Orange (fruit)

The orange tree is a relatively small evergreen, flowering tree, with an average height of {{cvt|9|to|10|m}}, although some very old specimens can reach {{cvt|15|m}}.{{cite book |editor-last1=Webber |editor-first1=Herbert John |editor-last2=rev Walter Reuther and Harry W. Lawton |last=Hodgson |first=Willard |chapter=Chapter 4: Horticultural Varieties of Citrus |title=The Citrus Industry |publisher=University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences |year=1967–1989 |orig-year=1943 |location=Riverside, California |chapter-url=http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205061009/http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html |archive-date=2012-02-05}} Its oval leaves, which are alternately arranged, are {{convert|4|to|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and have crenulate margins.{{cite web |url=http://www.eol.org/pages/582206 |title=Sweet Orange – Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro. sp.) – Overview – Encyclopedia of Life |website=Encyclopedia of Life |access-date=2011-01-18 |archive-date=2010-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204135918/http://www.eol.org/pages/582206 |url-status=live }} Sweet oranges grow in a range of different sizes, and shapes varying from spherical to oblong. Inside and attached to the rind is a porous white tissue, the white, bitter mesocarp or albedo (pith).{{cite web |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/pith |title=Pith dictionary definition – pith defined |website=www.yourdictionary.com |access-date=2011-01-17 |archive-date=2011-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512173111/http://www.yourdictionary.com/pith |url-status=live }} The orange contains a number of distinct carpels (segments or pigs, botanically the fruits) inside, typically about ten, each delimited by a membrane and containing many juice-filled vesicles and usually a few pips. When unripe, the fruit is green. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non-climacteric, not ripening off the tree. The Citrus sinensis group is subdivided into four classes with distinct characteristics: common oranges, blood or pigmented oranges, navel oranges, and acidless oranges.{{cite book |last=Kimball |first=Dan A. |title=Citrus processing: a complete guide |publisher=Springer |edition=2d |date=June 30, 1999 |location=New York |page=450 |isbn=978-0-8342-1258-9}}{{cite web |last1=Webber |first1=Herbert John |last2=Reuther |first2=Walter |last3=Lawton |first3=Harry W. |title=The Citrus Industry |publisher=University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences |year=1967–1989 |orig-year=1903 |location=Riverside, California |url=http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604204203/http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-06-04}} The fruit is a hesperidium, a modified berry; it is covered by a rind formed by a rugged thickening of the ovary wall.Bailey, H. and Bailey, E. (1976). Hortus Third. Cornell University MacMillan. N.Y. p. 275.{{cite web |url=http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_4_seeds_fruits/Seeds_and_Fruits.html |title=Seed and Fruits |website=esu.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114115047/http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_4_seeds_fruits/Seeds_and_Fruits.html |archive-date=2010-11-14}}

File:Orange Blossom.JPG|Flowers

File:Orange tree fruiting.jpg|Fruit starting to develop

File:OrangeBloss wb.jpg|Flowers and fruit simultaneously

File:Laranxeira Naranjo GFDL.JPG|Mature tree in Galicia, Spain, fruiting in November

File:Structure of an orange.svg|Structure of the botanical hesperidium

Citrus trees are angiosperms, and most species are almost entirely interfertile. This includes grapefruits, lemons, limes, oranges, and many citrus hybrids. As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hybrids and cultivars, and bud mutations have also been selected, citrus taxonomy has proven difficult.{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s001220051419 |title=Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers |year=2000 |last1=Nicolosi |first1=E. |last2=Deng |first2=Z. N. |last3=Gentile |first3=A. |last4=La Malfa |first4=S. |last5=Continella |first5=G. |last6=Tribulato |first6=E. |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |volume=100 |issue=8 |pages=1155–1166 |s2cid=24057066 }}

The sweet orange, Citrus x sinensis,{{cite web |url=https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CISI3 |title=Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) (maxima × reticulata) sweet orange |work=Plants.USDA.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512023634/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CISI3 |archive-date=May 12, 2011 }} is not a wild fruit, but arose in domestication in East Asia. It originated in a region encompassing Southern China, Northeast India,{{cite book |title=Fruits of Warm Climates |last=Morton |first=Julia F. |year=1987 |pages=134–142 |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/orange.html |access-date=2020-05-05 |archive-date=2019-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526032938/https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/orange.html |url-status=live }} and Myanmar.{{cite book |last1=Talon |first1=Manuel |last2=Caruso |first2=Marco |last3=Gmitter |first3=Fred G. Jr. |title=The Genus Citrus |year=2020 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |page=17 |isbn=978-0128122174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dslaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |access-date=2020-05-05 |archive-date=2024-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316051931/https://books.google.com/books?id=dslaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}

The fruit was created as a cross between a non-pure mandarin orange and a hybrid pomelo that had a substantial mandarin component.{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ng.2472 |volume=45 |title=The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) |journal=Nature Genetics |pages=59–66 |pmid=23179022 |date=Jan 2013 |last1=Xu |first1=Q. |last2=Chen |first2=L.L. |last3=Ruan |first3=X. |last4=Chen |first4=D. |last5=Zhu |first5=A. |last6=Chen |first6=C. |last7=Bertrand |first7=D. |last8=Jiao |first8=W.B. |last9=Hao |first9=B.H. |last10=Lyon |first10=M.P. |last11=Chen |first11=J. |last12=Gao |first12=S. |display-authors=6 |issue=1 |doi-access=free }}{{cite thesis |title=Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos |year=2013 |last=Andrés García Lor |url=https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versi%C3%B3n3.Tesis%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Garc%C3%ADa-Lor.pdf |page=79 |access-date=2015-04-24 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225034715/https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versi%C3%B3n3.Tesis%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Garc%C3%ADa-Lor.pdf |url-status=live }} Since its chloroplast DNA is that of pomelo, it was likely the hybrid pomelo, perhaps a pomelo BC1 backcross, that was the maternal parent of the first orange.{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nbt.2954 |volume=32 |issue=7 |title=A genealogy of the citrus family |journal=Nature Biotechnology |pages=640–642 |pmid=25004231 |last1=Velasco |first1=R. |last2=Licciardello |first2=C. |year=2014 |s2cid=9357494 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |title=Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pomelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication |journal=Nature Biotechnology |last=Wu |first=G. Albert |volume=32 |issue=7 |doi=10.1038/nbt.2906 |pages=656–662 |pmid=24908277 |pmc=4113729 |year=2014 }} Based on genomic analysis, the relative proportions of the ancestral species in the sweet orange are approximately 42% pomelo and 58% mandarin.{{cite journal |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |last2=Terol |first2=Javier |last3=Ibanez |first3=Victoria |last4=López-García |first4=Antonio |last5=Pérez-Román |first5=Estela |last6=Borredá |first6=Carles |last7=Domingo |first7=Concha |last8=Tadeo |first8=Francisco R. |last9=Carbonell-Caballero |first9=Jose |last10=Alonso |first10=Roberto |last11=Curk |first11=Franck |last12=Du |first12=Dongliang |last13=Ollitrault |first13=Patrick |last14=Roose |first14=Mikeal L. Roose |last15=Dopazo |first15=Joaquin |last16=Gmitter Jr |first16=Frederick G. |last17=Rokhsar |first17=Daniel |last18=Talon |first18=Manuel |display-authors=6 |journal=Nature |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free}} and Supplement All varieties of the sweet orange descend from this prototype cross, differing only by mutations selected for during agricultural propagation. Sweet oranges have a distinct origin from the bitter orange, which arose independently, perhaps in the wild, from a cross between pure mandarin and pomelo parents.

Sweet oranges have in turn given rise to many further hybrids including the grapefruit, which arose from a sweet orange x pomelo backcross. Spontaneous and engineered backcrosses between the sweet orange and mandarin oranges or tangerines have produced the clementine and murcott. The ambersweet is a complex sweet orange x (Orlando tangelo x clementine) hybrid.{{cite journal |last1=Bai |first1=Jinhe |last2=Baldwin |first2=Elizabeth B. |last3=Hearn |first3=Jake |last4=Driggers |first4=Randy |last5=Stover |first5=Ed |title=Volatile Profile Comparison of USDA Sweet Orange-like Hybrids versus 'Hamlin' and 'Ambersweet' |year=2014 |journal=HortScience |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1262–1267 |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/49/10/1262.full |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.49.10.1262 |doi-access=free |access-date=2018-03-18 |archive-date=2016-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721041615/http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/49/10/1262.full |url-status=live }} The citranges are a group of sweet orange x trifoliate orange (Citrus trifoliata) hybrids.{{cite web |title=Trifoliate hybrids |url=http://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/trifoliatehybrids.html |website=University of California at Riverside, Givaudan Citrus Variety Collection |accessdate=15 March 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120113508/https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/trifoliatehybrids.html |url-status=live }}

File:Hybrid origins of orange.svg of mandarin and pomelo.]]

{{further|Arab Agricultural Revolution}}

File:Bayad-wa-riyadبياض-و-رياض-.jpg spread citrus fruits as far as the Iberian Peninsula. Page from the Hadith Bayad wa Riyad, 13th century]]

In Europe, the Moors introduced citrus fruits including the bitter orange, lemon, and lime to Al-Andalus in the Iberian Peninsula during the Arab Agricultural Revolution.{{cite journal |last=Watson |first=Andrew M. |year=1974 |title=The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=8–35 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700079602 |jstor=2116954|s2cid=154359726 }} Large-scale cultivation started in the 10th century, as evidenced by complex irrigation techniques specifically adapted to support orange orchards.{{cite web |last=Trillo San José |first=Carmen |title=Water and landscape in Granada |url=http://canal.ugr.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/science-news-ugr/social-economic-and-legal-sciences/sugar-cane-cumin-and-orange-grove-crops-were-adapted-in-alandalus-from-the-10th-century/ |date=1 September 2003 |publisher=University of Granada |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308071051/http://canal.ugr.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/science-news-ugr/social-economic-and-legal-sciences/sugar-cane-cumin-and-orange-grove-crops-were-adapted-in-alandalus-from-the-10th-century/ |url-status=live }} Citrus fruits—among them the bitter orange—were introduced to Sicily in the 9th century during the period of the Emirate of Sicily, but the sweet orange was unknown there until the late 15th century or the beginnings of the 16th century, when Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange trees into the Mediterranean area.

Shortly afterward, the sweet orange quickly was adopted as an edible fruit. It was considered a luxury food grown by wealthy people in private conservatories, called orangeries. By 1646, the sweet orange was well known throughout Europe; it went on to become the most often cultivated of all fruit trees. Louis XIV of France had a great love of orange trees and built the grandest of all royal Orangeries at the Palace of Versailles.{{cite book |last=Leroux |first=Jean-Baptiste |title=The Gardens of Versailles |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2002 |page=368}} At Versailles, potted orange trees in solid silver tubs were placed throughout the rooms of the palace, while the Orangerie allowed year-round cultivation of the fruit to supply the court. When Louis condemned his finance minister, Nicolas Fouquet, in 1664, part of the treasures that he confiscated were over 1,000 orange trees from Fouquet's estate at Vaux-le-Vicomte.{{cite book |last=Mitford |first=Nancy |author-link=Nancy Mitford |title=The Sun King |publisher=Sphere Books |year=1966 |page=11}}

{{further|Columbian exchange}}

Spanish travelers introduced the sweet orange to the American continent. On his second voyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus may have planted the fruit on Hispaniola.{{cite web |last=Sauls |first=Julian W. |title=Home Fruit Production – Oranges |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/oranges.htm |publisher=Texas A&M University |access-date=30 November 2012 |date=December 1998 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510155730/https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/oranges.htm |url-status=live }} Subsequent expeditions in the mid-1500s brought sweet oranges to South America and Mexico, and to Florida in 1565, when Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded St Augustine. Spanish missionaries brought orange trees to Arizona between 1707 and 1710, while the Franciscans did the same in San Diego, California, in 1769. Archibald Menzies, the botanist on the Vancouver Expedition, collected orange seeds in South Africa, raised the seedlings on board, and gave them to several Hawaiian chiefs in 1792. The sweet orange came to be grown across the Hawaiian Islands, but its cultivation stopped after the arrival of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the early 1900s.{{cite web |last1=Mau |first1=Ronald |last2=Kessing |first2=Jayma Martin |title=Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |publisher=University of Hawaii |access-date=5 December 2012 |date=April 2007 |archive-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718012506/http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |url-status=live }} Florida farmers obtained seeds from New Orleans around 1872, after which orange groves were established by grafting the sweet orange on to sour orange rootstocks.

