Ductal carcinoma in situ
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ductal carcinoma in situ}}
{{Short description|Pre-cancerous breast lesion}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{update|reason= almost every source in this article is around fifteen years old|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Breast cancer in situ
| synonyms = Intraductal carcinoma
| image = Lobules and ducts of the breast.jpg
| caption = Ducts of the mammary gland, the location of ductal carcinoma
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| field = Oncology
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File:Breast DCIS histopathology (1).jpg
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), also known as intraductal carcinoma, is a pre-cancerous or non-invasive cancerous lesion of the breast.{{cite journal|last1=Sinn|first1=HP|last2=Kreipe|first2=H|title=A Brief Overview of the WHO Classification of Breast Tumors, 4th Edition, Focusing on Issues and Updates from the 3rd Edition.|journal=Breast Care |date=May 2013|volume=8|issue=2|pages=149–154|pmid=24415964|doi=10.1159/000350774|pmc=3683948}}{{cite book|last1=Hindle|first1=William H.|title=Breast Care: A Clinical Guidebook for Women's Primary Health Care Providers|date=1999|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-98348-6|page=129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzhHBl1FI3kC&pg=PA129}} DCIS is classified as Stage 0.{{cite web|url=https://www.breastcancer.org/pathology-report/breast-cancer-stages#section-stage-0-breast-cancer |title=Breast Cancer Stages: Stage 0 breast cancer |website=Breastcancer.org |last=DePolo |first=Jamie |date=13 October 2023}} It rarely produces symptoms or a breast lump that can be felt, typically being detected through screening mammography.{{cite journal |vauthors=Welch HG, Woloshin S, Schwartz LM |title=The sea of uncertainty surrounding ductal carcinoma in situ--the price of screening mammography |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=228–9 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18270336 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djn013 |doi-access= }}{{cite book|editor1-last=Morris|editor1-first=Elizabeth A.|editor2-last=Liberman|editor2-first=Laura|title=Breast MRI: Diagnosis and Intervention|date=2005|publisher=Springer |location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-21997-4|page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hpBzXTFpB8C&pg=PA164}} It has been diagnosed in a significant percentage of men (see male breast cancer).{{cite journal | vauthors = Nofal MN, Yousef AJ | title = The diagnosis of male breast cancer | journal = The Netherlands Journal of Medicine | volume = 77 | issue = 10 | pages = 356–359 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31880271 | doi = | url = }}
In DCIS, abnormal cells are found in the lining of one or more milk ducts in the breast. In situ means "in place" and refers to the fact that the abnormal cells have not moved out of the mammary duct and into any of the surrounding tissues in the breast ("pre-cancerous" indicates that it has not yet become an invasive cancer). In some cases, DCIS may become invasive and spread to other tissues, but there is no way of determining which lesions will remain stable without treatment, and which will go on to become invasive.{{cite journal |last1=Mannu |first1=GS |last2=Wang |first2=Z |last3=Broggio |first3=J |last4=Charman |first4=J |last5=Cheung |first5=S |last6=Kearins |first6=O |last7=Dodwell |first7=D |last8=Darby |first8=SC |title=Invasive breast cancer and breast cancer mortality after ductal carcinoma in situ in women attending for breast screening in England, 1988-2014: population based observational cohort study |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |date=27 May 2020 |volume=369 |pages=m1570 |doi=10.1136/bmj.m1570 |pmid=32461218|pmc=7251423}} DCIS encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from low-grade lesions that are not life-threatening to high-grade (i.e. potentially highly aggressive) lesions.
DCIS has been classified according to the architectural pattern of the cells (solid, cribriform, papillary, and micropapillary), tumor grade (high, intermediate, and low grade), or the presence or absence of comedo histology;{{cite journal |vauthors=Virnig BA, Shamliyan T, Tuttle TM, Kane RL, Wilt TJ |title=Diagnosis and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) |journal=Evidence Report/Technology Assessment | series=AHRQ Publication No.09-E018. |issue=185 |pages=1–549 |date=September 2009 |pmid=20629475 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0005509/ |pmc=4781639}} or, in the case of the apocrine cell-based in situ carcinoma, apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ, it may be classified according to the cell type forming the lesion.{{cite journal | vauthors = Quinn CM, D'Arcy C, Wells C | title = Apocrine lesions of the breast | journal = Virchows Archiv | volume = 480 | issue = 1 | pages = 177–189 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 34537861 | pmc = 8983539 | doi = 10.1007/s00428-021-03185-4 | url = }} DCIS can be detected on mammograms by examining tiny specks of calcium known as microcalcifications. Since suspicious groups of microcalcifications can appear even in the absence of DCIS, a biopsy may be necessary for diagnosis.
