Dudley Pound

Born the son of Alfred John Pound, an Eton-educated{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvfxv67JR5UC&q=%22richard+saltonstall+rogers%22&pg=PA36 |title=The Eton Register, Part III: 1862–1868|publisher= Eton College, Old Etonian Association, Spottiswoode & Co., Ltd., Eton|year= 1906}} barrister, by his marriage to Elizabeth Pickman Rogers, an American from Boston,{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763849-5,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026144636/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763849-5,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2012 |title=Royal Navy's Test|magazine=Time |date= 22 April 1940|access-date=28 October 2012}} Pound's maternal grandfather was Richard Saltonstall Rogers,{{cite ODNB |last1=Farrell |first1=Brian P. |title=Pound, Sir (Alfred) Dudley Pickman Rogers |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-35587 |year=2004 |access-date=8 March 2020 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35587}} but was also descended on his mother's side from Dudley Leavitt Pickman, an early Salem, Massachusetts, merchant.Hurd, p. 233Heathcote, p. 214{{cite web|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyggbs/Colonist/1876Colonist.pdf |title=Marriages|page=6|publisher=The Colonist|date=4 January 1876|access-date=28 October 2012}} He was educated at Fonthill School in East Grinstead, Sussex.{{Cite web|title=Biographical material collected by Donald McLachlan relating to Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound|url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1540|url-status=live|access-date=28 October 2012|work=Archivesearch|publisher=Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004222621/https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1540 |archive-date=4 October 2021 }}

Pound joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in the training ship HMS Britannia in January 1891 and was posted as a midshipman to the battleship {{HMS|Royal Sovereign|1891|6}} in the Channel Squadron in January 1893.Heathcote, p. 215 He transferred to the cruiser {{HMS|Undaunted|1886|6}} in May 1894 on the China Station and then joined {{HMS|Calypso|1883|6}} in the Training Squadron. Promoted to sub-lieutenant on 29 August 1896,{{London Gazette|issue=26901|page=5725|date=19 October 1897}} he joined the destroyer {{HMS|Opossum|1895|6}} in October 1897 and the battleship {{HMS|Magnificent|1894|6}} in January 1898.

Promoted to lieutenant on 29 August 1898,{{London Gazette|issue=27000|page=5195|date=30 August 1898}} he joined the torpedo school {{HMS|Vernon|shore establishment|6}} in September 1899 and qualified as a torpedo specialist in December 1901. He served as a torpedo officer in the cruiser {{HMS|Grafton|1892|6}} on the Pacific Station before transferring to the battleship {{HMS|King Edward VII}} in the Atlantic Fleet in January 1905 and then to the battleship {{HMS|Queen|1902|6}} in the Mediterranean Fleet in March 1907.

Pound joined the staff at the Ordnance Department of the Admiralty in January 1909 and then, having been promoted to commander on 30 June 1909,{{London Gazette|issue=28263|page=4857|date=22 June 1909 |supp=y}} he transferred to the battleship {{HMS|Superb|1907|6}} in the Home Fleet in May 1911. He joined the staff of the Royal Naval War College in early 1913 and then transferred to the battleship {{HMS|St Vincent|1908|6}} in the Home Fleet in April 1914.

File:Renown-7.jpg

Pound served throughout the First World War. After being promoted to captain on 31 December 1914, he became an Additional Naval Assistant to the First Sea Lord before being given command of the battleship {{HMS|Colossus|1910|6}} in May 1915. He led her at the Battle of Jutland with notable success, contributing to the sinking of the German cruiser {{SMS|Wiesbaden||2}}. He returned to the Admiralty in July 1917 to become assistant director of plans and then director of the operations division (home) and was closely involved in the planning for the Zeebrugge Raid.Heathcote, p. 216 He also planned the use of radio remote controlled vessels that were developed by the Navy's D.C.B. Section.UK National Archives ADM 1/8539/253 Capabilities of distantly controlled boats. Reports of trials at Dover 28 – 31 May 1918

Pound was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1919 Birthday Honours{{London Gazette|issue=31379|page=7045|date=30 May 1919 |supp=y}} and given command of the battlecruiser {{HMS|Repulse|1916|6}} in October 1920 before becoming director of the planning division at the Admiralty in June 1923. He became a Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King on 1 January 1925.{{London Gazette|issue=33015|page=591|date=27 January 1925}} Following Roger Keyes' appointment as commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet in May 1925, Pound became his chief of staff. Pound was promoted to rear admiral on 1 March 1926{{London Gazette|issue=33139|page=1650|date=5 March 1926}} and became Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff in April 1927. He went on to be Commander of the Battle Cruiser Squadron in May 1929 and, having been promoted to vice admiral on 15 May 1930,{{London Gazette|issue=33606|page=3069|date=16 May 1930}} he became Second Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Personnel in August 1932. In the King's Birthday Honours 1930, Pound advanced to rank of Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath.{{London Gazette|issue=33946|page=3801|date=2 June 1933 |supp=y}}

On 16 January 1933 Pound was promoted to full admiral{{London Gazette|issue=34125|page=458|date=18 January 1935}} he became Chief of Staff of the Mediterranean Fleet. In March 1936, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet. On 20 May 1937 Pound was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order.{{London Gazette|issue=34420|page=4733|date=23 July 1937}} In the 1939 New Year Honours, Pound advanced to the rank of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.{{London Gazette|issue=34585|page=3|date=30 December 1938 |supp=y}}

