Duke of Aquitaine

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The Merovingian kings and dukes of Aquitaine used Toulouse as their capital.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The Carolingian kings used different capitals situated farther north. In 765, Pepin the Short bestowed the captured golden banner of the Aquitainian duke, Waiffre, on the Abbey of Saint Martial in Limoges.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Pepin I of Aquitaine was buried in Poitiers. Charles the Child was crowned at Limoges and buried at Bourges.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} When Aquitaine briefly asserted its independence after the death of Charles the Fat, it was Ranulf II of Poitou who took the royal title.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} In the late tenth century, Louis the Indolent was crowned at Brioude.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The Aquitainian ducal coronation procedure is preserved in a late twelfth-century ordo (formula) from Saint-Étienne in Limoges, based on an earlier Romano-German ordo. In the early thirteenth century a commentary was added to this ordo, which emphasised Limoges as the capital of Aquitaine. The ordo indicated that the duke received a silk mantle, coronet, banner, sword, spurs, and the ring of Saint Valerie.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

• Suatrius (flor. 493), captured by Clovis I during the First Franco-Visigothic War.{{cite book |page=15|last1=Lemovicensis |first1=Ruricius |last2=Limoges) |first2=Ruricius I. (Bishop of |title=Ruricius of Limoges and Friends: A Collection of Letters from Visigothic Gaul |date=1999 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=9780853237037 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-20k9DlHbVIC |language=en}}

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Merovingian kings are in boldface.

• Chram (555–560)
• Desiderius (583–587, jointly with Bladast)
• Bladast (583–587, jointly with Desiderius)
• Gundoald (584/585)
• Austrovald (587–589)
• Sereus (589–592)
• Chlothar II (592–629)
• Charibert II (629–632)
• Chilperic (632)
• Boggis (632–660)
• Felix (660–670)
• Lupus I (670–676)
• Odo the Great (688–735), his reign commenced perhaps as late as 692, 700, or 715, unclear parentage
• Hunald I (735–745), son of Odo the Great, abdicated to a monastery
• Waifer (745–768), son of Hunald I
• Hunald II (768–769), probably son of Waifer
• Lupo II (768–781), Duke of Gascony, opposed Charlemagne's rule and Hunald's relatives.

{{main|Kingdom of Aquitaine}}

The Carolingian kings again appointed Dukes of Aquitaine, first in 852, and again since 866.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Later, this duchy was also called Guyenne.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The following were also Count of Auvergne.

• Ebalus the Bastard (also called Manzer) (927–932)), illegitimate son of Ranulph II and distant cousin of Acfred, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.

• Raymond I Pons (932–936)
• Raymond II (936–955)

• Hugh the Great (955–962)

• William III Towhead (962–963), son of Ebalus, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.
• William IV Iron Arm (963–995), son of William III, also Count of Poitiers.
• William V the Great (995–1030), son of William IV, also Count of Poitiers.
• William VI the Fat (1030–1038), first son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
• Odo (1038–1039), second son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
• William VII the Eagle (1039–1058), third son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
• William VIII (1058–1086), fourth son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
• William IX the Troubadour (or the Younger) (1086–1127), son of William VIII, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
• William X the Saint (1127–1137), son of William IX, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
• Eleanor of Aquitaine (1137–1204), daughter of William X, also Countess of Poitiers and Duchess of Gascony, married the kings of France and England in succession.
• Louis the Younger (1137–1152), also King of France, duke in right of his wife.

File:Hommage d Édouard Ier à Philippe le Bel.jpg (kneeling) to Philip IV of France (seated), by Jean Fouquet. As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king]]

From 1152, the Duchy of Aquitaine was held by the Plantagenets, who also ruled England as independent monarchs and held other territories in France by separate inheritance (see Plantagenet Empire). The Plantagenets were often more powerful than the kings of France, and their reluctance to do homage to the kings of France for their lands in France was one of the major sources of conflict in medieval Western Europe.