About 20–30% of those who do not receive treatment develop breast cancer.{{cite book|editor1-first=Raphael|editor1-last=Rubin|editor2-first=David S.|editor2-last=Strayer|title=Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams and Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-9516-6|page=848|edition=5th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kD9VZ267wDEC&pg=PA848}}{{Cite journal|last1=Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG)|last2=Correa|first2=C.|last3=McGale|first3=P.|last4=Taylor|first4=C.|last5=Wang|first5=Y.|last6=Clarke|first6=M.|last7=Davies|first7=C.|last8=Peto|first8=R.|last9=Bijker|first9=N.|date=2010|title=Overview of the randomized trials of radiotherapy in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs|volume=2010|issue=41|pages=162–177|doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq039|issn=1745-6614|pmc=5161078|pmid=20956824}} DCIS is the most common type of pre-cancer in women. There is some disagreement on its status as cancer; some bodies include DCIS when calculating breast cancer statistics, while others do not.{{cite web|title=Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page1/AllPages#4|website=NCI|access-date=19 June 2014|date=11 April 2014}}{{cite web|title=Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page5/AllPages#Section_73|website=NCI|access-date=19 June 2014|date=January 1980}}
Terminology
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) literally means groups of "cancerous" epithelial cells which remain in their normal location (in situ) within the ducts and lobules of the mammary gland.{{cite journal |author=Allred DC |title=Ductal carcinoma in situ: terminology, classification, and natural history |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs |volume=2010 |issue=41 |pages=134–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20956817 |doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq035 |url= |pmc=5161057}} Clinically, DCIS is considered to be a premalignant (i.e. potentially malignant) condition,{{cite book|editor1-first=David|editor1-last=Hui|editor2-first=Alexander A.|editor2-last=Leung|editor3-first=Raj|editor3-last=Padwal|title=Approach to Internal Medicine: A Resource Book for Clinical Practice|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4419-6505-9|page=198|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnXNpj5ZzKMC&pg=PA189}} because the biologically abnormal cells have not yet crossed the basement membrane to invade the surrounding tissue.{{cite book| last1=Tjandra | first1=Joe J. | last2=Collins | first2=John P. | chapter=Breast surgery |title=Textbook of surgery | editor=Tjandra| date=2006|publisher=Blackwell Pub.|location=Malden, Mass.|isbn=9780470757796|page=282|edition=3rd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PxCCh8D4r4C&pg=PA282|display-editors=etal}} When multiple lesions (known as "foci" of DCIS) are present in different quadrants of the breast, this is referred to as "multicentric" disease.
For statistical purposes, DCIS is sometimes counted as a "cancer", but this is not always the case.{{cite book|editor1-first=Alfred E.|editor1-last=Chang|editor2-first=Patricia A.|editor2-last=Ganz|editor3-first=Daniel F.|editor3-last=Hayes|display-editors=etal|title=Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach| date=2007| publisher=Springer| isbn=978-0-387-31056-5|page=162| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxh6u1-ETk0C&pg=PA162}} When classified as a cancer, it is referred to as a "non-invasive" or "pre-invasive" form.{{cite book|editor1-last=Saclarides |editor1-first=Theodore J. |editor2-first=Jonathan A. |editor2-last=Myers |editor3-first=Keith W. |editor3-last=Millikan |title=Common Surgical Diseases: An Algorithmic Approach to Problem Solving|date=2008|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-75246-4|edition=2nd revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysPs3kwe0h0C&pg=PA347}} It is described by the National Cancer Institute as a "noninvasive condition".
Signs and symptoms
File:Diagram showing ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) CRUK 115.svg
File:Nci-vol-4353-300 ductal carcinoma in situ.jpg
Most of the women who develop DCIS do not experience any symptoms. The majority of cases (80-85%) are detected through screening mammography. The first signs and symptoms may appear if the cancer advances. Because of the lack of early symptoms, DCIS is most often detected at screening mammography.