Citrus cultivation in California began with the Spanish missionaries, who planted oranges and lemons at Baja California around 1739 and at Alta California missions by 1769. Early fruit was thick-skinned and sour, not suited for commercial markets. The first sizable grove was established at Mission San Gabriel in 1804, with about 400 trees on six acres. This mission-based agriculture ended with secularization which closed the missions and gave away their lands in 1835. Jean-Louis Vignes likely planted the first private orange grove in Los Angeles in 1834. William Wolfskill planted his orchard in Los Angeles in 1841. By 1862, his orchards held two-thirds of the state's orange trees. The California gold rush (from 1849) increased demand for oranges, especially for their vitamin C, which helped prevent scurvy among miners. This spurred gradual expansion of orchards. In the early 1870s, Wolfskill’s reported profits of $1,000 per acre attracted Midwestern farmers to citrus growing, especially in Orange County. James D. Hart, A Companion to California (1987). p. 91. Ching Lee, "The history of citrus in California" California Bountiful (2022) [https://www.californiabountiful.com/magazine-features/magazine-issues/marchapril-2010/the-history-of-citrus-in-california/ online]

The 1870s saw the introduction of improved fruit varieties. In 1873, navel orange plants from Brazil were distributed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Luther C. Tibbets and Eliza Tibbets successfully cultivated these in Riverside, leading to widespread planting of the sweet, seedless navel orange, which became the backbone of the California citrus industry. The Valencia orange, introduced in 1876, matured in summer and fall, complementing the winter-ripening navel and providing oranges year-round. The completion of major railroads (Southern Pacific in 1877, and the Santa Fe in 1885) and the introduction of ventilated boxcars revolutionized distribution, opening national markets and triggering a planting frenzy in southern California. By 1885, the number of citrus trees in California had grown from 90,000 (in 1875) to 2 million, and to 4.5 million by 1901.Clifford M. Zierer, "The citrus fruit industry of the Los Angeles basin." Economic Geography 10.1 (1934): 53-73. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/140629 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026073308/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/140629 |date=2017-10-26 }}Daniel Geisseler, and William R. Horwath, "Citrus production in California." (2016), [https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Citrus_Production_CA.pdf online]

The 1890s brought pest control advances (spraying, fumigation) and frost protection (heaters, later wind machines). The University of California established its Citrus Experiment Station in 1907, supporting research and innovation. Cooperative marketing emerged with the formation of the California Fruit Growers Exchange in 1905, later known as Sunkist Growers Inc., which helped standardize and market California citrus worldwide. By the 1980s, California was the second largest orange producer in the U.S., after Florida.Lee, "The history of citrus in California"Ronald Tobey, and Charles Wetherell, "The Citrus Industry and the Revolution of Corporate Capitalism in Southern California, 1887-1944." California History 74.1 (1995): 6-21. {{JSTOR|25177466}}

{{main|Orange (word)|l1=Orange (word)}}

The word "orange" derives from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नारङ्ग}} ({{transliteration|sa|nāraṅga}}), meaning 'orange tree'. The Sanskrit word reached European languages through Persian {{lang|fa|نارنگ}} ({{transliteration|fa|nārang}}) and its Arabic derivative {{lang|ar|نارنج}} ({{transliteration|ar|nāranj}}).{{cite web |title=orange (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/orange |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221041826/https://www.etymonline.com/word/orange |url-status=live }} The word entered Late Middle English in the 14th century via Old French {{lang|fro|pomme d'orenge}}.{{cite web |title=Definition of orange |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/orange?q=orange |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511044657/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/orange?q=orange |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 11, 2013 |publisher=OED online (www.oxforddictionaries.com)}} Other forms include Old Provençal {{lang|pro|auranja}},{{cite web |title=Definition of orange |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/orange?showCookiePolicy=true |publisher=Collins English Dictionary (collinsdictionary.com) |access-date=2012-12-05 |archive-date=2013-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403180939/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/orange?showCookiePolicy=true |url-status=live }} Italian arancia, formerly narancia. In several languages, the initial n present in earlier forms of the word dropped off because it may have been mistaken as part of an indefinite article ending in an n sound. In French, for example, {{lang|fr|une norenge}} may have been heard as {{lang|fr|une orenge}}. This linguistic change is called juncture loss. The color was named after the fruit,{{cite book |last=Paterson |first=Ian |title=A Dictionary of Colour: A Lexicon of the Language of Colour |edition=1st paperback |year=2003 |publication-date=2004 |publisher=Thorogood |location=London |isbn=978-1-85418-375-0 |oclc=60411025 |page=280}} with the first recorded use of orange as a color name in English in 1512.{{cite OED |term=orange colour |id=132168}}{{Citation |last1=Maerz |first1=Aloys John |last2=Morris |first2=Rea Paul |title=A Dictionary of Color |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1930 |page=200}}

File:Orange etymology.svg

{{Infobox nutritional value

|name =Oranges, raw,
all commercial varieties

|kJ =197

|protein =0.94 g

|water =86.75 g

|fat =0.12 g

|carbs =11.75 g

|fiber =2.4 g

|sugars =9.35 g

|calcium_mg =40

|iron_mg =0.1

|magnesium_mg =10

|phosphorus_mg=14

|potassium_mg =181

|zinc_mg =0.07

|manganese_mg =0.025

|vitC_mg =53.2

|thiamin_mg =0.087

|riboflavin_mg=0.04

|niacin_mg =0.282

|pantothenic_mg=0.25

|vitB6_mg =0.06

|folate_ug =30

|choline_mg =8.4

|vitA_ug =11

|vitE_mg =0.18

|source_usda =1

|note =[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/169097/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]

}}

Orange flesh is 87% water, 12% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (see table). As a 100-gram reference amount, orange flesh provides 47 calories, and is a rich source of vitamin C, providing 64% of the Daily Value. No other micronutrients are present in significant amounts (see table).