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In 1337, King Philip VI of France reclaimed the fief of Aquitaine from Edward III, King of England.{{Sfn|Previté-Orton|1978|pages=873–876}} Edward in turn claimed the title of King of France, by right of his descent from his maternal grandfather King Philip IV of France. This triggered the Hundred Years' War, in which both the Plantagenets and the House of Valois claimed supremacy over Aquitaine.

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| Edward III
Edward of Windsor
1337-1360

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{{Small|Until 1340,
1360–1369}}

| 13 November 1312
Windsor Castle

| Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children

| 21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64

|}

In 1360, both sides signed the Treaty of Brétigny, in which Edward renounced the French crown but remained sovereign Lord of Aquitaine (rather than merely duke).{{sfn|Curry|2003|p=58}} However, when the treaty was broken in 1369, both these English claims and the war resumed.

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| Edward III
Edward of Windsor
1337-1360

| 100px

| 75px
{{Small|1360–1369}}

| 13 November 1312
Windsor Castle

| Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children

| 21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64

|}

In 1362, King Edward III, as Lord of Aquitaine, made his eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales, Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony.{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=96}} cites Fœdera, iii. 667.

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| Edward, Prince of Wales
19 July 1362
-
6 October 1372
{{age in years and days|19 July 1362|6 October 1372}}

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| 15 June 1330
Woodstock Palace

| Joan of Kent
1361

| 8 June 1376
Westminster Palace
Aged 45

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On 6 October 1372, Prince Edward (who had returned to England the previous year) resigned the Principality of Aquitaine and Gascony, stating that the revenues he earned from Aquitaine were no longer sufficient to cover his expenses.{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=100}} cites [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000020573638&seq=316 Rot. Parl. ii. 310]; Hallam, Const Hist, iii. 47. Thus, King Edward III, his father, resumed his title as Duke of Aquitaine.

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| Edward III{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Edward III (r. 1327–1377) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-iii-r-1327-1377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020011/https://www.royal.uk/edward-iii-r-1327-1377 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=39}}.
Edward of Windsor
1372
–
21 June 1377
(5 years)

| 100px

| rowspan="2"|75px
{{Small|From 1369}}

| 13 November 1312
Windsor Castle

| Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children

| 21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64

|-

| Richard II{{Cite web |date=2016-01-12 |title=Richard II (r. 1377–1399) |url=https://www.royal.uk/richard-ii-r-1377-1399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015943/https://www.royal.uk/richard-ii-r-1377-1399 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=40}}.
Richard of Bordeaux
22 June 1377{{Efn|Richard II was crowned on 16 July 1377.}}
–
1390
(13 years)

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| 6 January 1367
Archbishop's Palace of Bordeaux

| {{Gray|(1)}} Anne of Bohemia
14 January 1382
Westminster Abbey
No children

| 14 February 1400
Pontefract Castle
Aged 33

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| John II
John of Gaunt{{efn|In 1390, King Richard II, son of Edward the Black Prince, appointed his uncle John of Gaunt Duke of Aquitaine. This grant expired upon the Duke's death, and the dukedom reverted to the Crown. Regardless, due to Henry IV's seizure of the crown, he still came into possession of the dukedom. [https://www.researchgate.net/post/Would_the_grant_of_Aquitaine_to_John_of_Gaunt_in_1399_have_been_inherited_by_Henry_Bolingbroke_had_the_latter_not_been_exiled_by_Richard_II "Would the grant of Aquitaine to John of Gaunt in 1399 have been inherited by Henry Bolingbroke had the latter not been exiled by Richard II?"] at researchgate.net {{better source needed|date=May 2020}}

}}{{efn|Also Duke of Lancaster (1362), Earl of Leicester, Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Baron of Halton (1361). Formerly Earl of Richmond from 1342 until 1372.}}
1390
-
1399
9 years

