Electric road#Technology

TRL (formerly Transport Research Laboratory) lists three power delivery types for dynamic charging, or charging while the vehicle is in motion: overhead power lines, ground level power through rails, and induction through rails or resonant coils. TRL lists overhead power as the most technologically mature solution which provides the highest levels of power, but the technology is unsuitable for non-commercial vehicles. Ground-level power is suitable for all vehicles, with rail being a mature solution with high transfer of power and easily accessible and inspected elements. Inductive charging delivers the least power and requires more electrical roadside equipment than the alternatives.{{rp|at=Appendix D}}

The German Ministry of Economy, BMWK, found that overhead power lines pose safety risks for emergency services, and the lines' roadside poles pose a collision risk for motorists.

A study published in 2017 found increased formation of reflective cracks for roads with in-road inductive coils.F. Chen, N. Taylor, R. Balieu, and N. Kringos, “Dynamic application of the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) systems in an electrified road: Dielectric power loss due to pavement materials,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 147, pp. 9–16, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.149 As part of the French government 2023-2027 study of electric roads, in-road inductive charging infrastructure was found to cause excessive strain for road surfaces using standard road materials. The study recommends using more robust materials, which reduced strains to a satisfactory level. The study found increased risk of thermal damage to the road due to the induction coils exceeding temperatures of {{convert|100|C|0}}.{{citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZtLOuZ0Xmk&t=42m50s |contribution=Advancing road-based charging for electric vehicles |author=Pierre Hornych|title=Fall 2024 Kent Seminar Series|date=October 11, 2024}}{{Citation| last = Hornych | first = Pierre| contribution = Design of a pavement solution for electric vehicle charging by induction| year = 2023| title = XXVIIe Congrès mondial de la Route| publisher = AIPCR| contribution-url = https://hal.science/hal-04420080}} INDOT has been testing in 2024 a DWPT installation with special polymer-concrete previously used for bridges.{{Rp|at=38m19s}}

Governments and research institutes recommended standardizing ERS technologies before choosing one specific technology. A report by the Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE) recommends inter-city infrastructure capable of 300 kW or more for best cost-effectiveness.{{citation |url=https://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:1712747/FULLTEXT03.pdf |title=Interaktionseffekter mellan batterielektriska lastbilar, elvägar och statisk laddinfrastruktur |author=Jakob Rogstadius |date=November 24, 2022 |publisher=RISE}}{{br}}{{citation |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/interaction-effects-between-battery-electric-trucks-road-rogstadius |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223061738/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/interaction-effects-between-battery-electric-trucks-road-rogstadius |archive-date=December 23, 2022|title= Interaction Effects between Battery Electric Trucks, Electric Road Systems and Static Charging Infrastructure |author=Jakob Rogstadius |date=November 23, 2022}} (English translation) The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) similarly recommends a system capable of delivering 300 kW per truck.{{citation |url=http://vti.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1749419/FULLTEXT01.pdf |title=Omvärldsanalys och faktorer som påverkar nyttjandegraden av elvägar |year=2023 |author=Lina Nordin |display-authors=etal |pages=48 |publisher=VTI}} The French Ministry of Ecology working group recommends 400 kW for 44-ton trucks driving at 90 kilometers per hour along a 2% grade, or at minimum 250 kW so the truck can charge along flat or gently-sloping roads.{{citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021080727/https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/GT1%20rapport%20final.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2021 |url=https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/GT1%20rapport%20final.pdf |title=Système de route électrique. Groupe de travail n°1 |author=Patrick Pélata |display-authors=etal | date=July 2021}}{{Rp|25}} The European Commission published in 2021 a request for regulation and standardization of electric road systems.{{citation| url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0559&from=EN |title=Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and repealing Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council |date=July 14, 2021 |author=European Commission}}

A standard for electrical equipment on board a vehicle powered by ground level rail electric road system (ERS), CENELEC Technical Standard 50717, has been published in late 2022.{{citation |url=https://standardsdevelopment.bsigroup.com/projects/2020-03529 |title=PD CLC/TS 50717 Technical Requirements for Current Collectors for ground-level feeding system on road vehicles in operation |website=The British Standards Institution |year=2022 |accessdate=January 2, 2023 |archive-date=January 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102072415/https://standardsdevelopment.bsigroup.com/projects/2020-03529}} A standard for a complete ground-level power supply system is scheduled to be published by the end 2024,{{citation |url=https://www.snv.ch/files/content/documents/News%20und%20Newslettertexte/CEN_CENELEC_BT-Dokument.pdf |title=Final draft: Standardization request to CEN-CENELEC on 'Alternative fuels infrastructure' (AFI II) |date=February 2, 2022 |publisher=European Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709095254if_/https://www.snv.ch/files/content/documents/News%20und%20Newslettertexte/CEN_CENELEC_BT-Dokument.pdf |archive-date=July 9, 2022}}{{citation |url=https://electric-road-systems.eu/e-r-systems-wAssets/docs/publications/CollERS-2-Discussion-paper-2-Regulatory-issues.pdf |title=Regulating Electric Road Systems in Europe - How can a deployment of ERS be facilitated? |publisher=CollERS2 - Swedish German research collaboration on Electric Road Systems |author=Matts Andersson |date=July 4, 2022}} as specified in the proposed technical standard prTS 50740 in accordance with European Union directive 2023/1804.{{citation |url=https://genorma.com/en/project/show/cenelec:proj:78579 |title=Technical Specification for ground-based feeding systems for dynamic electric road charging infrastructure on road vehicles in operation CLC/prTS 50740 |date=October 25, 2023}}{{citation |url=https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-law-in-force/bibliographic-details/-/elif-publication/6337734c-58e4-11ee-9220-01aa75ed71a1 |title=Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and repealing Directive 2014/94/EU |date=September 9, 2023}}

