Drones in wildfire management

File:Thermal-infrared imaging sensors on NASA's Ikhana unmanned research aircraft recorded this image in the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California.jpg

Drones allow firefighters accurate data. By using the real-time data, firefighters can determine where a fire will move next, assisting them in making swift decisions and draw up a strategic plan about movement and evacuation.

Manufacturers equip these devices with infrared cameras that capture wind direction, high-resolution imagery of smoke, and other variables. The capability to operate at a low elevation allows firefighters to use UAVs to identify quick escape routes. These are used in approving flights to monitor massive wildfires in the US Pacific Northwest and in Australia.

The use of UAVs limits exposure and reduces risk to pilots and wildland firefighters. Easily packable and able to fly in remote locations. These can fly as fast as 40 miles an hour. The drone pilots can operate the devices at varying speeds to help people better see what is happening. The transmission from drones or UAVs can be viewed on a laptop computer in a mobile ground station. A drone weighing 15 pounds and a six-foot wingspan, has a range of about eight miles and can stay in the air for an hour without recharging. The aircraft can be programmed to fly on its own, but a safety pilot will monitor operations during the tests.{{Cite web|title=Drones: A Tool For Early Wildfire Detection|url=https://vpm.org/articles/4416/drones-a-tool-for-early-wildfire-detection|website=VPM.org|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=2021-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908145703/https://vpm.org/articles/4416/drones-a-tool-for-early-wildfire-detection|url-status=dead}} These also serve as tools for starting planned, controlled fires to clear out hard-to-kill underbrush. Drones are a part of fire research and management.{{Cite web|title=Fire|url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fire/special_issues/UAS|website=www.mdpi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01}}

Drones have also been studied as tools for starting planned, controlled fires to clear out hard-to-kill underbrush. It is called the "Dragon Egg System." These are similar to ping-pong balls but are filled with potassium permanganate powder and injected with glycol and dropped to the target site. The balls ignite about 30 seconds after injection to start a controlled fire.{{cite news |last1=Cagle |first1=Susie |title='Dragon' drones: the flame throwers fighting wildfires with fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/sep/03/wildfires-drones-controlled-prescribed-burns |work=The Guardian |date=4 September 2019 }} A master's student from the University of Idaho was the first person to pilot an "unmanned aerial system plastic sphere dispenser" to deploy fire on a federally managed wildfire near Flagstaff, Arizona.{{Cite web|title=University of Idaho master's student first to pilot a fire-deploying drone to combat wildfire|url=https://www.uidaho.edu/cnr/about/feature-stories/mnrdrone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128173509/https://www.uidaho.edu/cnr/about/feature-stories/mnrdrone |archive-date=2019-11-28 |website=www.uidaho.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01}}

Though in early development, ultra-heavy lift drones are emerging as a transformative technology in wildfire suppression, offering rapid response capabilities, enhanced situational awareness, and the ability to operate in hazardous conditions that are often inaccessible to traditional firefighting methods. By integrating advanced sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and autonomous flight systems, drones are increasingly utilized for both early detection and active suppression of wildfires{{Cite web |date=2023-09-21 |title=Rain announces $9.7M in seed financing to enable rapid wildfire response with prepositioned autonomous aircraft |url=https://www.firerescue1.com/fire-products/drones/press-releases/rain-announces-97m-in-seed-financing-to-enable-rapid-wildfire-response-with-prepositioned-autonomous-aircraft-uPuNWYGRPXsxTGAO/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=FireRescue1 |language=en-US}}. Though in early stages, drone systems are now being developed to deploy fire retardants, drop water payloads or perform logistical tasks such as equipment delivery in coordination with ground crews and crewed aircraft.

The increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires, exacerbated by climate change, have necessitated innovative approaches to wildfire management. Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS), commonly known as drones, provide several advantages in this context.{{Cite web |title=Revolutionary drone technology for battling wildfires takes major step forward with new partnership |url=https://www.fireswarmsolutions.com/in-the-news/revolutionary-drone-technology-for-battling-wildfires-takes-major-step-forward-with-newpartnership |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Fireswarm Solutions |language=en-CA}}

• Rapid Deployment: Drones can be quickly dispatched to emerging fire zones, offering immediate reconnaissance and assessment.
• Enhanced Safety: By operating remotely, drones reduce the risk to human firefighters, especially in dangerous or inaccessible areas.
• Precision Suppression: Equipped with advanced targeting systems, drones can deliver fire suppressants with high accuracy, minimizing collateral damage.
• Continuous Monitoring: Drones can provide real-time data on fire behavior, progression, and environmental conditions, aiding in strategic decision-making. {{Cite web |date=2024-12-13 |title=FireSwarm Solutions secures $500K for advanced wildfire-fighting drone technology |url=https://www.squamishchief.com/local-news/fireswarm-solutions-secures-500k-for-advanced-wildfire-fighting-drone-technology-9953179 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Squamish Chief |language=en}}

FireSwarm Solutions, based in British Columbia, Canada, is pioneering the development of autonomous drone swarms for wildfire suppression. Their system employs ultra-heavy-lift drones capable of carrying payloads up to 350 kg, designed to operate in conditions that often ground conventional aircraft, such as at night or heavy smoke conditions. These drones utilize AI-powered swarm algorithms to coordinate actions, enabling efficient and precise firefighting operations.{{Cite press release |last=Solutions |first=FireSwarm |date=2024-12-11 |title=FireSwarm Solutions Inc. Secures $500,000 Investment from BC Centre for Innovation & Clean Energy to Advance Autonomous Drone Swarms for Wildfire Suppression |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/12/11/2995519/0/en/FireSwarm-Solutions-Inc-Secures-500-000-Investment-from-BC-Centre-for-Innovation-Clean-Energy-to-Advance-Autonomous-Drone-Swarms-for-Wildfire-Suppression.html |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}{{Cite web |last=Macey |first=Joe |date=2025-04-29 |title=Partnership to Advance Automated Wildfire Suppression with Drone Swarm Technology {{!}} UST |url=https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2025/04/partnership-to-advance-automated-wildfire-suppression-with-drone-swarm-technology/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Unmanned Systems Technology |language=en-US}}{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bf3sP68MAa8 |title=FireSwarm Solutions Explained: Wildfire Suppression & Support with Ultra Heavy-Lift Drone Systems |date=2025-01-17 |last=FireSwarm Solutions Inc |access-date=2025-05-29 |via=YouTube}}{{Cite web |title=Deploying drones for wildfire defence with FireSwarm Solutions |url=https://climatetechcanada.ca/the-climate-cycle/fireswarm-solutions |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Climate Tech Canada |language=en-CA}}

In 2024, FireSwarm was selected as one of the 29 qualified teams in the [https://www.xprize.org/prizes/wildfire XPRIZE Wildfire competition], advancing in the Autonomous Wildfire Response track.

Rain is a California-based company specializing in autonomous wildfire suppression technologies. Their approach integrates mission autonomy software with helicopters, to detect and suppress wildfires rapidly. In collaboration with Sikorsky, a Lockheed Martin company, Rain has demonstrated the use of autonomous Black Hawk helicopters equipped with their wildfire mission autonomy system. This system enables the aircraft to identify fires, plan suppression strategies, and execute water drops with minimal human intervention.{{Cite web |title=Rain and Sikorsky Test Advanced Aerial Firefighting Technologies Using Autonomous Black Hawk® Helicopter |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2025-05-01-Rain-and-Sikorsky-Test-Advanced-Aerial-Firefighting-Technologies-Using-Autonomous-Black-Hawk-Helicopter |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Media - Lockheed Martin}}

Rain's technology focuses on early-stage wildfire detection and suppression, aiming to contain fires before they escalate. By adapting autonomous aircraft with wildfire intelligence systems, Rain seeks to modernize and expedite responses to the growing number of wildfires.

The XPRIZE Wildfire is a four-year, $11 million global competition launched to incentivize the development of innovative technologies for rapid wildfire detection and suppression. The competition comprises two tracks:

• Autonomous Wildfire Response: Teams must autonomously detect and suppress a high-risk fire within a 1,000 km² area in under 10 minutes.
• Space-Based Wildfire Detection: Teams are challenged to accurately detect all wildfires across a vast area using satellite technology.

