ft=19500

|ceiling note=

|climb rate ftmin=720

|climb rate note=

|time to altitude=

|wing loading lb/sqft=

|wing loading note=

|fuel consumption lb/mi=

|power/mass=

|more performance=

|guns=

• 1 × forward-firing M1919 Browning machine gun or M2 Browning machine gun
• 1 × {{cvt|0.30|in|mm|2}} machine gun in rear cockpit

|bombs=

• 1 × Mark 13 torpedo or
• 1 × {{cvt|1000|lb}} bomb or
• 3 × {{cvt|500|lb}} bombs or
• 12 × {{cvt|100|lb}} bombs

}}

Dive Bomber (1941) was an American film directed by Michael Curtiz.Dolan 1985, p. 63. It is notable for both its Technicolor photography of pre-World War II United States Navy aircraft featuring the TBD Devastator,Hardwick and Schnepf 1989, pp. 57–58. and scenes on the aircraft carrier {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}} as well as the NAS North Island in San Diego.Orriss 1984, p. 28.

The 2014 film Against the Sun depicts a real-life story of the survival of a Devastator's crew after it had to ditch due to running out of fuel. The crew survived 34 days adrift.

The 2019 film Midway featured the Devastator, most notably the disastrous attack by VT-8, including its only survivor, Ensign George Gay, using his plane's seat cushion to conceal himself from the Japanese as he watched the SBDs bomb the IJN Carrier force.

File:Douglas TBD-1 Devastator of VT-6 dropping Mark 13 torpedo, 20 October 1941 (80-G-19230-B).jpg

{{aircontent|

|related=

|similar aircraft=

• Fairey Albacore
• Fairey Barracuda
• Fieseler Fi 167
• Great Lakes XTBG
• Mitsubishi B5M
• Nakajima B5N

|lists=

• List of aircraft of World War II
• List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)
• List of military aircraft of the United States

|see also=

}}

{{Reflist|group=N}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin}}

• Adcock, Al. TBD Devastator in Action, Aircraft Number 97. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1989. {{ISBN|0-89747-231-4}}.
• Buell, Thomas B. The Quiet Warrior: A Biography of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1987. {{ISBN|978-0-87021-562-9}}.
• Cressman, Robert B. et al. A Glorious Page in Our History: The Battle of Midway, 4–6 June 1942. Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-929521-40-4}}.
• "Devastator...The Not-so-Devastating TDB-1". Air International, March 1990, Vol 38 No 2. pp. 148–156. ISSN 0306-5634.
• Dolan, Edward F. Jr. Hollywood Goes to War. London: Bison Books, 1985. {{ISBN|0-86124-229-7}}.
• Doll, Thomas E. The Douglas TBD Devastator, Aircraft in Profile Number 171. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967. No ISBN.
• Doll, Thomas E. SB2U Vindicator in action, Aircraft Number 122. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1992. {{ISBN|0-89747-274-8}}.
• Drendel, Lou. U.S. Navy Carrier Bombers of World War II. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1987. {{ISBN|0-89747-195-4}}.
• Ginter, Steve. Douglas TBD-1 Devastator, Naval Fighters Number Seventy-one. Simi Valley, California: Ginter Publishing Company, 2006. {{ISBN|0-942612-71-X}}.
• Gunston, Bill. The Encyclopedia of the World's Combat Aircraft: A Technical Directory of Major Warplanes from World War 1 to the Present Day. New York: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1976. {{ISBN|0-89009-054-8}}.
• Hardwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies". The Making of the Great Aviation Films, General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
• Jackson, B.R. and Thomas E. Doll. Douglas TBD-1 "Devastator", Aero Series 23. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1973. {{ISBN|0-8168-0586-5}}.
• Kinzey, Bert. U.S. Navy and Marine Aircraft of World War II, Part 1: Dive and Torpedo Bombers. Northbrook, Illinois: Revell-Monogram, LLC, 2003. {{ISBN|0-9709900-5-7}}.
• Lawson, Robert and Barrett Tillman. U.S. Navy Dive and Torpedo Bombers of WWII. St. Paul, MN: MBI Publishing Company, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7603-0959-0}}.
• Mondey, David. "Douglas TBD Devastator." The Hamlyn Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II. London: Bounty Books, 2006. {{ISBN|0-7537-1460-4}}.
• Nowicki, Jacek. Douglas TBD Devastator – SBD Dauntless (Wydawnictwo Militaria 119) (in Polish). Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Militaria, 2000. {{ISBN|83-7219-074-7}}.
• Orriss, Bruce. When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II. Hawthorne, California: Aero Associates Inc., 1984. {{ISBN|0-9613088-0-X}}.
• Parshall, Jonathan B. and Anthony P. Tully. Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005. {{ISBN|1-57488-923-0}}.
• Taylor, John W.R. "Douglas TBD Devastator". Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. {{ISBN|0-425-03633-2}}.
• Tillman, Barrett. "Go in and get a hit!: The Navy's last combat torpedo bombers." Airpower, Volume 3, No. 4, July 1973.
• Tillman, Barrett. TBD Devastator Units of the U.S. Navy, Combat Aircraft Vol. 20. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|1-84176-025-0}}.
• Tillman, Barrett and Robert L. Lawson. U.S. Navy Dive and Torpedo Bombers of WWII. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7603-0959-0}}.
• Winchester, Jim. "Douglas TBD Devastator." Aircraft of World War II (The Aviation Factfile). Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2004. {{ISBN|1-84013-639-1}}.

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20010417211034/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/ac-usn22/t-types/tbd.htm www.history.navy.mil]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20061009032839/http://www.centuryinter.net/midway/Carrier_Squadrons/Torpedo_Eight/in_color.html VT-8 in Color]
• [http://www.daveswarbirds.com/usplanes/aircraft/devastat.htm www.daveswarbirds.com]
• [http://www.aviation-history.com/douglas/tbd.html www.aviation-history.com]
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=X9sDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+mechanics+aircraft+carrier&pg=PA648 Navy Plane Folds Wings As It Taxies On Deck, May 1938, Popular Mechanics] article has very rare photos of prototype
• [http://tbd_devastator.tripod.com/tbdpage.htm Douglas TBD-1 Devastator Production List]

{{Douglas aircraft}}

{{USN torpedo aircraft}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Douglas Tbd Devastator}}

Category:Carrier-based aircraft

Category:1930s United States bomber aircraft

TBD Devastator

Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft

Category:Aircraft first flown in 1935

Category:Low-wing aircraft

Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear

Category:Single-engined piston aircraft