In a few cases, DCIS may cause:
- A lump or thickening in or near the breast or under the arm
- A change in the size or shape of the breast
- Nipple discharge or nipple tenderness; the nipple may also be inverted, or pulled back into the breast
- Ridges or pitting of the breast; the skin may look like the skin of an orange
- A change in the way the skin of the breast, areola, or nipple looks or feels{{cite web|url=http://www.novartisoncology.us/education/diseases-conditions/oncology/breast-cancer-symptoms.jsp| title=Breast Cancer|access-date=28 June 2010}} such as warmth, swelling, redness or scaliness.{{cite web|url=http://www.ucsfhealth.org/adult/medical_services/cancer/breast/conditions/breastcancer/signs.html| title=Signs and Symptoms|access-date=28 June 2010}}
Causes
The specific causes of DCIS are still unknown. The risk factors for developing this condition are similar to those for invasive breast cancer.{{cite web|url=http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertypes/Breastfemale/Aboutbreastcancer/Typesandrelatedconditions/DCIS.aspx#DynamicJumpMenuManager_6_Anchor_3|title=After the mammogram|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407151609/http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertypes/Breastfemale/Aboutbreastcancer/Typesandrelatedconditions/DCIS.aspx#DynamicJumpMenuManager_6_Anchor_3|archive-date=7 April 2010|url-status=dead}}
Some women are however more prone than others to developing DCIS. Women considered at higher risks are those who have a family history of breast cancer, those who have had their periods at an early age or who have had a late menopause. Also, women who have never had children or had them late in life are also more likely to get this condition.
Long-term use of estrogen-progestin hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for more than five years after menopause, genetic mutations (BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes), atypical hyperplasia, as well as radiation exposure or exposure to certain chemicals may also contribute in the development of the condition.{{cite web|url=http://www.intraductalcarcinoma.net/|title=Intraductal Carcinoma of the Breast|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611010237/http://www.intraductalcarcinoma.net/|archive-date=11 June 2010|url-status=dead}} Nonetheless, the risk of developing noninvasive cancer increases with age and it is higher in women older than 45 years.
Diagnosis
80% of cases in the United States are detected by mammography screening.{{cite web|title=Ductal Carcinoma In Situ|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page4|website=cancer.gov|access-date=5 March 2015|date=9 January 2015}} More definitive diagnosis is made by breast biopsy for histopathology.
File:Mammogram microcalcifications in carcinoma in situ, CC, details.png|Mammogram microcalcifications in ductal carcinoma in situ
File:Histopathology of dystrophic microcalcifications in ductal carcinoma in situ.jpg|Histopathology of dystrophic microcalcifications in DCIS, H&E stain.
File:Histopathologic architectural patterns of DCIS.png|Histopathologic architectural patterns of DCIS.Top and bottom left images by Mikael Häggström, MD. Bottom right image from:
{{cite journal| last1=Kulka|first1=J.|last2=Madaras|first2=L.|last3=Floris|first3=G.|last4=Lax|first4=S.F.| title=Papillary lesions of the breast. | journal=Virchows Arch | year= 2022 | volume= 480 | issue= 1 | pages= 65–84 | pmid=34734332 | doi=10.1007/s00428-021-03182-7 | pmc=8983543 }}
- "This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License"
File:Histopathology of high-grade DCIS.png|Histopathology of high-grade DCIS. H&E stain.
RBC = red blood cell.Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. References for features:
- {{cite web|url=http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/dcis/grading.html|title=Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast|website=Stanford Medical School|date=27 August 2020|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330134050/https://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/dcis/grading.html|url-status=dead}}
- {{cite journal| last1=Hayward|first1=M.K.|last2=Louise Jones|first2=J.|last3=Hall|first3=A.|last4=King|first4=L.|last5=Ironside|first5=A.J.|last6=Nelson|first6=A.C.| display-authors=etal| title=Derivation of a nuclear heterogeneity image index to grade DCIS. | journal=Comput Struct Biotechnol J | year= 2020 | volume= 18 | issue= | pages= 4063–4070 | pmid=33363702 | doi=10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.040 | pmc=7744935 }}
File:Histopathology of microinvasive ductal carcinoma in situ.png|DCIS with microinvasion, defined as focus of invasive cancer measuring up to 1.0 mm in size.Image annotation by Mikael Häggström, MD, using source image from:
{{cite journal| author=Moatasim A, Mamoon N| title=Primary Breast Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma and Review of Literature. | journal=Cureus | year= 2022 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= e23098 | pmid=35464581 | doi=10.7759/cureus.23098 | doi-access=free | pmc=8997314 }}
- "This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0."