The competition aims to revolutionize wildfire management by fostering advancements in AI, robotics, and remote sensing technologies. Participants include a diverse array of organizations, from startups like FireSwarm to academic institutions and established aerospace companies.

Drones are gradually becoming an integral part of the fight against wildfires in the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, and Thailand.{{cite news |last1=Farmbrough |first1=Heather |title=As Australia Burns, A Danish Startup Steps Up Its Autonomous Drone Programme |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/heatherfarmbrough/2019/12/21/as-australia-burns-a-danish-startup-steps-up-its-autonomous-drone-programme/ |work=Forbes |date=December 21, 2019 }}{{Cite web|title=Drones needed for forest-fire protection, fighting: Warawuth|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30374340|website=The Nation Thailand|date=6 August 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-01}}

The United States is experiencing longer wildfire seasons. According to the U.S. Forest Service, the changing climate has led to longer wildfire season and increased expense in fighting fires. In 2018, the President passed an executive order on wildfire management that called for an increased use of drones.{{Cite web|title=Drones equipped with infared cameras monitor wildfires across the West|url=https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2019/07/19/wildfire-drones/|last=By|date=2019-07-19|website=Cronkite News - Arizona PBS|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-01}}{{Cite web|title=Self-igniting eggs dropped by 'dragon' drones can help save lives|url=https://dronedj.com/2019/09/04/self-igniting-eggs-dropped-dragon-drones/|last=Kesteloo|first=Haye|date=2019-09-04|website=DroneDJ|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-01}}

File:NASA Ikhana.jpg

In 2008, NASA's Ikhana unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used in the battle against more than 300 wildfires raging in California.{{Cite news|last=Johnson|first=R. Colin|date=2008-07-15|title=NASA drone's sensors help battle California wildfires|work=EE Times|url=https://www.eetimes.com/nasa-drones-sensors-help-battle-california-wildfires/#|access-date=2020-05-01}} Matrice 600 (M600) was used during the Woodbury Fire on June 8, 2019, about 5 miles northwest of Superior, Arizona. In 2013, the National Guard used a drone for the first time in Yosemite National Park to find a crew that lost connection to the commander. The drones helped in finding the crew in five minutes.{{Cite web|title=Drones Are Now Being Used to Battle Wildfires|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/category/innovation/drones-are-now-being-used-to-battle-wildfires/|website=www.smithsonianmag.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022112652/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/category/innovation/drones-are-now-being-used-to-battle-wildfires/|url-status=dead}}

Los Angeles Fire Department first used firefighting drones 2017. In the same year, the federal firefighters used UAVs on 340 wildfires in Oregon. The firefighters made use of drones in 12 states, according to the Department of Interior. Drones were used in 2016 fires in California. The drones are being used by Forest Service crews, Bureau of Land Management and the Oregon Department of Forestry.{{cite news |agency=KTVL |first1=Brian |last1=Schnee |title=Oregon used drones the most in 2018 on federal wildfires |url=https://katu.com/news/local/oregon-used-drones-the-most-in-2018-on-federal-wildfires |work=KATU |date=2 May 2019 }}

In March 2019, the Wildfire Management Technology Act was signed into law as Section 1114 by President Trump.{{Cite web|title=Bipartisan law pushes use of drones for fighting wildfires|url=https://www.fedscoop.com/bipartisan-bill-pushes-use-drones-fighting-wildfires/|date=12 March 2019|website=www.fedscoop.com|access-date=2020-05-01}} The goal of the bill is to "develop consistent protocols and plans for the use of wildland fires of unmanned aircraft system technologies, including for the development of real-time maps of the location of wildland fires." The bill was introduced in 2015 after the Carlton Complex Fire.{{cite news |last1=Knicely |first1=John |title=Wildfire firefighting technology bill headed to Trump, would expand drone mapping and GPS |url=https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/wildfire-firefighting-technology-bill-headed-to-trump-would-expand-drone-mapping-and-gps/925489555/ |work=KIRO |date=February 26, 2019 }}