Oranges contain diverse phytochemicals, including carotenoids (beta-carotene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin), flavonoids (e.g. naringenin){{cite journal |last1=Aschoff |first1=Julian K. |last2=Kaufmann |first2=Sabrina |last3=Kalkan |first3=Onur |last4=Neidhart |first4=Sybille |last5=Carle |first5=Reinhold |last6=Schweiggert |first6=Ralf M. |title=In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Carotenoids, Flavonoids, and Vitamin C from Differently Processed Oranges and Orange Juices [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=63 |issue=2 |date=2015-01-21 |issn=0021-8561 |doi=10.1021/jf505297t |pages=578–587|pmid=25539394 |bibcode=2015JAFC...63..578A }} and numerous volatile organic compounds producing orange aroma, including aldehydes, esters, terpenes, alcohols, and ketones.{{cite journal |journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr |year=2008 |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=681–95 |doi=10.1080/10408390701638902 |title=Fresh squeezed orange juice odor: a review |last1=Perez-Cacho |first1=P.R. |last2=Rouseff |first2=R.L. |pmid=18663618 |s2cid=32567584}} Orange juice contains only about one-fifth the citric acid of lime or lemon juice (which contain about 47 g/L).{{cite journal |last1=Penniston |first1=Kristina L. |last2=Nakada |first2=Stephen Y. |last3=Holmes |first3=Ross P. |last4=Assimos |first4=Dean G. |title=Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products |journal=Journal of Endourology |volume=22 |issue=3 |date=2008 |issn=0892-7790 |pmid=18290732 |pmc=2637791 |doi=10.1089/end.2007.0304 |pages=567–570}}

File:Octyl acetate.svg, a volatile compound contributing to the fragrance of oranges]]

The taste of oranges is determined mainly by the ratio of sugars to acids, whereas orange aroma derives from volatile organic compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, terpenes, and esters.{{cite journal |last1=Tietel |first1=Z. |last2=Plotto |first2=A. |last3=Fallik |first3=E. |last4=Lewinsohn |first4=E. |last5=Porat |first5=R. |title=Taste and aroma of fresh and stored mandarins |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2011 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=14–23 |pmid=20812381 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.4146 |bibcode=2011JSFA...91...14T }}{{cite journal |pmid=23852166 |year=2013 |last1=El Hadi |first1=M. A. |title=Advances in fruit aroma volatile research |journal=Molecules |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=8200–29 |last2=Zhang |first2=F. J. |last3=Wu |first3=F. F. |last4=Zhou |first4=C. H. |last5=Tao |first5=J |doi=10.3390/molecules18078200 |pmc=6270112 |doi-access=free}} Bitter limonoid compounds, such as limonin, decrease gradually during development, whereas volatile aroma compounds tend to peak in mid- to late-season development.{{cite journal |pmc=5224568 |year=2016 |last1=Bai |first1=J. |last2=Baldwin |first2=E. A. |last3=McCollum |first3=G. |last4=Plotto |first4=A. |last5=Manthey |first5=J. A. |last6=Widmer |first6=W. W. |last7=Luzio |first7=G. |last8=Cameron |first8=R. |title=Changes in Volatile and Non-Volatile Flavor Chemicals of "Valencia" Orange Juice over the Harvest Seasons |journal=Foods |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=4 |doi=10.3390/foods5010004 |pmid=28231099 |doi-access=free}} Taste quality tends to improve later in harvests when there is a higher sugar/acid ratio with less bitterness. As a citrus fruit, the orange is acidic, with pH levels ranging from 2.9{{cite journal |last1=Sinclair, Walton B. |last2=Bartholomew, E.T. |last3=Ramsey, R. C. |title=Analysis of the organic acids of orange juice |journal=Plant Physiology |year=1945 |volume=20 |pages=3–18 |url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/reprint/20/1/3.pdf |doi=10.1104/pp.20.1.3 |pmid=16653966 |issue=1 |pmc=437693}} to 4.0.{{cite journal |title=Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Muenchen Infections Associated with Unpasteurized Orange Juice – United States and Canada, June 1999 |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=July 16, 1999 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4827a2.htm |volume=48 |issue=27 |pages=582–585 |pmid=10428096 |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101165047/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4827a2.htm |url-status=live }} Taste and aroma vary according to genetic background, environmental conditions during development, ripeness at harvest, postharvest conditions, and storage duration.

Common oranges (also called "white", "round", or "blond" oranges) constitute about two-thirds of all orange production. The majority of this crop is used for juice.

{{main|Valencia orange}}

The Valencia orange is a late-season fruit; it is popular when navel oranges are out of season. Thomas Rivers, an English nurseryman, imported this variety from the Azores and catalogued it in 1865 under the name Excelsior. Around 1870, he provided trees to S. B. Parsons, a Long Island nurseryman, who in turn sold them to E. H. Hart of Federal Point, Florida.{{cite book |last=Coit |first=John Eliot |title=Citrus fruits: an account of the citrus fruit industry, with special reference to California requirements and practices and similar conditions |url=https://archive.org/details/citrusfruits00coit |access-date=2 October 2011 |year=1915 |publisher=Macmillan }}

{{main|Navel orange}}

Navel oranges have a characteristic second fruit at the apex, which protrudes slightly like a human navel. They are mainly an eating fruit, as their thicker skin makes them easy to peel, they are less juicy and their bitterness makes them less suitable for juice. The parent variety was probably the Portuguese navel orange or Umbigo.{{cite web |title=Washington |url=https://idtools.org/citrus_id/index.cfm?packageID=1179&entityID=8903 |website=Citrus ID |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314221534/https://idtools.org/citrus_id/index.cfm?packageID=1179&entityID=8903 |url-status=live }}, citing amongst other sources {{cite book |last1=Risso |first1=A. |last2=Poiteau |first2=A. |title=Histoire Naturelle des Orangers |date=1819–1822 |publisher=Audot |location=Paris |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1512210b |access-date=2024-03-14 |archive-date=2023-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210231146/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1512210b |url-status=live }} The cultivar rapidly spread to other countries, but being seedless it had to be propagated by cutting and grafting.{{cite web |title=Commodity Fact Sheet: Citrus Fruits |work=California Foundation for Agriculture in the Classroom |url=https://cdn.agclassroom.org/media/uploads/2017/12/07/citrus_fruit_commodity_fact_sheet.pdf |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816191813/https://cdn.agclassroom.org/media/uploads/2017/12/07/citrus_fruit_commodity_fact_sheet.pdf |url-status=live }}

