Drimia maritima

File:Wild Drimia Maritima Flowers.jpg

This plant grows from a large bulb which can be up to {{convert|20|cm|abbr=on}} wide and weigh {{convert|1|kg|abbr=on}}. Bailey reported weights of up to fifteen pounds (seven kilograms), probably referring to a clump.Liberty Hyde Bailey, "Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture" (1935 edition) Volume 3 page 3417 Several bulbs may grow in a clump and are usually just beneath the surface of the soil. In the spring, each bulb produces a rosette of about ten leaves each up to a meter long. They are dark green in color and leathery in texture. They die away by fall, when the bulb produces a tall, narrow raceme of flowers. This inflorescence can reach {{convert|1.5-2|m|abbr=on}} in height.Dafni, A. and R. Dukas. (1986). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00984864#page-1 Insect and wind pollination in Urginea maritima (Liliaceae).] Plant Systematics and Evolution 154(1-2), 1-10. The flower is about {{convert|1.5|cm|abbr=on}} wide and has six tepals each with a dark stripe down the middle. The tepals are white, with the exception of those on the red-flowered form. The fruit is a capsule up to {{convert|1.2|cm|abbr=on}} long.

This plant often grows in rocky coastal habitat, especially in the Mediterranean Basin, where it is common. It occurs in many other types of habitat, except for the driest deserts. It can grow in open and also in very shady areas.Grammatikopoulos, G., et al. (1999). [http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/333/517.full.pdf Site-dependent differences in transmittance and UV-B-absorbing capacity of isolated leaf epidermes and mesophyll in Urginea maritima (L.) Baker.]{{dead link|date=May 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Journal of Experimental Botany 50(333), 517-21. Its habit of producing leaves in the spring and flowers in the fall is an adaptation to the Mediterranean climate of its native range, where the summers are hot and dry.Gentry, H. S., et al. (1987). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02858974#page-1 Red squill (Urginea maritima, Liliaceae).] Economic Botany 41(2), 267-82.

This species has two different pollination syndromes, entomophily and anemophily; it is pollinated by insects and wind. Insect pollinators include the western honey bee (Apis mellifera), the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis), and the paper wasp species Polistes gallicus.

The plant has been used as a poison and as a medicinal remedy. The main active compounds are cardiac glycosides, including unique bufadienolides such as glucoscillaren A, proscillaridine A, scillaren A, scilliglaucoside and scilliphaeoside. The plant can have a cardiac glycoside content of up to 3%. Scilliroside, the most important of the toxic compounds, is present in all parts of the plant.Metin, M. and B. Bürün. (2010). [http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/63_4/05.pdf Effects of the high doses of Urginea maritima (L.) Baker extract on chromosomes.]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Caryologia 63(4), 367-75. The broad leaves of this plant, when they completely dry out, lose their toxicity and are consumed by cattle and sheep.{{cite book |last=Shmida |first=Avi |title=MAPA's Dictionary of Plants and Flowers in Israel |publisher=MAPA Publishers |location=Tel-Aviv|year=2005 |page=55|language=he|oclc=716569354}}, s.v. Urginea maritima In Palestine, Arab peasants are known to use the plant to mark the butts and bounds of farm land, on account of the plant's distinct features.{{cite book |last=Al-ʻĀrif |first=ʻĀrif |title=History of Be'er Sheva and its Tribes |publisher=Shoshani Publishing Co. |location=Tel Aviv-Yafo|year=1937|language=he|oclc=874901157}} (reprinted in Jerusalem 2000, by Ariel Publishers and Merkaz G'o Alon, {{OCLC|45679806}}){{cite book |author-last=Dalman|author-first=Gustaf |author-link=Gustaf Dalman |title=Work and Customs in Palestine |volume=I/1 |translator=Nadia Abdulhadi Sukhtian |location=Ramallah|publisher=Dar Al Nasher |year=2013 |page=99 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Customs-Palestine-Translation-Gustaf-2013-08-02/dp/B01K3MCDFE |oclc=1040774903|isbn=9789950385-00-9}}

This species has been used as a medicinal plant since ancient times. It is noted in the Ebers Papyrus of the 16th century BC, one of the oldest medical texts of ancient Egypt. Pythagoras wrote about it in the 6th century BC.Hollman, A. (1992). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1024900/pdf/brheartj00030-0082.pdf Plants in cardiology: Medicinal plant discovery.] British Heart Journal 67(6), 506. Hippocrates used it to treat jaundice, convulsions, and asthma. Theophrastus was also familiar with it. Its primary medicinal use was as a treatment for edema, then called dropsy, because of the diuretic properties of the cardiac glycosides.Stannard, J. (1974). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1749406/pdf/bullnyacadmed00173-0030.pdf Squill in ancient and medieval materia medica, with special reference to its employment for dropsy.] Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 50(6), 684. A solution of sea squill and vinegar was a common remedy for centuries. The plant is also used as a laxative and an expectorant.

The plant has also been used as a poison. It is very bitter, so most animals avoid it. Rats, however, eat it readily, and then succumb to the toxic scilliroside. This has made the plant a popular rodenticide for nearly as long as it has been in use as a medicine. The bulbs are dried and cut into chips, which can then be powdered and mixed with rat bait. The plant was introduced as an experimental agricultural crop in the 20th century primarily to develop high-toxicity varieties for use as rat poison. Interest continued to develop as rats became resistant to coumarin-based poisons.Pascual-Villalobos, M. J. [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-564.html Anti-insect activity of bufadienolides from Urginea maritima.] p. 564–66. In: Janick, J. and A. Whipkey (eds.) Trends in New Crops and New Uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. 2002.

It has also been tested as an insecticide against pests such as the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum).

Pythagoras and Dioscorides hung the bulbs with sprouted leaves outside the door in spring as protection against evil spirits. The bulbs are still gathered and displayed in the winter as part of Greek Christmas and new year's traditions.{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=Unusual Greek Christmas Customs|url=https://greekreporter.com/2021/12/23/uniquely-greek-christmas-customs/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=GreekReporter.com|language=en-US}}

The tall inflorescences are used as cut flowers in floristry.

File:Drimia maritima-pjt.jpg|In habitat

File:Hazav.JPG|Form

File:Urginea Maritima.jpg|Bulb and foliage

File:Drimia maritima Infllor 2010-10-03 SierraMadrona.jpg|Inflorescence

File:PetraUrgineaMaritima.jpg|In cultivation

File:Vespa orientalis 2.jpg|With pollinator Vespa orientalis

File:Wild Drimia Maritima Flowers.jpg|Flowers in Iran

File:Wild Drimia Maritima in Iran.jpg|Wild plants in Iran

{{Reflist}}

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• [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=URMA2 USDA PLANTS Profile]
• [http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=26 Wildflowers of Israel]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q161788}}

Category:Flora of North Africa

Category:Flora of Macaronesia

Category:Flora of Southeastern Europe

Category:Flora of Southwestern Europe

Category:Flora of Western Asia

Category:Medicinal plants

Category:Plants described in 1753

Category:Scilloideae

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus