Edmund P. Gaines

Edmund Pendleton Gaines was born in Culpeper County, Virginia on March 20, 1777, the seventh of fourteen children born to James and Elizabeth (Strother) Gaines.{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3063 |title=Edmund Pendleton Gaines |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama |access-date=November 8, 2016}} He was named after his great-uncle Edmund Pendleton, who was a political leader of Virginia during the Revolution.{{cite book |last1=Longacre |first1=James B. |last2=Herring |first2=James |date=1839 |title=The National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans |volume=IV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnwVAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA29-PA1 |location=New York, NY |publisher=American Academy of the Fine Arts |page=1 |via=Google Books |ref={{sfnRef|Longacre and Herring}}}} James Gaines had been a captain of militia during the Revolutionary War and afterwards moved his family to North Carolina.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=1}} After the move, James Gaines was a delegate to the state convention that ratified the United States Constitution and became a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=1}}

The James Gaines family later moved to Kingsport, Tennessee.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=3}} Edmund Gaines completed his early education in Tennessee and studied law in preparation for a career as an attorney.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=3}} He was also elected first lieutenant of a local militia company.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=3}} William C. C. Claiborne recommended Gaines for a commission, and he joined the army in 1799 as an ensign.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=3}}

Gaines served with the 6th Infantry Regiment until the end of the Quasi-War with France that had caused a temporary expansion of the army.{{cite book |last=Quimby |first=Robert S. |date=1997 |title=The U.S. Army in the War of 1812: An Operational and Command Study |volume= 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuR2AAAAMAAJ&q=%22beginning+of+1799+during+the+quasi-war+with+france%22 |location=East Lansing, MI |publisher=Michigan State University Press |page=493 |isbn=978-0-8701-3441-8 |via=Google Books}} He was discharged in 1800, but returned to service as a second lieutenant in 1801.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=3}} He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1802, and captain in 1807.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=3}}

In the early 19th century, Gaines surveyed routes and boundaries in the Mississippi Territory including parts of the Natchez Trace.{{cite book |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first1=Spencer |date=2013 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZVQcZpic-8C&pg=P257 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=257 |isbn=978-1-8510-9853-8 |via=Google Books |ref={{sfnRef|Tucker}}}}

In 1800, he commanded ten companies of the 2nd Infantry Regiment in the construction of the federal post road from Nashville to Natchez.{{sfn|Tucker|page=257}} His experience led him to become a strong advocate of using the military to construct a national railroad system.{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Angevine |title=The Railroad and the State: War, Politics, and Technology in Nineteenth-Century America |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2004 |location=California |page=5 |isbn=0-8047-4239-1}}

In 1807, Gaines was the commandant of Fort Stoddert.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=4}} During this time, he and Nicholas Perkins III{{Cite web |title=Aaron Burr's Arrest |url=https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/aaron-burrs-arrest/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Encyclopedia of Alabama |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=The Conspiracy And Trial Of Aaron Burr |url=https://www.americanheritage.com/conspiracy-and-trial-aaron-burr |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=AMERICAN HERITAGE |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Roger |title=Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780199848775}} arrested former Vice President Aaron Burr in Wakefield, Alabama after Burr was alleged to be involved in a conspiracy to separate the western states from the rest of the country.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=4}} Burr was detained by a military guard under Gaines's command and later turned over to federal authorities, who transported him to Richmond, Virginia.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=4}} Burr was tried later that year, and Gaines testified at his trial, describing the circumstances that led to Burr's identification and arrest.{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Trial of Aaron Burr, by Joseph P. Brady. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/55073/55073-h/55073-h.htm |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=5}} Burr was acquitted on September 1, 1807.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=5}}

From 1807 to 1808, Gaines surveyed the route of the Gaines Trace road between the Tennessee River near the mouth of the Elk River and the town of Cotton Gin Port, Mississippi.{{cite magazine |last=Leftwich |first=George J. |date=1903 |title=Cotton Gin Port and Gaines' Trace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfo7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA267 |magazine=Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society |volume=VIII |location=Oxford, MS |publisher=Mississippi Historical Society |page=267 |via=Google Books}} Afterwards, he took a leave of absence from the army to practice law in Mississippi Territory.{{sfn|Tucker|page=257}} While practicing law, Gaines also accepted a commission to serve as judge of Pascagoula Parish.{{cite book |last=Fredriksen |first=John C. |date=1999 |title=American Military Leaders |volume=I, A-L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7MwvwL5UR0C&pg=PA277 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=277 |isbn=978-1-5760-7001-7}}

