Le Mans

{{about|the city in France|the sportscar endurance race|24 Hours of Le Mans|racecar type|Le Mans Prototype|other uses|Le Mans (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox French commune

|name = Le Mans

|commune status = Prefecture and commune

|image = Montage du Mans.jpg

|image size = 280

|caption = Top row: left, 24 Hours of Le Mans automobile race in June; right, Le Mans Justice Department Office; Middle row: View of Sarthe River and historic area, including the Palais of Comtes du Maine; Bottom row: left, Le Mans Tramway in Gambetta Street; center, Facade built in Le Mans Commerce Center; right, Saint Julien Cathedral

|arrondissement = Le Mans

|image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Le Mans (Sarthe) (orn ext).svg

|canton = Le Mans-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

|INSEE = 72181

|postal code = 72000

|dialling code = (0)243

|mayor = Stéphane Le Foll{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=fr}}

|term = 2020–2026

|intercommunality = Le Mans Métropole

|coordinates = {{coord|48.0077|0.1984|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

|elevation m = 51

|elevation min m = 38

|elevation max m = 134

|area km2 = 52.81

|population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}

|population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}

|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}

|demonym=Manceau (masculine)
Mancelle (feminine)}}

Le Mans ({{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|m|ɒ̃}}; {{IPA|fr|lə mɑ̃|lang|Fr-Paris--Le Mans.ogg}}) is a city in Northwestern France on the Sarthe River where it meets the Huisne. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.

Its inhabitants are called Manceaux (male) and Mancelles (female). Since 1923, the city has hosted the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the world's oldest active endurance sports car race. The event is among the most attended and prestigious motor sports events in the world.

History

First mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy,Geography 2.8.8 the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, a sub tribe of the Aedui. Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum (City of the Cenomani), or Cenomanus. Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, was within the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. A 3rd-century amphitheatre is still visible. The thermae were demolished during the crisis of the third century when workers were mobilized to build the city's defensive walls. The ancient wall around Le Mans is one of the most complete circuits of Gallo-Roman city walls to survive.{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=R. M. |date=1958 |title=The Roman Walls of le Mans |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=48 |issue=1/2 |pages=33–39 |doi=10.2307/298210 |jstor=298210 |s2cid=162544388 }}

As the use of the French language replaced late Vulgar Latin in the area, Cenomanus, with dissimilation, became known as Celmins. Cel- was taken to be a form of the French word for "this" and "that", and was replaced by le, which means "the".

As the principal city of Maine, Le Mans was the stage for struggles in the eleventh century between the counts of Anjou and the dukes of Normandy. When the Normans had control of Maine, William the Conqueror successfully invaded England and established an occupation. In 1069 the citizens of Maine revolted and expelled the Normans, resulting in Hugh V being proclaimed count of Maine. Geoffrey V of Anjou married Matilda of England in the cathedral. Their son Henry II Plantagenet, king of England, was born in the town.{{Cite book |last=King |first=Edmund |title=King Stephen |date=2010 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-11223-8 |location=New Haven, Connecticut, United States |page=37}}

In the 13th century Le Mans came under the control of the French crown. It was subsequently invaded by England during the Hundred Years' War.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Le-Mans|title = Le Mans | History, Geography, & Points of Interest | Britannica| date=11 June 2023 }}

Industrialization took place in the 19th century which saw the development of railway and motor vehicle production as well as textiles and tobacco manufacture.

Wilbur Wright began official public demonstrations of the airplane he had developed with his younger brother Orville on 8 August 1908, at the Hunaudières horse racing track near Le Mans.{{cite book |last1=Combs |first1=Harry |title=Kill Devil Hill: Discovering the Secret of the Wright Brothers |date=1979 |publisher=TernStyle Press, Ltd. |location=Englewood |isbn=0940053020 |pages=266–281}}

=World War II=

Just outside Le Mans city centre there used to be an airfield, built to protect the Renault factory.