On May 15, 2018, the U.S. Department of the Interior had awarded a Call When Needed contract to four U.S. companies for small-unmanned aircraft systems services. It was an attempt to combat wildfires. It is a $17 million, one-of-its-kind on-call contract. It allows the agency to obtain fully contractor-operated and maintained small ready-to-be-deployed drones when needed to support wildland fire operations, search and rescue, emergency management in the Contiguous 48 States and Alaska. The companies included in the contract are Bridger Aerospace of Bozeman, Montana, Insitu of Bingen, Washington, Pathways2Solutions of Nashville, Tennessee, and Precision Integrated of Newberg, Oregon.{{Cite web|title=Interior Awards First Contract for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Services|url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-awards-first-contract-small-unmanned-aircraft-systems-services|date=2018-05-15|website=www.doi.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01}} {{PD-notice}}

The Alberta government-contracted Elevated Robotic Services, which deploys drones for mining companies to assist firefighters in spotting the location of the blaze.{{cite news |agency=Reuters |last1=Berke |first1=Jeremy |title=Firefighters are using drones to fight the raging wildfire in Alberta |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/alberta-irefighters-are-using-drones-2016-5 |work=Business Insider |date=May 7, 2016 }} In December 2017, researchers at the University of British Columbia used drones to survey the aftermath of the wildfires in British Columbia.{{cite news |title=Surveying the Fury: Drones Assess Costs of 2017 BC Wildfires |url=https://forestry.ubc.ca/news/surveying-the-fury-drones-count-the-costs-of-the-2017-bc-wildfires/ |work=UBC Faculty of Forestry |date=15 December 2017 |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163057/https://forestry.ubc.ca/news/surveying-the-fury-drones-count-the-costs-of-the-2017-bc-wildfires/ |url-status=dead }}

A computer engineering researcher at Guangdong College of Business and Technology in Zhaoqing, China, Dr. Songsheng Li is working on an autonomous early warning system for wildfires. It uses small drones that patrol forests, gather environmental data, and analyze the threat of fires. The key components of his system include GPS systems, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and Intelligent Flight Modes.{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Songsheng |title=Wildfire early warning system based on wireless sensors and unmanned aerial vehicle |journal=Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems |date=1 March 2019 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=76–91 |doi=10.1139/juvs-2018-0022 |hdl=1807/93687 |s2cid=135448871 |hdl-access=free}}

• {{cite web |author=Dick Bourgeois-Doyle |date=March 6, 2019 |title=Researchers develop drone-based wildfire early warning system |website=Canadian Science Publishing |url=http://blog.cdnsciencepub.com/researchers-develop-drone-based-wildfire-early-warning-system/}}

The Dutch fire brigade together with the Dutch drone manufacturer, Avy BV are testing a long-range drone to detect & monitor early-stage wildfires for a year since February 2021. The long-range drone is equipped with a stabilized gimbal, including an RGB and a thermal camera. AI is used to recognize the fires automatically.

File:DJI Phantom 4 in Flight March 2016.jpg Phantom 4 quadcopter with a gimbal stabilised 4K UHD camera, GPS stabilization and automatic obstacle avoidance]]

File:MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicle.jpg

Drones come in various sizes and are equipped with a variety of specialized detectors and equipment. There are fire-starting drones that help in limiting the damage caused by wildfires. The hobbyist drones are those piloted by the public. The use of these drones over wildfires is prohibited by the authorities in the United States and Canada. These drones hinder the firefighting operations and prevent the agencies from using aerial techniques.{{Cite web|title=Drones and Wildfire {{!}} Department of Forestry and Fire Management|url=https://dffm.az.gov/fire/information/drones-and-wildfire|website=dffm.az.gov|access-date=2020-05-01}}

According to the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG), there are four classifications of UAS, based on their capabilities and functions, for wildland fire management purposes.{{Cite web|title=Unmanned Aircraft Systems use on wildfires - InciWeb the Incident Information System|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6417/49578/|website=inciweb.nwcg.gov|access-date=2020-05-01}} This classification does include specialized aircraft and may not apply to other uses of UAS, such as in military combat. The classifications and their details are as follows:

{{Cite journal|last=NIAC|first=IFUASS|date=2019|title=NWCG Standards for Fire Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations|url=https://www.nwcg.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pms515.pdf|journal=National Wildfire Coordinating Group|pages=2}} {{Refn|group=Note|name=Note 1|The information about types and operational characteristics of UAS is sourced from a NWCG publication, which is under public domain, and can be copied and redistributed as stated on the corresponding reference's page no. 21.}}

• Usually, operated by contractors to provide situational awareness (SA) and incident mapping;
• Generally, operate above all other incident aircraft;
• Assigned Victor (AM) or air-to-ground (FM) frequencies are used for communication with the UAS ground crew;
• Equipped with Mode C transponders;
• Includes Scan Eagle, Aerosonde, and Penguin among others.