The War of 1812 brought Gaines back to military duty and he was appointed a major in the 8th Infantry Regiment.{{cite book |last=Thrapp |first=Dan L. |date=1988 |title=Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography |volume=II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hc35mM0PqSQC&pg=PA525 |location=Lincoln, NE |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |page=525 |isbn=978-0-8032-9419-6 |via=Google Books}} In July 1812, he became lieutenant colonel of the 24th Infantry Regiment.{{cite book |editor-last1=Haveman |editor-first1=Christopher D. |date=2018 |title=Bending Their Way Onward: Creek Indian Removal in Documents |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJRFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA733 |location=Lincoln, NE |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=732–733 |isbn=978-0-8032-9698-5 |via=Google Books}} In 1813, he was promoted to colonel and commanded the 25th Infantry Regiment with distinction at the Battle of Crysler's Farm.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=6}}

Later in 1813, Gaines became adjutant of the Army of the Northwest, commanded by General William Henry Harrison, and was with Harrison at the Battle of the Thames.{{sfn|Longacre and Herring|page=6}} He was promoted to brigadier general on March 9, 1814, and commanded the post at Fort Erie after the U.S. captured it from the British.{{cite book |last=Tomes |first=Robert |date=1861 |title=Battles of America by Sea and Land |volume=III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIki6KpT_XMC&pg=PA167 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Virtue and Company |page=167 |via=Google Books}} General Jacob Brown was wounded at the Battle of Lundy's Lane and when the Army of the Niagara returned to the fort, command of this force was passed to Gaines.{{cite book |last=Eisenhower |first=John S. D. |author-link=John Eisenhower |date=1999 |title=Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkVCQmU9nfYC&pg=PA94 |location=Norman, OK |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |page=94 |isbn=978-0-8061-3128-3 |via=Google Books }}

During the Siege of Fort Erie, Gaines was in command when a British assault was repulsed on August 15, 1814. For this victory – the First Battle of Fort Erie – Gaines was awarded the Thanks of Congress, a Congressional Gold Medal, and a brevet promotion to major general.{{cite book |editor-last1=Peters |editor-first1=Richard |date=1846 |title=The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America |volume=III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhIuAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA247 |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Charles C. Little and James Brown |page=247 |via=Google Books}}{{cite news |editor1-last=Niles |editor1-first=Hezekiah |editor-link1=Hezekiah Niles |date=February 4, 1815 |title=Brevet Appointments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ReNGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA354 |work=Niles' Weekly Register |location=Baltimore, MD |page=354 |via=Google Books }} Gaines was seriously wounded by artillery fire and Brown returned to command.{{cite book |last=Cruikshank |first=Ernest |date=1905 |title=The Siege of Fort Erie, August 1st-September 23rd, 1814 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJ40Zbgt9GgC&pg=PA31 |location=Welland, Ontario, Canada |publisher=Lundy's Lane Historical Society |page=31 |via=Google Books}} Gaines' wound ended his active field duty for the rest of the war, and he was given command of the Fourth Military District with headquarters in Philadelphia.{{cite magazine |last=Pendleton |first=Garnett |date=June 19, 1901 |title=The Literary Exercises at St. David's Chapel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LtYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA182 |magazine=Proceedings at the Mid-Summer Meeting |location=Chester, PA |publisher=Delaware County Historical Society |page=182 |via=Google Books}}

After the War of 1812, post-conflict downsizing of the Army led to appointment of Jacob Brown and Andrew Jackson as the Army's two major generals, with Winfield Scott, Alexander Macomb, Eleazer Wheelock Ripley and Gaines as the Army's four brigadier generals.{{sfn|Eisenhower|1999|pp=103–105}} Jackson became commander of the army's Southern Division, Brown became commander of the army's Northern Division, and the brigadier generals were assigned leadership of departments within the divisions.{{sfn|Eisenhower|1999|pp=103–105}}