Soon after Le Mans was liberated by the U.S. 79th and 90th Infantry Divisions on 8 August 1944,Blumenson, Martin, Breakout and Pursuit, Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D.C., 1989, pp. 436–8 engineers of the Ninth Air Force Engineering Command began construction of a combat Advanced Landing Ground on a location the Germans had used a simple airfield. The airfield was declared operational on 3 September and designated as "A-35". It was used by several American fighter and transport units in additional offensives across France; the airfield was closed in November 1944.Johnson, David C. (1988), U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO), D-Day to V-E Day; Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB, Alabama.Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. {{ISBN|0-89201-092-4}}.

Main sights

Le Mans has a well-preserved old town (Cité Plantagenêt, also called Vieux Mans) and the Cathédrale St-Julien, dedicated to St Julian of Le Mans, who is honoured as the city's first bishop.
Remnants of a Roman wall are visible in the old town and Roman baths are located by the river. These walls are highlighted every summer (July and August) evening in a light show that tells the history of the town.
Arboretum de la Grand Prée
Notre-Dame de la Couture, medieval church
Notre Dame de Sainte Croix, neogothic church
Part of the former Cistercian abbey de l'Epau, founded by Queen Berengaria and currently maintained in extensive grounds by the Département de la Sarthe.
Jardin des Plantes du Mans
Musée de la reine Bérengère, a museum of Le Mans history located in a gothic manor house.
{{lang|fr|{{ill|Musée de Tessé|fr}}}}, the fine arts museum of the city, displaying painting (including artworks by Philippe de Champaigne, Charles Le Brun, François Boucher, John Constable, Ingres, Théodore Géricault and Camille Corot) and archaeological collections as well as decorative arts.
The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall){{cite web|url= https://www.persee.fr/doc/bulmo_0007-473x_1898_num_63_1_11164_t1_0296_0000_1 |title= L'Hotel-de-Ville du Mans (1471-1898)|first=Robert |last=Triger|year= 1898 |publisher= Marsy Arthur de Bulletin Monumental |pages= 296–298}}

Gallery

File:Palais des comtes du Maine - Le Mans.jpg|Le Palais des Comtes du Mainebirthplace of Henry II of England (now part of the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) and not open to the public)

File:Le Mans muraille Gallo Romaine nord-est.JPG|Gallo-Roman walls

File:Organ in the cathedral.JPG|Organ in the cathedral

File:Street Le Mans 2009 SK.jpg|A street in the old town

File:LeMansCoatArms.JPG|Manhole cover depicting the city's coat-of-arms

File:Yvre - Abbaye Epau RB 01.jpg|Effigy of Berengaria of Navarre in the chapter house of Épau abbey.

File:Place de la mairie Le Mans.JPG|The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall)

Climate

Le Mans has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb) influenced by the mild Atlantic air travelling inland. Summers are warm and occasionally hot, whereas winters are mild and cloudy. Precipitation is relatively uniform and moderate year round.

{{Weather box

|location = Le Mans (1991–2020 averages)