• Usually, operated by the agency (NWCG) to conduct tactical SA or map missions around the fireline;
• None are equipped with Automated Flight Following (AFF) equipment
• Assigned FM frequencies are used for communication with the UAS ground crew;
• Not equipped with transponders
• Includes 3DR Solo (RW) and FireFly6 (FW) among others.

Drones assist in wildfire management. Different trees require a unique navigation strategy. Some drones take time to fly through densely covered grounds. Operating drones day and night in harsh weather requires an enormous effort.

A hobbyist drone over a fire puts firefighting risks at a halt and creates a high risk of accidents. Public drones disrupted wildfire operations in several locations."[https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3843411.pdf AGENCIES URGE PUBLIC NOT TO FLY DRONES OVER OR NEAR WILDFIRES TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS AND DISRUPTION OF SUPPRESSION OPERATIONS]." National Interagency Fire Center. Retrieved 2020-05-01. It also forces fire response agencies to ground their aircraft to avoid the potential for a midair collision.{{Cite web|title=Unauthorized Drones Interrupt Efforts to Fight California Wildfire|url=https://weather.com/news/news/2019-11-02-drones-grounded-firefighting-aircraft-maria-fire|website=The Weather Channel|date=2 November 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-01}} There have been more than 100 documented cases of unauthorized drones flying over wildfires. During the Bocco Fire, firefighters had to stop their efforts when an unauthorized civilian drone flew into their airspace.{{cite news |last1=Meyer |first1=Robinson |title=Someone Flew a Drone Too Close to a Wildfire, Again |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/06/dont-fly-drones-into-disasters/562997/ |work=The Atlantic |date=16 June 2018 }} A drone has invaded the airspace above a Minnesota wildfire in each of the last four years since 2016. Interference of public drones create problems for firefighting aircraft, firefighters on the ground, and the public.{{Cite web|title=Keep drones grounded this spring wildfire season: Apr 2, 2020 {{!}} News Release|url=https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/news/2020/04/02/keep-drones-grounded-spring-wildfire-season|website=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=2020-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814053116/https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/news/2020/04/02/keep-drones-grounded-spring-wildfire-season|url-status=dead}}

File:USDA Drone poster.jpg

It is against the law to fly an unauthorized drone near a wildfire, and if caught, the drone could be confiscated by law enforcement, and hefty fines can be imposed in the U.S. Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs) are typically put in place during wildfires. It requires aircraft, manned or unmanned, that are not involved in wildfire suppression operations to obtain permission from fire managers to enter specified airspace. It's a federal crime to interfere with firefighting efforts on public lands, and it can lead to 12 months in prison. Congress has authorized the FAA to impose a civil penalty of up to $20,000 against any drone pilot who interferes with wildfire suppression, law enforcement, or emergency response operations. The FAA treats these violations seriously and will immediately consider swift enforcement action for these offenses.

As per the law, the media is not allowed to fly drones near wildfires and never interfere with aviation operations or firefighting missions. Media personnel needs to have a special approval, and to qualify for the special approval process, the operations must directly support a response, relief, or recovery activity benefiting a critical public good. They should be a part of the existing Part 107 Remote Pilot and have the support of the on-scene commander on the ground before application submission. After receiving approval, the media personnel must work with the on-site authority, and never interfere with aviation operations or firefighting missions.

Australia's Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) has issued a warning about the drone. The action was taken after viewing footage taken during the Blue Mountains fires in the year 2013. It was against the regulations laid down in CASA regulations.

Transport Canada and the British Columbia Wildfire Service banned the use of UAVs or drones near a wildfire.

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