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| 6 March 1340
Ghent
son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault|| Blanche of Lancaster
19 May 1359 – 12 September 1368
8 children
Constance of Castile
21 September 1371 – 24 March 1394
2 children
Katherine Swynford
13 January 1396
4 children

| 3 February 1399
Leicester Castle
aged 58

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| Richard II{{efn|Second tenure}}
Richard of Bordeaux
3 February
–
30 September 1399
({{age in years and days|3 February 1399|30 September 1399}})

| 100px

| 75px
{{Small|1395–1399}}

| 6 January 1367
Archbishop's Palace of Bordeaux

| {{Gray|(1)}} Anne of Bohemia
14 January 1382
Westminster Abbey
No children

| 14 February 1400
Pontefract Castle
Aged 33

|-

| Henry III of Aquitaine
Henry IV of England
30 September 1399{{Efn|Henry IV was crowned on 13 October 1399.|name=|group=}}
–
c. 1400

| File:Illumination of Henry IV (cropped).jpg

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{{Small|until 1406}}

| {{circa}} April 1367
Bolingbroke Castle

| {{Gray|(1)}} Mary de Bohun
Arundel Castle
27 July 1380
6 children

| 20 March 1413
Westminster Abbey
Aged 45

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| Henry IV of Aquitaine
Henry of Monmouth{{efn|Henry, Prince of Wales to 1413, Henry V of England afterwards}}
c. 1400–
31 August 1422
(22 years)

| File:Henry V Miniature.jpg

| 75px
{{Small|until 1406}}

| 16 September 1386
Monmouth Castle

| Catherine of Valois
Troyes Cathedral
2 June 1420
1 son

| 31 August 1422
Château de Vincennes
Aged 35

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| Henry VI
1 September 1422{{Efn|Henry VI was crowned on 6 November 1429.|name=|group=}}
–
1453{{efn|Effectively lost control of Aquitaine after the end of the Hundred Year's War}}
(31 years)

| File:Henry VI of England, Shrewsbury book.jpg

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| 6 December 1421
Windsor Castle

| Margaret of Anjou
Titchfield Abbey
22 April 1445
1 son

| 21 May 1471
Tower of London
Allegedly murdered aged 49

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|colspan="6" |Duchy of Aquitaine annexed into the Kingdom of France, title abolished

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The Valois kings of France, claiming supremacy over Aquitaine, granted the title of duke to their heirs, the Dauphins.

• John II (1345–1350), son of Philip VI of France, acceded in 1350 as King of France.
• Charles, Dauphin of France, Duke of Guyenne (1392?–1401), son of Charles VI of France, Dauphin.
• Louis (1401–1415), son of Charles VI of France, Dauphin.

With the end of the Hundred Years' War, Aquitaine returned under direct rule of the king of France and remained in the possession of the king. Only occasionally was the duchy or the title of duke granted to another member of the dynasty.

• Charles, Duc de Berry (1469–1472), son of Charles VII of France.
• Xavier (1753–1754), second son of Louis, Dauphin of France.

The Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia, son of Alfonso XIII of Spain, was one of the Legitimist pretenders to the French throne; as such he named his son, Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine (1972–2000); Gonzalo had no legitimate children.

File:AquitaineDukes.png

• List of Aquitainian consorts

{{notelist}}

{{Commons category|Dukes of Aquitaine}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Cite book |last=Gillingham |first=John |title=Richard I |date=2002 |author-mask=2 |orig-date=1999 |place=London |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-3000-9404-6}}.
• {{cite book |title=The Hundred Years War |first=Anne |last=Curry | author-link = Anne Curry | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2003 }}
• {{Cite book |title=Handbook of British Chronology |publisher=Royal Historical Society |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-56350-5 |editor-last=Fryde |editor-first=Edmund B. |editor-link=Edmund Fryde |edition=3rd}}
• {{Cite book |last=Mortimer |first=Ian |title=The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation |date=2006 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=0-2240-7301-X |location=London |author-link=Ian Mortimer (historian)}}
• {{Cite encyclopedia |title=The shorter Cambridge Medieval History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last=Previté-Orton |first=C. |date=1978 |author-link=Charles William Previté-Orton |volume=2 |isbn=978-0-5212-0963-2}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Ralph V. |title=The Reign of Richard Lionheart, Ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189–1199 |date=2000 |place=Harlow |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-5822-5659-0 |last2=Heiser |first2=Richard R}}.

• {{DNB|mode=cs2 |last=Hunt |first=William |wstitle=Edward the Black Prince |volume=17 |pages=90–101}}

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Aquitaine