In 1817, Gaines was named U.S. Commissioner to the Creek Indians.{{cite book |last1=Failor |first1=Kenneth M. |last2=Hayden |first2=Eleonora |date=1972 |title=Medals of the United States Mint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQc0RImO3iUC&pg=PA188 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=US Government Printing Office |page=188 |via=Google Books}} During this time, he oversaw the construction of Fort Crawford in the Alabama Territory.{{cite book |title=Dead Towns of Alabama |last=Harris |first=W. Stuart |year=1977 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCUOAAAACAAJ |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |page=39 |isbn=0-8173-1125-4 |via=Google Books}} He also continued a bitter feud with Scott that centered over which had seniority, as both hoped to eventually succeed the ailing Brown.{{sfn|Eisenhower|1999|pp=119–120}}{{efn|The dispute arose over whether regular or brevet promotions took priority. Gaines argued for regular commissions, because Scott and Gaines were both officially promoted to colonel on March 12, 1813, and brigadier general on March 9, 1814 and Gaines's name appeared before Scott's on those orders, which would make him senior to Scott. Scott argued for brevets, because he received his brevet promotion to major general on July 25, 1814, three weeks earlier than Gaines's August 15 brevet, which would make Scott senior to Gaines.{{sfn|Eisenhower|1999|pp=200–200}}}} In 1821, Congress reorganized the army, leaving Brown as the sole major general and Scott and Gaines as the lone brigadier generals; Macomb accepted demotion to colonel and appointment as the chief of engineers, while Ripley and Jackson both left the army.{{sfn|Eisenhower|1999|pp=117–118}}

When Brown died in 1828, Gaines and Scott continued to quarrel over seniority.{{sfn|Eisenhower|1999|pp=121–123}} An annoyed President John Quincy Adams responded by appointing Macomb as Brown's successor.{{sfn|Eisenhower|1999|pp=121–123}} In 1830, Gaines opposed President Andrew Jackson's policy of Indian removal, but Jackson directed that it continue to be implemented.{{cite book |first=Jon |last=Meacham |authorlink=Jon Meacham |title=American Lion |publisher=Random House |year=2008 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanlionandr00meac_0/page/148 148] |isbn=978-1-4000-6325-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/americanlionandr00meac_0/page/148 }} In 1831, tensions with the Sauk people increased because of their efforts to cross the Mississippi River from Iowa to Illinois and establish homes in their former lands on the Illinois side.{{cite book |last=Jung |first=Patrick J. |date=2007 |title=The Black Hawk War of 1832 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00HMdP_ehTEC&pg=PA70 |location=Norman, OK |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |pages=62–64 |isbn=978-0-8061-3994-4 |ref={{sfnRef|Jung}}}} In response, Gaines led troops to counter the forces of Sauk leader Black Hawk.{{sfn|Jung|pages=62-64}} After defeating Black Hawk, Gaines conducted negotiations that resulted in a capitulation agreement by which Black Hawk agreed to return to Iowa.{{sfn|Jung|pages=62-64}}

Gaines commanded the Western Military Department during the 1832 Black Hawk War, but illness prevented him from taking active command.{{sfn|Jung|pages=70}} He was still in command of the department during the initial stages of the 1835 to 1842 Second Seminole War.{{sfn|Tucker|page=257}} Gaines personally led an expedition and was wounded in the mouth at the 1835 Battle of Ouithlacoochie.{{sfn|Tucker|page=257}}{{cite book |last=Heard |first=J. Norman |date=1987 |title=Handbook of the American Frontier |volume=I: The Southeastern Woodlands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFKJTymP4vsC&pg=PA160 |location=Metuchen, NJ |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=160 |isbn=978-0-8108-1931-3 |ref={{sfnRef|Heard}}}} On February 20, 1836, Gaines and his men were the first U.S. soldiers to visit the scene of the Dade Massacre in Florida, where they identified and interred the bodies.{{sfn|Eisenhower|1999|pp=154–155}}

In 1836, Gaines was placed in command of the Southwest Military District.{{cite book |last=St. James |first=Sidney |date=2019 |title=The Faith Chronicles: Books 1-3: An Anthology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WF7eDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265 |location=Georgetown, TX |publisher=BeeBop Publishing Group |page=265 |isbn=978-1-3932-6042-4 |via=Google Books}} He was given instructions to fortify the border of the Louisiana Territory and Texas to prevent the Mexican army from threatening U.S. territory. He was also given orders to prevent U.S. soldiers or volunteers from crossing into Texas and fighting in the rebellion. When Alexander Macomb died in June 1841, he was still serving as the Army's commanding general.{{cite magazine |last=Falk |first=Stanley L. |date=November 1984 |title=Fussin' in the Old Army |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjZEAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA60 |magazine=Army |location=Arlington, VA |publisher=Association of the United States Army |page=70 |via=Google Books}} John Bell, the Secretary of War recalled the previous Scott-Gaines dispute over seniority; he quickly recommended Scott for the position in order to prevent the dispute from restarting. President John Tyler concurred, and Scott was appointed in July.