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|Jan record high C = 17.2

|Feb record high C = 21.8

|Mar record high C = 25.6

|Apr record high C = 30.3

|May record high C = 32.4

|Jun record high C = 39.7

|Jul record high C = 41.1

|Aug record high C = 40.5

|Sep record high C = 35.0

|Oct record high C = 30.0

|Nov record high C = 22.2

|Dec record high C = 18.3

|year record high C = 41.1

|Jan avg record high C = 14.4

|Feb avg record high C = 16.2

|Mar avg record high C = 20.4

|Apr avg record high C = 24.8

|May avg record high C = 28.2

|Jun avg record high C = 32.4

|Jul avg record high C = 33.9

|Aug avg record high C = 34.0

|Sep avg record high C = 29.2

|Oct avg record high C = 23.5

|Nov avg record high C = 17.6

|Dec avg record high C = 14.3

|year avg record high C = 35.4

|Jan high C = 8.4

|Feb high C = 9.7

|Mar high C = 13.3

|Apr high C = 16.6

|May high C = 20.1

|Jun high C = 23.6

|Jul high C = 26.0

|Aug high C = 26.0

|Sep high C = 22.2

|Oct high C = 17.2

|Nov high C = 11.9

|Dec high C = 8.8

|year high C =

|Jan mean C = 5.5

|Feb mean C = 5.9

|Mar mean C = 8.7

|Apr mean C = 11.3

|May mean C = 14.9

|Jun mean C = 18.2

|Jul mean C = 20.3

|Aug mean C = 20.1

|Sep mean C = 16.7

|Oct mean C = 13.0

|Nov mean C = 8.6

|Dec mean C = 5.9

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = 2.7

|Feb low C = 2.2

|Mar low C = 4.0

|Apr low C = 6.0

|May low C = 9.7

|Jun low C = 12.9

|Jul low C = 14.6

|Aug low C = 14.3

|Sep low C = 11.2

|Oct low C = 8.8

|Nov low C = 5.2

|Dec low C = 2.9

|year low C =

|Jan avg record low C = -6.1

|Feb avg record low C = -5.1

|Mar avg record low C = -3.0

|Apr avg record low C = -0.6

|May avg record low C = 2.7

|Jun avg record low C = 6.8

|Jul avg record low C = 8.8

|Aug avg record low C = 7.7

|Sep avg record low C = 4.5

|Oct avg record low C = 0.8

|Nov avg record low C = -2.8

|Dec avg record low C = -5.2

|year avg record low C = -8.0

|Jan record low C = -18.2

|Feb record low C = -17.0

|Mar record low C = -11.3

|Apr record low C = -4.9

|May record low C = -3.7

|Jun record low C = 1.6

|Jul record low C = 3.9

|Aug record low C = 3.2

|Sep record low C = -0.5

|Oct record low C = -5.4

|Nov record low C = -12.0

|Dec record low C = -21.0

|year record low C = -21.0

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 65.9

|Feb precipitation mm = 49.1

|Mar precipitation mm = 52.2

|Apr precipitation mm = 51.1

|May precipitation mm = 63.2

|Jun precipitation mm = 55.1

|Jul precipitation mm = 49.4

|Aug precipitation mm = 49.0

|Sep precipitation mm = 50.8

|Oct precipitation mm = 65.5

|Nov precipitation mm = 67.1

|Dec precipitation mm = 75.0

|year precipitation mm =

|Jan precipitation days = 11.0

|Feb precipitation days = 9.6

|Mar precipitation days = 9.4

|Apr precipitation days = 9.0

|May precipitation days = 9.5

|Jun precipitation days = 7.9

|Jul precipitation days = 7.3

|Aug precipitation days = 7.1

|Sep precipitation days = 7.7

|Oct precipitation days = 10.6

|Nov precipitation days = 11.3

|Dec precipitation days = 11.6

|year precipitation days =

|Jan humidity = 87

|Feb humidity = 83

|Mar humidity = 78

|Apr humidity = 74

|May humidity = 75

|Jun humidity = 73

|Jul humidity = 72

|Aug humidity = 74

|Sep humidity = 79

|Oct humidity = 86

|Nov humidity = 88

|Dec humidity = 88

|year humidity = 79.8

|Jan sun = 65

|Feb sun = 94

|Mar sun = 139

|Apr sun = 180

|May sun = 207

|Jun sun = 221

|Jul sun = 233

|Aug sun = 226

|Sep sun = 185

|Oct sun = 118

|Nov sun = 75

|Dec sun = 67

|year sun =

|source 1 = Meteo France{{cite web

| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_72181001.pdf

| title = Données climatiques de la station de Le Mans

| publisher = Meteo France

| language = fr

| access-date = 10 September 2023

}}

|source 2 = Infoclimat (humidity 1961–1990){{cite web

| url = http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07235-le-mans-arnage.html

| title = Normes et records 1961–1990: Le Mans – Arnage (72) – altitude 51m

| language = fr

| publisher = Infoclimat

| access-date = 9 January 2016}}

}}

Demographics

{{As of|2018}}, there were 367,082 inhabitants in the metropolitan area (aire d'attraction) of Le Mans, with 143,252 of these living in the city proper (commune).[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-034+COM-72181 Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 du Mans (034)], INSEE In 1855 Le Mans absorbed four neighbouring communes. The population data for 1851 and earlier in the table and graph below refer to the pre-1855 borders.