Source for microinvasion: {{cite web|url=https://documents.cap.org/protocols/Breast.DCIS_4.4.0.0.REL_CAPCP.pdf|title=Protocol for the Examination of Resection Specimens from Patients with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) of the Breast, Version: 4.4.0.0. Protocol Posting Date: June 2021|website=College of American Pathologists}}
File:Immunohistochemistry with calponin in ductal carcinoma in situ.jpg|Immunohistochemistry for calponin in ductal carcinoma in situ, highlighting myoepithelial cells around all tumor cells, thereby ruling out invasive ductal carcinoma.
File:Histopathology of ductal carcinoma in situ with comedo necrosis.jpg|Ductal carcinoma in situ with comedo necrosis spanning 30% of its diameter, which is generally regarded as the minimal size to classify it as comedo.Image by Mikael Häggström, MD.
- Reference for 30% being the most common definition of comedo necrosis by size:
- {{cite journal| last1=Harrison|first1=B.T.|last2=Hwang|first2=E.S.|last3=Partridge|first3=A.H.|last4=Thompson|first4=A.M.|last5=Schnitt|first5=S.J.| title=Variability in diagnostic threshold for comedo necrosis among breast pathologists: implications for patient eligibility for active surveillance trials of ductal carcinoma in situ. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2019 | volume= 32 | issue= 9 | pages= 1257–1262 | pmid=30980039 | doi=10.1038/s41379-019-0262-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30980039 }}
Treatment
There are different opinions on the best treatment of DCIS.{{cite journal|last1=Mannu|first1=Gurdeep S.|last2=Bettencourt-Silva|first2=Joao H.|last3=Ahmed|first3=Farid|last4=Cunnick|first4=Giles|title=A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey of UK Breast Surgeons' Views on the Management of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ|journal=International Journal of Breast Cancer|date=2015|volume=2015|pages=104231|doi=10.1155/2015/104231|pmid=26697227|pmc=4677188|doi-access=free }} Surgical removal, with or without additional radiation therapy or tamoxifen, is the recommended treatment for DCIS by the National Cancer Institute.{{Cite web|url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page4|title = Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Treatment Options for Patients With DCIS|date = 11 July 2014|website = National Cancer Institute at NIH|publisher = National Institutes of Health}} Surgery may be either a breast-conserving lumpectomy or a mastectomy (complete or partial removal of the affected breast).{{cite journal|title=Treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ: an uncertain harm-benefit balance.|journal=Prescrire Int|date=Dec 2013|volume=22|issue=144|pages=298–303|pmid=24600734}} If a lumpectomy is used it is often combined with radiation therapy. Tamoxifen may be used as hormonal therapy if the cells show estrogen receptor positivity. Research shows that survival is the same with lumpectomy as it is with mastectomy, whether or not a woman has radiation after lumpectomy.{{Cite journal|last1=J|first1=Cuzick|last2=I|first2=Sestak|last3=Se|first3=Pinder|last4=Io|first4=Ellis|last5=S|first5=Forsyth|last6=Nj|first6=Bundred|last7=Jf|first7=Forbes|last8=H|first8=Bishop|last9=Is|first9=Fentiman|date=January 2011|title=Effect of Tamoxifen and Radiotherapy in Women With Locally Excised Ductal Carcinoma in Situ: Long-Term Results From the UK/ANZ DCIS Trial|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=21–9|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70266-7|pmc=3018565|pmid=21145284}} Chemotherapy is not needed for DCIS since the disease is noninvasive.[http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/avon_foundation_breast_center/breast_cancers_other_conditions/ductal_carcinoma_in_situ.html Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424115935/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/avon_foundation_breast_center/breast_cancers_other_conditions/ductal_carcinoma_in_situ.html |date=24 April 2015 }}, Johns Hopkins Medicine
While surgery reduces the risk of subsequent cancer, many people never develop cancer even without treatment and the associated side effects. There is no evidence comparing surgery with watchful waiting and some feel watchful waiting may be a reasonable option in certain cases.