The Cara Cara is a type of navel orange grown mainly in Venezuela, South Africa and California's San Joaquin Valley. It is sweet and low in acid,{{cite web |url=http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/02/citrus_sinensis_cara_cara.php |title=UBC Botanical Garden, Botany Photo of the Day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124174207/http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/02/citrus_sinensis_cara_cara.php |archive-date=2010-01-24}} with distinctively pinkish red flesh. It was discovered at the Hacienda Cara Cara in Valencia, Venezuela, in 1976.{{Cite web |url=http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/caracara.html |title=Cara Cara navel orange |publisher=University of California, Riverside |access-date=2011-01-20 |archive-date=2019-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425074600/https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/caracara.html |url-status=live }}

{{main|Blood orange}}

Blood oranges, with an intense red coloration inside, are widely grown around the Mediterranean; there are several cultivars. The development of the red color requires cool nights.{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |title=On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen |publisher=Scribner |year=2004 |isbn=0-684-80001-2 |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC&pg=PA376 376] |access-date=2024-03-15 |archive-date=2023-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728202046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC |url-status=live }} The redness is mainly due to the anthocyanin pigment chrysanthemin (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside).{{cite journal|title=Influence of glucose on cyanidin 3-glucoside absorption in rats |last1=Felgines |first1=C. |last2=Texier |first2=O. |last3=Besson |first3=C. |last4=Vitaglione |first4=P |last5=Lamaison |first5=J.-L. |last6=Fogliano |first6=V. |last7=Scalbert |first7=A. |last8=Vanella |first8=L. |last9=Galvano |first9=F. |display-authors=6 |journal=Molecular Nutrition & Food Research |date=2008 |volume=52 |issue=8 |pages=959–64 |doi=10.1002/mnfr.200700377 |pmid=18646002}}

Acidless oranges are an early-season fruit with very low levels of acid. They also are called "sweet" oranges in the United States, with similar names in other countries: douce in France, sucrena in Spain, dolce or maltese in Italy, meski in North Africa and the Near East (where they are especially popular), succari in Egypt, and lima in Brazil. The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as juice, so they are primarily eaten. They remain profitable in areas of local consumption, but rapid spoilage renders them unsuitable for export to major population centres of Europe, Asia, or the United States.

File:Florida orange grove.JPG|A grove of Valencia oranges in Florida

File:Cara cara orange cut in half.JPG|Cara Cara navel orange

File:BloodOrange.jpg|Blood orange

Like most citrus plants, oranges do well under moderate temperatures—between {{cvt|15.5|and|29|C}}—and require considerable amounts of sunshine and water. They are principally grown in tropical and subtropical regions.

As oranges are sensitive to frost, farmers have developed methods to protect the trees from frost damage. A common process is to spray the trees with water so as to cover them with a thin layer of ice, insulating them even if air temperatures drop far lower. This practice, however, offers protection only for a very short time.{{cite web |url=http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/gen01/gen01243.htm |title=How Cold Can Water Get? |publisher=Argonne National Laboratory |date=2002-09-08 |access-date=2009-04-16 |archive-date=2015-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226033418/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/gen01/gen01243.htm |url-status=live }} Another procedure involves burning fuel oil in smudge pots put between the trees. These burn with a great deal of particulate emission, so condensation of water vapor on the particulate soot prevents condensation on plants and raises the air temperature very slightly. Smudge pots were developed after a disastrous freeze in southern California in January 1913 destroyed a whole crop.{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Frank Ensor |title=Redlands Astride the Freeway: The Development of Good Automobile Roads |publisher=Moore Historical Foundation |location=Redlands, California |year=1995 |page=9 |isbn =978-0-914167-07-5}}

{{further|Fruit tree propagation|Citrus rootstock}}

Commercially grown orange trees are propagated asexually by grafting a mature cultivar onto a suitable seedling rootstock to ensure the same yield, identical fruit characteristics, and resistance to diseases throughout the years. Propagation involves two stages: first, a rootstock is grown from seed. Then, when it is approximately one year old, the leafy top is cut off and a bud taken from a specific scion variety, is grafted into its bark. The scion is what determines the variety of orange, while the rootstock makes the tree resistant to pests and diseases and adaptable to specific soil and climatic conditions. Thus, rootstocks influence the rate of growth and have an effect on fruit yield and quality.{{cite web |last=Lacey |first=Kevin |title=Citrus rootstocks for WA |url=http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/fn/cp/citrusfruits/ag%20dept%20fn539%20lores.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112025544/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/fn/cp/citrusfruits/ag%20dept%20fn539%20lores.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-12 |publisher=Government of WA. Department of Agriculture and Food |access-date=30 November 2012 |date=July 2012}} Rootstocks must be compatible with the variety inserted into them because otherwise, the tree may decline, be less productive, or die. Among the advantages to grafting are that trees mature uniformly and begin to bear fruit earlier than those reproduced by seeds (3 to 4 years in contrast with 6 to 7 years),{{cite web |last=Price |first=Martin |title=Citrus Propagation and Rootstocks |url=http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/pdf/tncitrus.htm |publisher=ultimatecitrus.com |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406084607/http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/pdf/tncitrus.htm |archive-date=6 April 2018 |url-status=dead }} and that farmers can combine the best attributes of a scion with those of a rootstock.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/ars/SoAtlantic/fp/hb/bowman/citrus.html |title=Citrus Propagation. Research Program on Citrus Rootstock Breeding and Genetics |website=ars-grin.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528003825/http://www.ars-grin.gov/ars/SoAtlantic/fp/hb/bowman/citrus.html |archive-date=2010-05-28 }}