{{Historical populations

|title=Historical population of Le Mans

| align = none

| cols = 2

| percentages = pagr

| source = EHESS{{Cassini-Ehess|20932|Le Mans}} and INSEE (1968–2017)[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-72181#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE

| graph-pos = bottom

|1793 | 18855

|1800 | 18081

|1806 | 19030

|1821 | 18881

|1831 | 19792

|1836 | 23164

|1841 | 25189

|1846 | 27461

|1851 | 27059

|1856 | 34664

|1861 | 37209

|1866 | 45230

|1872 | 46981

|1876 | 50175

|1881 | 55347

|1886 | 57591

|1891 | 57412

|1896 | 60075

|1901 | 63272

|1906 | 65467

|1911 | 69361

|1921 | 71783

|1926 | 72867

|1931 | 76868

|1936 | 84525

|1946 | 100455

|1954 | 111891

|1962 | 132181

|1968 | 143246

|1975 | 152285

|1982 | 147697

|1990 | 145502

|1999 | 146105

|2007 | 144164

|2012 | 143599

|2017 | 142946

}}

Transportation

The Gare du Mans is the main railway station of Le Mans. It takes 1 hour to reach Paris from Le Mans by TGV high speed train. There are also TGV connections to Lille, Marseille, Nantes, Rennes and Brest. Gare du Mans is also a hub for regional trains. Le Mans inaugurated a new light rail system on 17 November 2007.{{cite magazine | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//le-mans-light-rail-takes-off.html | title=Le Mans light rail takes off | date=6 January 2008 | magazine=Railway Gazette International | access-date=5 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616040209/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/le-mans-light-rail-takes-off.html | archive-date=16 June 2011 | url-status=dead }}

Sport

=Motorsport=

File:Le Mans 2007 - Dunlop Curve.jpg

File:Empreinte pilotes 24h.jpg, Mark Blundell, Derek Warwick, and Yannick Dalmas, at Le Mans]]

The first French Grand Prix took place on a 64-mile (103 km) circuit based at Le Mans in 1906.

Since the 1920s, the city has been best known for its connection with motorsports. There are two official and separate racing tracks at Le Mans, though they share certain portions. The smaller is the Bugatti Circuit (named after Ettore Bugatti, founder of the car company bearing his name), a relatively short permanent circuit, which is used for racing throughout the year and regularly hosts the French motorcycle Grand Prix. The longer and more famous Circuit de la Sarthe is composed partly of public roads. These are closed to the public when the track is in use for racing. Since 1923, this route has been used for the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car endurance race. Boutiques and shops are set up during the race, selling merchandise and promoting products for cars.

The "Le Mans start" was formerly used in the 24-hour race: drivers lined up across the track from their cars, ran across the track, jumped into their cars and started them to begin the race.

The 1955 Le Mans disaster was a large accident during the race that killed eighty-four spectators.

=Basketball=

The city is home to Le Mans Sarthe Basket, 2006 Champion of the LNB Pro A, France's top professional basketball division.

The team plays its home games at the Antarès, which served as one of the host arenas of the FIBA EuroBasket 1999.

=Football=

Le Mans FC

=Cycling=

Circuit de la Sarthe (cycling)

Notable people

Le Mans was the birthplace of:

File:Basile Moreau CSC.jpg

Elijah ben Menahem Ha-Zaken, born 980
Henry II of England, born 1133
Geoffroy V d'Anjou, born 1113
Geoffrey de Goreham or Gorron, became Abbot of St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK in 1119
John II of France, born 1319
Dom Louis Le Pelletier, born 1663, linguist of the Breton language
Gilles-François de Beauvais, born 7 July 1693, Jesuit writer and preacher
Jean-Marie-Joseph Coutelle (1748–1835), engineer, scientist and pioneer of ballooning
Basil Moreau, born 1799, priest of Le Mans, founded the Congregation of Holy Cross, beatified in Le Mans in 2007
Léon Bollée, born 1870, car manufacturer and inventor
Henri Fournier, born 1871, racing driver
Christine and Lea Papin, whose murder (1933) of their employers inspired Jean Genêt's The Maids
Jean Françaix, born in 1912, composer
Jean Lucas, born 1917, racing driver
Anny-Charlotte Verney, born 1943, racing driver
François Migault, born 1944, racing driver
Jean Rondeau, born in 1946, racing driver and constructor
Gérard Tremblay, born 1950, racing driver
Jean-Yves Empereur born 1952, archeologist
Bertrand Lançon, born 1952, Roman history scholar
François Fillon, born in 1954, former Prime Minister of France
Yves Jumeau, born in 1955, visual artist
François Vallejo, born 1960, novelist
Sylvie Tolmont, born 1962, politician
Lionel Robert, born 1962, racing driver
Sabine Toutain, born in 1966, violist
Doan Bui, born in the 1970s, journalist
Amaelle Landais-Israël, born 1977, climatologist
Emmanuel Moire, born 1979, French singer
Sébastien Bourdais, born 1979, race car driver
Julien Canal, born 1982, race car driver
Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, born 1985, professional tennis player
Guillaume Loriot, footballer
Leslie, born 4 February 1985, French singer
Louis Rossi born 1989, Grand Prix motorcycle racer
Emma Mackey, born 1996, French-British actress

Notable residents include:

Gilles Villeneuve, lived temporarily in Le Mans in 1973.
Gérard Genette, literary theorist, lived and taught in Le Mans from 1956 to 1963.
Jacques Derrida, philosopher, lived and taught in Le Mans in 1959–1960.
David Jason, English actor, lived in Le Mans between 1965–1968 and 1999–2001.
Andy Wallace, born 1961, racecar driver.

Died in Le Mans:

Liborius of Le Mans (c. 348–397), bishop of Le Mans
André d'Arbelles (1767–1825), journalist and historiographer
Lawrence Aubrey Wallace (1857–1942) British Colonial Administrator

International relations

Le Mans is twinned with:{{cite web |title=Les jumelages|url=http://www.lemans.fr/dynamique/bienvenue/les-jumelages/|website=lemans.fr|publisher=Le Mans|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-14}}

{{flagicon|UK}} Bolton, England, United Kingdom
{{flagicon|MAR}} Haouza, Morocco
{{flagicon|GER}} Paderborn, Germany
{{flagicon|RUS}} Rostov-on-Don, Russia
{{flagicon|JPN}} Suzuka, Japan
{{flagicon|GRC}} Volos, Greece
{{flagicon|CHN}} Xianyang, China

Gastronomy

The culinary specialty of Le Mans is rillettes, a shredded pork pâté.

Landmarks

Located at Mayet near Le Mans, the Le Mans-Mayet transmitter has a height of 342 m and is one of the tallest radio masts in France.

{{wide image|PanoramaLeMans.JPG|800px|Panorama of Le Mans, facing north-west}}

Representation in popular culture

Le Mans has been a setting for numerous feature films that feature its famous race.{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/the-best-24-hours-of-le-mans-movies/|title = The 5 Best 24 Hours of le Mans Movies|date = 14 June 2016}}
Le Mans is a setting for sections of the 2020 novel, The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue, by V.E. Schwab.{{Cite web|date=2020-10-05|title=The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue: Recap & Summary|url=https://the-bibliofile.com/the-invisible-life-of-addie-larue-summary-recap-spoilers/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Bibliofile|language=en-US}}

Notes

References

Bibliography

{{See also|Timeline of Le Mans#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Le Mans}}

External links

[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515093543/http://www.ville-lemans.fr/ Official website] {{in lang|fr}}
[http://www.le-mans.fr/ Le Mans d'Antan] {{in lang|fr}}

Category:Communes of Sarthe

Category:Prefectures in France

Category:Cenomani

Category:Gallia Lugdunensis

Category:Cities in France