=Radiation therapy=
Use of radiation therapy after lumpectomy provides equivalent survival rates to mastectomy, although there is a slightly higher risk of recurrent disease in the same breast in the form of further DCIS or invasive breast cancer. Systematic reviews (including a Cochrane review) indicate that the addition of radiation therapy to lumpectomy reduces recurrence of DCIS or later onset of invasive breast cancer in comparison with breast-conserving surgery alone, without affecting mortality.{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodwin A, Parker S, Ghersi D, Wilcken N |title=Post-operative radiotherapy for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=11 |issue= 11|pages=CD000563 |year=2013 |pmid=24259251 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000563.pub7 |pmc=11926951 }}{{cite journal|title=Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a systematic review of incidence, treatment, and outcomes|year=2010|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |pmid=20071685|doi=10.1093/jnci/djp482| last1=Virnig| first1=BA| last2=Tuttle| first2=TM| last3=Shamliyan| first3=T| last4=Kane| first4=RL| volume=102| issue=3| pages=170–8| doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Correa |first1=C. |last2=McGale |first2=P. |last3=Taylor |first3=C. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |last5=Clarke |first5=M. |last6=Davies |first6=C. |last7=Peto |first7=R. |last8=Bijker |first8=N. |last9=Solin |first9=L. |last10=Darby |first10=S. |last11=Darby |first11=S |title=Overview of the randomized trials of radiotherapy in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs |date=2010 |volume=2010 |issue=41 |pages=162–177 |doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq039 |pmid=20956824 |issn=1745-6614|pmc=5161078 }} The Cochrane review did not find any evidence that the radiation therapy had any long-term toxic effects. While the authors caution that longer follow-up will be required before a definitive conclusion can be reached regarding long-term toxicity, they point out that ongoing technical improvements should further restrict radiation exposure in healthy tissues. They do recommend that comprehensive information on potential side effects is given to women who receive this treatment. The addition of radiation therapy to lumpectomy appears to reduce the risk of local recurrence to approximately 12%, of which approximately half will be DCIS and half will be invasive breast cancer; the risk of recurrence is 1% for women undergoing mastectomy.{{cite web| url = http://consensus.nih.gov/2009/dcisstatement.htm| title = NIH DCIS Consensus Conference Statement| publisher = National Institutes of Health| date = September 2009| access-date = 19 June 2014| archive-date = 13 August 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813231503/http://consensus.nih.gov/2009/dcisstatement.htm| url-status = dead}}
=Mastectomy=
There is no evidence that mastectomy decreases the risk of death over a lumpectomy. Mastectomy, however, may decrease the rate of the DCIS or invasive cancer occurring in the same location.{{cite journal|last1=Virnig|first1=BA|last2=Shamliyan|first2=T|last3=Tuttle|first3=TM|last4=Kane|first4=RL|last5=Wilt|first5=TJ|title=Diagnosis and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).|journal=Evidence Report/Technology Assessment|date=September 2009|issue=185|page=4|pmid=20629475|quote=They found women undergoing mastectomy were less likely than women undergoing lumpectomy plus radiation to experience local DCIS or invasive recurrence. Women undergoing BCS alone were also more likely to experience a local recurrence than women treated with mastectomy. We found no study showing a mortality reduction associated with mastectomy over breast conserving surgery with or without radiation |pmc=4781639}}
Mastectomies remain a common recommendation in those with persistent microscopic involvement of margins after local excision or with a diagnosis of DCIS and evidence of suspicious, diffuse microcalcifications.{{cite web|url=http://www.meds.com/pdq/breast_pro.html#7|title=Intraductal carcinoma|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410142005/http://www.meds.com/pdq/breast_pro.html#7|archive-date=10 April 2016|url-status=dead}}
=Sentinel node biopsy=