Gaines was in command of the Army's Western Division at the outbreak of the Mexican–American War.{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. P. |date=2017 |title=Preparing for War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f83ADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=39 |isbn=978-0-6745-4573-1 |via=Google Books}} Eager to overshadow Scott, Gaines unsuccessfully attempted to claim jurisdiction over supplies and administration of Army activities related to the war, and was reprimanded by the U.S. government for overstepping his authority when he called up Louisiana volunteers to join the force commanded by Zachary Taylor.{{sfn|Tucker|page=257}} Gaines was court-martialed for his continued efforts to call up volunteers, but was able to successfully defend himself.{{sfn|Tucker|page=257}}

Though Gaines was the Army's senior brigadier general, several individuals were promoted to major general over him during the Mexican War, including Zachary Taylor, Gideon Johnson Pillow, and John A. Quitman.{{cite book |last=US Army Adjutant General |date=1848 |title=U. S. Army Register |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035099673;view=2up;seq=6 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=C. Alexander |page=3}} He was in command of the Western Division when he died in New Orleans, Louisiana on June 6, 1849. He was interred in the Church Street Graveyard in Mobile, Alabama.{{cite book |last=Bunn |first=Mike |title=Early Alabama: An Illustrated Guide to the Formative Years, 1798-1826 |year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUGIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 |location=Tuscaloosa, AL |publisher=University of Alabama Press |page=126 |isbn=978-0-8173-5928-7 |via=Google Books}}

A number of places in the United States were named in his honor, including Gainesvilles in Florida, Texas, Georgia, and New York; Gaines Township in Michigan; and Gainesboro in Tennessee.{{cite news |last=Vardeman |first=Johnny |date=January 14, 2018 |title=Johnny Vardeman: Some historical trivia for Hall County's 200th birthday |url=https://www.gainesvilletimes.com/columnists/johnny-vardeman-some-historical-trivia-hall-countys-200th-birthday/ |work=The Gainesville Times |location=Gainesville, GA}} He was also the namesake of Gaines Streets in Tallahassee, Florida,{{cite news |last=Ensley |first=Gerald |date=May 24, 2014 |title=Gaines Street named for famous Army general |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/2014/05/23/gaines-street-named-famous-army-general/9494593/ |work=Tallahassee Democrat |location=Tallahassee, FL}} and Davenport, Iowa.{{cite news |last=Gaul |first=Alma |date=July 12, 2011 |title=Gaines Street: Group works to brighten Q-C neighborhood |url=https://qctimes.com/news/local/group-works-to-brighten-q-c-neighborhood/article_e6315674-ac34-11e0-8f1b-001cc4c002e0.html |work=Quad-City Times |location=Davenport, IA}} In addition, Fort Gaines, a historic fort on Dauphin Island, Alabama, was named for him.{{cite web |url=https://www.exploresouthernhistory.com/fortgainesal.html |title=Fort Gaines Historic Site |last=Cox |first=Dale |date=August 5, 2014 |website=Explore Southern History.com}}

A member of the Freemasons, Gaines was raised in Fayetteville, North Carolina's Phoenix Lodge No. 8.{{cite web |url=https://www.phoenixlodge8.com/about-phoenix-lodge/prominent-members-of-phoenix-lodge-no-8/edmund-pendleton-gaines/ |title=Biography, Edmund Pendleton Gaines, 20 March 1777 - 6 June 1849 |last=Nunes |first=Bob |website=Phoenix Lodge8.com |publisher=Phoenix Lodge No. 8 |location=Fayetteville, NC |access-date=July 19, 2020}}

Gaines was married three times and widowed twice.{{cite web |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsead/umich-wcl-M-5097gai?id=navbarbrowselink;view=text |title=Biography, Edmund P. Gaines |last=Dopp |first=Jakob |website=Edmund P. and Myra C. Gaines collection (1834-1850) |publisher=Clements Library, University of Michigan |location=Ann Arbor, MI |access-date=July 18, 2020}} His first marriage was in 1806 to Frances Toulmin (1788–1811), the daughter of Harry Toulmin, who died giving birth. His second marriage was in 1815 to Barbara Blount (1792–1836), daughter of Tennessee statesman William Blount.John Hill Wheeler, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ljQ2AAAAMAAJ Reminiscences and Memoris of North Carolina and Eminent North Carolinians] (1885), p. lx. His last marriage was in 1839 to Myra Clark Whitney (1806–1885), daughter of Louisiana politician Daniel Clark.