Canopy-shaking mechanical harvesters are being used increasingly in Florida to harvest oranges. Current canopy shaker machines use a series of six-to-seven-foot-long tines to shake the tree canopy at a relatively constant stroke and frequency.{{Cite journal |last1=Bora |first1=G. |last2=Hebel |first2=M. |last3=Lee |first3=K. |date=2007-12-01 |title=In-situ measurement of the detachment force of individual oranges harvested by a canopy shaker harvesting machine |url=http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |journal=Abstracts for the 2007 Joint Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticulture Society. |s2cid=113761794 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020405/http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }} Oranges are picked once they are pale orange.{{cite web |url=https://freshcitrusdirect.wordpress.com/tag/riverland/ |title=Fresh Citrus Direct |publisher=freshcitrusdirect.wordpress.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110071334/https://freshcitrusdirect.wordpress.com/tag/riverland/ |archive-date=2015-01-10}}

Oranges must be mature when harvested. In the United States, laws forbid harvesting immature fruit for human consumption in Texas, Arizona, California and Florida.{{cite web |title=Harvesting and Pre-pack Handling |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/l2294.htm |publisher=The Texas A&M University System |access-date=29 November 2012 |last1=Wagner, Alfred B. |last2=Sauls, Julian W. |archive-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104041656/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/l2294.htm |url-status=live }} Ripe oranges, however, often have some green or yellow-green color in the skin. Ethylene gas is used to turn green skin to orange. This process is known as "degreening", "gassing", "sweating", or "curing". Oranges are non-climacteric fruits and cannot ripen internally in response to ethylene gas after harvesting, though they will de-green externally.{{cite web |url=http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/PFfruits/Orange/ |title=Orange: Recommendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality |last1=Arpaia, Mary Lu |last2=Kader, Adel A. |publisher=UCDavis Postharvest Technology Center |access-date=2013-12-12 |archive-date=2013-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206115013/http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/PFfruits/Orange/ |url-status=dead}}

Commercially, oranges can be stored by refrigeration in controlled-atmosphere chambers for up to twelve weeks after harvest. Storage life ultimately depends on cultivar, maturity, pre-harvest conditions, and handling.{{Cite web |last=Ritenour, M.A. |url=http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/100orange.pdf |title=Orange. The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127220523/http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/100orange.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-27 |website=USDA |date=2004}} At home, oranges have a shelf life of about one month, and are best stored loose.{{cite web |url=http://www.cpma.ca/Files/CPMA.HomeStorageGuide.English.pdf |title=Home Storage Guide for Fresh Fruits & Vegetables. Canadian Produce Marketing Association |website=cpma.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512161442/http://www.cpma.ca/Files/CPMA.HomeStorageGuide.English.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-12}}

File:CSIRO ScienceImage 4314 Spraying oranges in an orchard at Griffith NSW 2002.jpg|Spraying oranges in an orchard in Australia

File:California Orange Grove2.jpg|Orange grove in California

100521 picking oranges in moshav zimrat PikiWiki Israel.jpg|Picking oranges, Israel

File:100535 picking oranges in moshav zimrat PikiWiki Israel.jpg|Harvest, Israel

File:2010-12-14 Maroc Agadir Soukh local market.jpg|Market stall, Morocco

File:Icerya purchasi 1435060.jpg insects devastated orange groves across California in the 19th century, and were the first pest to be subject to successful biological control.]]

The first major pest that attacked orange trees in the United States was the cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi), imported from Australia to California in 1868. Within 20 years, it wiped out the citrus orchards around Los Angeles, and limited orange growth throughout California. In 1888, the USDA sent Alfred Koebele to Australia to study this scale insect in its native habitat. He brought back with him specimens of an Australian ladybird, Novius cardinalis (the Vedalia beetle), and within a decade the pest was controlled. This was one of the first successful applications of biological pest control on any crop. The orange dog caterpillar of the giant swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes, is a pest of citrus plantations in North America, where it eats new foliage and can defoliate young trees.{{cite journal |last=Mcauslane |first=Heather |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237833636 |title=Giant Swallowtail, Orangedog, Papilio cresphontes Cramer (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) |journal=Edis |publisher=University of Florida |date=May 2009 |issue=4 |access-date=14 March 2024 |doi=10.32473/edis-in134-2009 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316051937/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237833636_Giant_Swallowtail_Orangedog_Papilio_cresphontes_Cramer_Insecta_Lepidoptera_Papilionidae1 |url-status=live }}

{{Further|List of citrus diseases}}

File:Asian Citrus Psyllid adult.jpg, is a major vector of citrus greening disease. ]]

Citrus greening disease, caused by the bacterium Liberobacter asiaticum, has been the most serious threat to orange production since 2010. It is characterized by streaks of different shades on the leaves, and deformed, poorly colored, unsavory fruit. In areas where the disease is endemic, citrus trees live for only five to eight years and never bear fruit suitable for consumption. In the western hemisphere, the disease was discovered in Florida in 1998, where it has attacked nearly all the trees ever since. It was reported in Brazil by Fundecitrus Brasil in 2004.{{Cite journal |last1=Halbert |first1=Susan E. |last2=Manjunath |first2=Keremane L. |date=September 2004 |title=Asian citrus psyllids (Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae) and greening disease of citrus: A literature review and assessment of risk in Florida |journal=The Florida Entomologist |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=330–353 |doi=10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0330:ACPSPA]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=56161727 |issn=0015-4040 |doi-access=free }} As from 2009, 0.87% of the trees in Brazil's main orange growing areas (São Paulo and Minas Gerais) showed symptoms of greening, an increase of 49% over 2008.{{Cite web |url=http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Commodity%20Report_CITRUS%20SEMI-ANNUAL_Sao%20Paulo%20ATO_Brazil_6-18-2009.pdf |title=GAIN Report Number: BR9006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513205206/http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Commodity%20Report_CITRUS%20SEMI-ANNUAL_Sao%20Paulo%20ATO_Brazil_6-18-2009.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-13 |publisher=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service |date=18 June 2009}}