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Pound became First Sea Lord in June 1939Heathcote, p. 217 and was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 31 July 1939.{{London Gazette|issue=34651|page=5393|date=4 August 1939}} His health was doubtful even then, but other experienced admirals were in even poorer health.Kennedy, p. 107 He also became First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King in October 1941.{{London Gazette|issue=35309|page=5962|date=14 October 1941}}

There are sharply divided opinions of Pound as First Sea Lord during the early years of the Second World War. His admirals and captains at sea accused him of "back seat driving" and he had some clashes with Charles Forbes and John Tovey, commanders of the Home Fleet.James Levy, "Lost Leader: Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles Forbes and the Second World War", Mariner's Mirror (2002) 88#2 pp 186–195

Winston Churchill, with whom he worked from September 1939, was involved with him on naval strategies such that he was referred to as "Churchill's anchor". He has also been described as a "cunning old badger" who had used guile to frustrate Churchill's Operation Catherine, a scheme to send a battle fleet into the Baltic, early in the war.Stanley, p. 90 Critically, Pound was at the helm of the Royal Navy on the day of the sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse on 10 December 1941 off the coast of Kuantan, Malaysia by the Japanese Air Force.Frank Owen, The Fall of Singapore, Penguin Books, 2001, {{ISBN|0-14-139133-2}}, p. 65

Perhaps Pound's greatest achievement was his defeat of the German U-boats and the winning of the Battle of the Atlantic but he has been blamed for the Channel Dash when the Navy allowed the German battlecruisers {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}} to slip into the English Channel undetected in February 1942, and criticised for ordering the dispersal of Arctic Convoy PQ 17 in July 1942, in which 35 merchant ships were left without protection, leading to 24 of the 35 merchant ships being sunk with the loss of 153 men.Heathcote, p. 218

By March 1942 he was no longer Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff and accepted the need for a deputy first sea lord, with Admiral Sir Charles Kennedy-Purvis installed as such in July 1942.{{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|title=World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0nrSWUHx6sC&q=sir+dudley+pound+obit+stroke+quebec+conference+1943&pg=PA603|access-date=20 August 2018|date=30 November 2011|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-1598844573|page=603}}

Pound refused a peerage but was appointed to the Order of Merit on 3 September 1943, four years after the outbreak of the war.{{London Gazette|issue=36158|page=3935|date=3 September 1943}}Stanley, p. 91

Pound suffered from hip degeneration, which kept him from sleeping, causing him to doze off at meetings. In July 1943 Pound's wife died; by this time it was clear that his health was declining. He had sustained one stroke and the second, during the Quebec Conference the following month, was paralytic, indicative of a fast developing brain tumour.{{cite web |title=Books, Arts & Curiosities – "If We Lose at Sea, We Lose…" – Churchill's Anchor: The Biography of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound OM, GCB, GCVO|date=7 May 2015

|url=https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-115/books-arts-curiosities-if-we-lose-at-sea-we-lose/

|access-date=2018-08-20 }} Pound then resigned formally on 20 September 1943. He died from the tumour at the Royal Masonic Hospital in London on 21 October (Trafalgar Day) 1943 and, after a funeral service in Westminster Abbey, followed by cremation at Golders Green Crematorium,{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/search-for-war-dead/casualty/2431004/POUND%20%Sir%20ALFRED%20DUDLEY%PICKMAN%20ROGERS |title=Sir Alfred Dudley Pickman Rogers Pound}} CWGC Casualty Record. He is named on the CWGC Cremation Memorial there. his ashes were buried at sea in The Solent.

File:Dudley Pound memorial in All Saints' Church, Godshill, Isle of Wight.jpg, Isle of Wight]]

In 1908 Pound married Betty Whitehead; they had two sons and a daughter.

In the 2024 movie The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare a character named Admiral Pound is portrayed as being in favour of negotiating surrender with the Germans while being opposed to the Special Operations mission depicted.{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5177120/fullcredits|title=The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare|publisher=IMDB|access-date=3 June 2024}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book|last=Heathcote |first=Tony |title=The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995 |publisher=Pen & Sword Ltd |year=2002 |isbn=0-85052-835-6}}
• {{cite book|last=Hurd|first=Duane Hamilton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEwWAAAAYAAJ&q=%22richard+saltonstall+rogers%22&pg=RA4-PA232-IA2 |title=History of Essex County, Massachusetts|publisher=J. W. Lewis & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|year= 1887}}
• {{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Ludovic|title=Pursuit: The Sinking of the Bismarck|publisher=Fontana Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0006340140}}
• Nailor, Peter. "Great Chiefs of Staff – Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound, OM, GCB GCVO", RUSI Journal: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies (1988) 133#1 pp 67–70.
• {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Martin|title=The Order of Merit|publisher= I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., London|year= 2006|isbn=978-1860648489}}

• {{cite book|last=Brodhurst|first=Robin |title= Churchill's Anchor: A Biography of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound |publisher=Pen & Sword |year=2000|isbn= 978-0850527650}}
• {{cite book|last=Murfett |first=Malcolm |title=The First Sea Lords from Fisher to Mountbatten|publisher=Westport |year=1995 |isbn=0-275-94231-7}}

• {{DP-xlink|http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Alfred_Dudley_Pickman_Rogers_Pound}}
• {{PM20|FID=pe/023732}}

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Category:1877 births

Category:1943 deaths

Category:British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

Category:First Sea Lords and Chiefs of the Naval Staff

Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

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Category:Naval history of World War II

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