Gaines was the father of three children, a daughter and two sons. Son Henry Toulmin Gaines was born in 1811 and died in 1876.{{cite news |date=April 15, 1876 |title=Death Notice, Mr. Henry G. Gaines |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118420154/gaines/ |work=New Orleans Republican |location=New Orleans, LA |page=4 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{efn|The death notice for Henry T. Gaines uses the middle initial "G," but the description of the subject makes clear that it references Henry T. Gaines.}} Son Edmund Pendleton Gaines Jr. was born in 1820 and died in 1904.{{cite book |date=June 26, 1906 |title=Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased During the Academical Year Ending in June, 1906 |url=http://mssa.library.yale.edu/obituary_record/1859_1924/1905-06.pdf |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University |page=531}} Daughter Elizabeth Virginia Gaines was born in 1840 died in 1941.{{cite news |date=May 23, 1841 |title=Died: Elizabeth Virginia Gaines |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118415029/gaines/ |work=The Times-Picayune |location=New Orleans, LA |page=2 |via=Newspapers.com}}

Gaines' effective dates of rank included:{{cite web |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fga03 |title=Biography, Gaines, Edmund, Pendleton |last=Cutrer |first=Thomas W. |date=November 5, 2019 |website=TSHA Online.org |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |location=Austin, TX |access-date=July 19, 2020}}

• Ensign – January 10, 1799
• Second Lieutenant – March 3, 1799
• Discharged – June 15, 1800
• Second Lieutenant – February 16, 1801
• First Lieutenant – April 27, 1802
• Captain – February 28, 1807
• Major – March 24, 1812
• Lieutenant Colonel – July 6, 1812
• Colonel – March 12, 1813
• Brigadier General – March 9, 1814
• Major General (Brevet) – August 15, 1814

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|Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de Saint-Mémin engraving of Gaines as a first lieutenant in 1808

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| John Wesley Jarvis portrait, circa 1820

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| Engraving of Gaines circa 1835

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| Bronze obverse of Congressional Gold Medal awarded to Gaines

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• List of Congressional Gold Medal recipients

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• Elliott, Jack D. and Wells, Mary Ann. (2003). Cotton Gin Port : a frontier settlement on the Upper Tombigbee. Jackson, Mississippi: Quail Ridge Press for the Mississippi Historical Society. {{ISBN|0-938896-88-1}}
• Silver, James W. Edmund Pendleton Gaines, Frontier General. Published by the Louisiana State University Press 1949.
• Wyatt, Thomas. "Gen. E. P. Gaines." Memoirs of the Generals, Commodores, and Other Commanders Who Distinguished Themselves in the U.S. Army and Navy During the Wars of the Revolution and 1813, and Who Were Presented with Medals by Congress the second, for Their Gallant Services. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1848. (pp. 101–112) [https://archive.org/details/memoirsgenerals00wyatgoog/page/n125 googlebooks.com] Retrieved October 3, 2008

{{Commons category}}

• {{Find a Grave|10656863}}
• [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fga03 Edmund Pendleton Gaines] at Handbook of Texas
• [https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=47515 Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines] at Historical Marker Database
• {{Internet Archive author|name=Edmund P. Gaines|birth=1777|death=1849}}
• {{TARO|utarl|02434|Edmund Pendleton Gaines Papers}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Florida|United States}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaines, Edmund P.}}

Category:1777 births

Category:1849 deaths

Category:United States Army personnel of the War of 1812

Category:American military personnel of the Mexican–American War

Category:American people of the Black Hawk War

Category:American people of English descent

Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients

Category:Governors of West Florida

Category:Pendleton family

Category:People from Culpeper County, Virginia

Category:Military personnel from Virginia

Category:Negro Fort

Category:United States Army generals

Category:United States Army personnel of the Seminole Wars