The disease is spread primarily by psyllid plant lice such as the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), an efficient vector of the bacterium.{{cite journal |last1=Killiny |first1=Nabil |last2=Nehela |first2=Yasser |last3=George |first3=Justin |last4=Rashidi |first4=Mahnaz |last5=Stelinski |first5=Lukasz L. |last6=Lapointe |first6=Stephen L. |date=2021-07-01 |title=Phytoene desaturase-silenced citrus as a trap crop with multiple cues to attract Diaphorina citri, the vector of Huanglongbing |journal=Plant Science |volume=308 |pages=110930 |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110930 |pmid=34034878 |s2cid=235203508 |issn=0168-9452|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021PlnSc.30810930K }} Foliar insecticides reduce psyllid populations for a short time, but also suppress beneficial predatory ladybird beetles. Soil application of aldicarb provided limited control of Asian citrus psyllid, while drenches of imidacloprid to young trees were effective for two months or more.{{Cite journal |last1=Qureshi |first1=J. |last2=Stansly |first2=P. |date=2007-12-01 |title=Integrated approaches for managing the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Florida |url=https://swfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/docs/pdf/entomology/publications/Stansly_Non_Qureshi07.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society |volume=120 |pages=110–115 |s2cid=55798062 |access-date=2023-11-17 |archive-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117152819/https://swfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/docs/pdf/entomology/publications/Stansly_Non_Qureshi07.pdf |url-status=live }} Management of citrus greening disease requires an integrated approach that includes use of clean stock, elimination of inoculum via voluntary and regulatory means, use of pesticides to control psyllid vectors in the citrus crop, and biological control of the vectors in non-crop reservoirs.

Greasy spot, a fungal disease caused by the ascomycete Mycosphaerella citri, produces leaf spots and premature defoliation, thus reducing the tree's vigour and yield. Ascospores of M. citri are generated in pseudothecia in decomposing fallen leaves.{{Cite journal |last1=Mondal |first1=S.N. |first2=K.T. |last2=Morgan |first3=L.W. |last3=Timme |date=June 2007 |title=Effect of Water Management and Soil Application of Nitrogen Fertilizers, Petroleum Oils, and Lime on Inoculum Production by Mycosphaerella citri, the Cause of Citrus Greasy Spot |url=http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |journal=Abstracts for the 2007 Joint Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticulture Society. |s2cid=113761794 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020405/http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}

{{Main|Citrus production}}

In 2022, world production of oranges was 76 million tonnes, led by Brazil with 22% of the total, followed by India, China, and Mexico.

The United States Department of Agriculture has established grades for Florida oranges, primarily for oranges sold as fresh fruit.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5050382 |title=United States Standards for Grades of Florida Oranges and Tangelos |publisher=USDA |date=February 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726100358/http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5050382 |archive-date=2011-07-26 }} In the United States, groves are located mainly in Florida, California, and Texas.{{cite web |title=Oranges: Production Map by State |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/Citrus_Fruits/orgmap.php |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=1 April 2017 |date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031021526/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/Citrus_Fruits/orgmap.php |url-status=live }} The majority of California's crop is sold as fresh fruit, whereas Florida's oranges are destined to juice products. The Indian River area of Florida produces high quality juice, which is often sold fresh and blended with juice from other regions, because Indian River trees yield sweet oranges but in relatively small quantities.{{cite web |title=History of the Indian River Citrus District |url=http://ircitrusleague.org/history/ |publisher=Indian River Citrus League |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101165048/http://ircitrusleague.org/history/ |url-status=live }}

{{further|Orange juice}}

Oranges, whose flavor may vary from sweet to sour, are commonly peeled and eaten fresh raw as a dessert. Orange juice is obtained by squeezing the fruit on a special tool (a juicer or squeezer) and collecting the juice in a tray or tank underneath. This can be made at home or, on a much larger scale, industrially.{{cite web |title=How orange juice is made |url=https://www.discoveryuk.com/how-its-made/how-orange-juice-is-made/ |publisher=Discovery Networks International |access-date=16 March 2024 |date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924024259/https://www.discoveryuk.com/how-its-made/how-orange-juice-is-made/ |url-status=live }} Orange juice is a traded commodity on the Intercontinental Exchange.{{cite news |last1=Lawson |first1=Alex |title=The great orange juice trading rally – and why a big squeeze could lie ahead |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/oct/27/orange-juice-trading-rally |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122041214/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/oct/27/orange-juice-trading-rally |url-status=live }} Frozen orange juice concentrate is made from freshly squeezed and filtered juice.{{cite web |last=Townsend |first=Chet |url=http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/Story/oj_story.html |title=The Story of Florida Orange Juice: From the Grove to Your Glass |date=2012 |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418111255/http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/Story/oj_story.html |url-status=live }}

{{main|Marmalade}}

Oranges are made into jam in many countries; in Britain, bitter Seville oranges are used to make marmalade. Almost the whole Spanish production is exported to Britain for this purpose. The entire fruit is cut up and boiled with sugar; the pith contributes pectin, which helps the marmalade to set. The first recipe was by an Englishwoman, Mary Kettilby, in 1714. Pieces of peel were first added by Janet Keiller of Dundee in the 1790s, contributing a distinctively bitter taste.{{cite news |last=Bateman |first=Michael |title=Hail marmalade, great chieftain o' the jammy race: Mrs Keiller of Dundee added chunks in the 1790s, thus finally defining a uniquely British gift to gastronomy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/food-drink-hail-marmalade-great-chieftain-o-the-jammy-race-mrs-keiller-of-dundee-added-chunks-in-the-1476300.html |agency=The Independent |date=3 January 1993 |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223120454/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/food-drink-hail-marmalade-great-chieftain-o-the-jammy-race-mrs-keiller-of-dundee-added-chunks-in-the-1476300.html |url-status=live }} Orange peel contains the bitter substances limonene and naringin.{{cite journal |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2012 |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=1892–8 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.090 |title=Antioxidant capacity and mineral content of pulp and peel from commercial cultivars of citrus from Brazil |last1=Barros |first1=H.R. |last2=Ferreira |first2=T.A. |last3=Genovese |first3=M.I. |pmid=23442635}}{{cite book |last1=Hasegawa |first1=S. |last2=Berhow |first2=M. A. |last3=Fong |first3=C. H. |title=Fruit Analysis |chapter=Analysis of Bitter Principles in Citrus |publisher=Springer |publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg |volume=18 |date=1996 |isbn=978-3-642-79662-3 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-79660-9_4 |pages=59–80}}