Some institutions that have encountered high rates of recurrent invasive cancers after mastectomy for DCIS have endorsed routine sentinel node biopsy (SNB).{{cite journal |vauthors=Tan JC, McCready DR, Easson AM, Leong WL |title=Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in ductal carcinoma-in-situ treated by mastectomy |journal=Annals of Surgical Oncology |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=638–45 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17103256 |doi=10.1245/s10434-006-9211-9|s2cid=1924867 }} However, research indicates that sentinel node biopsy has risks that outweigh the benefits for most women with DCIS.{{Cite journal|last1=Hung|first1=Peiyin|last2=Wang|first2=Shi-Yi|last3=Killelea|first3=Brigid K.|last4=Mougalian|first4=Sarah S.|last5=Evans|first5=Suzanne B.|last6=Sedghi|first6=Tannaz|last7=Gross|first7=Cary P.|date=1 December 2019|title=Long-Term Outcomes of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Ductal Carcinoma in Situ|url= |journal=JNCI Cancer Spectrum|volume=3|issue=4|pages=pkz052|doi=10.1093/jncics/pkz052|pmid=32337481|pmc=7049982|doi-access=free}} SNB should be considered with tissue diagnosis of high-risk DCIS (grade III with palpable mass or larger size on imaging) as well as in people undergoing mastectomy after a core or excisional biopsy diagnosis of DCIS.{{cite journal |last1=Mannu |first1=GS |last2=Groen |first2=EJ |last3=Wang |first3=Z |last4=Schaapveld |first4=M |last5=Lips |first5=EH |last6=Chung |first6=M |last7=Joore |first7=I |last8=van Leeuwen |first8=FE |last9=Teertstra |first9=HJ |last10=Winter-Warnars |first10=GAO |last11=Darby |first11=SC |last12=Wesseling |first12=J |title=Reliability of preoperative breast biopsies showing ductal carcinoma in situ and implications for non-operative treatment: a cohort study. |journal=Breast Cancer Research and Treatment |date=November 2019 |volume=178 |issue=2 |pages=409–418 |doi=10.1007/s10549-019-05362-1 |pmid=31388937|pmc=6797705 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=van Deurzen CH, Hobbelink MG, van Hillegersberg R, van Diest PJ |title=Is there an indication for sentinel node biopsy in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast? A review |journal=European Journal of Cancer |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=993–1001 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17300928 |doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.010}}
Prognosis
With treatment, the prognosis is excellent, with greater than 97% long-term survival. If untreated, DCIS progresses to invasive cancer in roughly one-third of cases, usually in the same breast and quadrant as the earlier DCIS.{{Cite book|title=Breast|last=Basic Pathology|first=Robbins|publisher=Copyright © 2018 by Elsevier Inc|year=2018|isbn=978-0-323-35317-5|pages=743}} About 2% of women who are diagnosed with this condition and treated died within 10 years. Biomarkers can identify which women who were initially diagnosed with DCIS are at high or low risk of subsequent invasive cancer.{{Cite journal | last1 = Kerlikowske | first1 = K.| last2 = Molinaro | first2 = A. M.| last3 = Gauthier | first3 = M. L.| last4 = Berman | first4 = H. K. | last5 = Waldman | first5 = F.| last6 = Bennington | first6 = J.| last7 = Sanchez | first7 = H.| last8 = Jimenez | first8 = C.| last9 = Stewart | first9 = K.|display-authors=9| issue = 9| pages = 627–637| volume = 102 | last10 = Chew| journal = JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute | first10 = K.| year = 2010 | last11 = Ljung| pmid = 20427430 | first11 = B. M. | last12 = Tlsty | first12 = T. D.| title = Biomarker Expression and Risk of Subsequent Tumors After Initial Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Diagnosis| pmc = 2864293 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/djq101}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Witkiewicz AK, Dasgupta A, Nguyen KH, etal |title=Stromal caveolin-1 levels predict early DCIS progression to invasive breast cancer |journal=Cancer Biology & Therapy |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=1071–1079 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19502809 |url=http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/cbt/abstract.php?id=8874 |doi=10.4161/cbt.8.11.8874|doi-access=free }}
Epidemiology
File:Pie chart of incidence and prognosis of histopathologic breast cancer types.png
DCIS is often detected with mammographies but can rarely be felt. With the increasing use of screening mammography, noninvasive cancers are more frequently diagnosed and now constitute 15% to 20% of all breast cancers.
Cases of DCIS have increased five-fold between 1983 and 2003 in the United States due to the introduction of screening mammography.{{cite journal|last1=Kerlikowske|first1=K|title=Epidemiology of ductal carcinoma in situ.|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs|date=2010|volume=2010|issue=41|pages=139–41|pmid=20956818|doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq027|pmc=5161058}} In 2009 about 62,000 cases were diagnosed.
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References
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External links
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{{Breast neoplasia}}