{{further|Limonene}}

Zest is scraped from the coloured outer part of the peel, and used as a flavoring and garnish in desserts and cocktails.{{cite book |last=Bender |first=David |author-link=David A. Bender |title=Oxford Dictionary of Food and Nutrition |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-923487-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffood00bend/page/215 215] |edition=third |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffood00bend/page/215}}

Sweet orange oil is a by-product of the juice industry produced by pressing the peel. It is used for flavoring food and drinks; it is employed in the perfume industry and in aromatherapy for its fragrance. The oil consists of approximately 90% D-limonene, a solvent used in household chemicals such as wood conditioners for furniture and—along with other citrus oils—detergents and hand cleansers. It is an efficient cleaning agent with a pleasant smell, promoted for being environmentally friendly and therefore preferable to petrochemicals. It is, however, irritating to the skin and toxic to aquatic life.{{cite web |date=April 2005 |title=D-Limonene |publisher=International Programme on Chemical Safety |url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0918.htm |access-date=2010-03-06 |archive-date=2021-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104220433/https://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0918.htm |url-status=live }}{{cite web |date=January 2019 |title=(±)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexene |publisher=ECHA |url=https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/103051 |access-date=2019-01-22 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029092926/https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/103051 |url-status=live }}

File:Oranges and orange juice.jpg|Fruit and juice

File:Zesting an orange.jpg|Zesting an orange

File:Sevilleorangemarmalade.jpg|Homemade marmalade, England

Oranges have featured in human culture since ancient times. The earliest mention of the sweet orange in Chinese literature dates from 314 BC. Larissa Pham, in The Paris Review, notes that sweet oranges were available in China much earlier than in the West. She writes that Zhao Lingrang's fan painting Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines pays attention not to the fruit's colour but the shape of the fruit-laden trees, and that Su Shi's poem on the same subject runs "You must remember, / the best scenery of the year, / Is exactly now, / when oranges turn yellow and tangerines green."

The scholar Cristina Mazzoni has examined the multiple uses of the fruit in Italian art and literature, from Catherine of Siena's sending of candied oranges to Pope Urban, to Sandro Botticelli's setting of his painting Primavera in an orange grove. She notes that oranges symbolised desire and wealth on the one hand, and deformity on the other, while in the fairy-stories of Sicily, they have magical properties.{{cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Paul |title=Review of Golden Fruit: A Cultural History of Oranges in Italy, by Cristina Mazzoni |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=50 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=129–130 |publisher=Project MUSE |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/726018}} Pham comments that the Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck contains in a small detail one of the first representations of oranges in Western art, the costly fruit perhaps traded by the merchant Arnolfini himself.{{cite web |last1=Pham |first1=Larissa |title=For the Love of Orange |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/08/13/for-the-love-of-orange/ |publisher=The Paris Review |access-date=14 March 2024 |date=13 August 2019 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314150503/https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/08/13/for-the-love-of-orange/ |url-status=live }} By the 17th century, orangeries were added to great houses in Europe, both to enable the fruit to be grown locally and for prestige, as seen in the Versailles Orangerie completed in 1686.{{Cite journal |last1=Thacker |first1=Christopher |author2-link=Louis XIV |last2=Louis XIV |date=1972 |title="La Manière de montrer les jardins de Versailles," by Louis XIV and Others |journal=Garden History |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=49–69 |doi=10.2307/1586442 |issn=0307-1243 |jstor=1586442}}

The Dutch Post-Impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh portrayed oranges in paintings such as his 1889 Still Life of Oranges and Lemons with Blue Gloves and his 1890 A Child with Orange, both works late in his life. The American artist of the Ashcan School, John Sloan, made a 1935 painting Blond Nude with Orange, Blue Couch, while Henri Matisse's last painting was his 1951 Nude with Oranges; after that he only made cut-outs.{{cite web |last1=Michalska |first1=Magda |title=The Scent of Orange in the Air: Paintings with Oranges |url=https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/portraits-with-oranges/ |publisher=Daily Art Magazine |access-date=14 March 2024 |date=23 December 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314153633/https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/portraits-with-oranges/ |url-status=live }}

File:Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines (橙黃橘綠) by Zhao Lingrang (趙令穰).jpg|Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines by Zhao Lingrang, Chinese fan painting from the Song dynasty, c. 1070–1100

File:Jan van Eyck 002.jpg|Detail of the Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck, 1434

File:Primavera (Botticelli) (detail).jpg|Detail of Primavera by Sandro Botticelli, 1482, set in an orange grove

File:Måleri, stilleben. Frukt - Skoklosters slott - 88970.tif|Still life with oranges on a plate. Possibly Jacques Linard or Louise Moillon, 1640

File:Orangerie du château de Versailles le 11 septembre 2015 - 78.jpg|The Versailles Orangerie, 1686

File:OUDRY Orange Tree.jpg|Jean-Baptiste Oudry, The Orange Tree, 1740

File:Vincent van Gogh, Still Life of Oranges and Lemons with Blue Gloves, 1889, NGA 164923.jpg| Still Life of Oranges and Lemons with Blue Gloves by Vincent van Gogh, 1889

• List of citrus fruits
• List of culinary fruits

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Wikiquote|Oranges}}

{{Wiktionary|orange}}

{{Cookbook|Orange}}

• {{Commons-inline|Citrus sinensis}}
• {{Wikispecies-inline|Citrus sinensis}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20041118125823/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=282 Citrus sinensis List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases)], USDA, Agricultural Research Service.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140524030656/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/Details.aspx?itemNo=8199 Oranges: Safe Methods to Store, Preserve, and Enjoy]. (2006). University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources.

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Oranges (fruit)

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Category:Crops originating from China

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