Standards for inductive charging for vehicles have been available since 2020, though they are not immediately suited for electric roads. For instance, the CEO of IPT, a vehicle inductive power transfer company, regards the existing standards as "extremely expensive" for use in electric roads. Cost-effective implementations are being explored by IPT using its Primove inductive cables technology{{citation |url=https://www.emobility-engineering.com/wireless-charging/ |title=Wireless Charging |date=September 6, 2021 |author=E-Mobility Engineering staff}} which it bought in 2021 from Bombardier.{{citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGseqj4h8Zk |title= IPT - 25 years in 2 minutes |author=IPT Technology ENRX |website=YouTube |date=May 20, 2022}} WiPowerOne (an offshoot of the KAIST OLEV project) and Electreon, two wireless electric road companies, have been working on new dynamic inductive charging standards since 2021.{{citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5xdJMoz_WA |title=Electric Road Systems - PIARC Online Discussion - 17 February 2021 |at=2 hours and 17 minutes into the video}} ENRX, which is composed of several companies including IPT,{{citation |url=https://arendalsfossekompani.no/en/news/enrx-a-new-powerhouse-in-advanced-induction-technology |title=ENRX: A new powerhouse in advanced induction technology |author=ENRX |date=Mar 27, 2023}} announced in November 2024 that it plans to collaborate with InductEV to standardize dynamic wireless power transfer.{{citation |url=https://bus-news.com/enrx-and-inductev-agreement-to-standardise/ |title=ENRX and InductEV: Agreement to Standardise |website=Bus-News |date=November 27, 2024 |author=ENRX}} SAE International notes that wireless charging systems do not have well-established foreign object detection technologies, and proposes establishing safety tests for these technologies. Foreign objects pose a fire or burn risk if metals or organisms are between the ground pad and the receiver when the system is active. SAE International has started developing standards for dynamic wireless power transfer in 2023.{{citation|publisher=US Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration|date=December 2024|title=Effectiveness of Wireless Charging for Electric Transit Buses|author=Katrina Sutton|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/2024-12/FTA-Report-No-0270.pdf|website=FTA Reports and Publications |pages=10–13}}

The Swedish Transport Administration anticipates that a national electric road network would require interfaces between several players: the electricity supplier, the power grid company, the vehicle manufacturer, the road owner, the electric road technology operator, the metering and billing provider, and the user of the electric road. The ownership model can vary: the power grid company may own the secondary roadside electrical substations that power the electric road infrastructure or they may be owned by other players, and the power reading and payment system may be owned by a player separate from the infrastructure operator.{{citation|url=https://www.entelios.se/globalassets/los-energy2/entelios-innhold/hasselgren-ers-systems-in-sweden-191010.pdf|title=Swedish ERS - program background, current analysis phase and plans ahead|date=October 9, 2019|author=Björn Hasselgren|publisher=Swedish Transport Administration}}{{Rp|10–11}}

File:Irisbus Cristalis ETB 12 n°115 TCL Place Carnot.jpg Cristalis trolleybus using overhead power lines in Limoges, France, 2015]]

Overhead power lines have been used for road transport since at least 1882 in Berlin with Werner von Siemens's trolley buses. Over 300 trolley bus systems were in operation in 2018. Power to trolley buses is normally delivered using a pair of trolley poles positioned on top of the vehicle which extends to the overhead power lines. Implementations for highway vehicles have been developed in the late 2000s and 2010s{{citation|url=https://www.trafikverket.se/contentassets/2d8f4da1602a497b82ab6368e93baa6a/piarc_elvag.pdf|title=Electric road systems: a solution for the future?|publisher=World Road Association|year=2018|isbn=978-2-84060-496-9 }}{{rp|15}} but they are not suitable for non-commercial vehicles such as passenger cars.{{rp|at=Appendix D}}

Ground-level power supply in the form of electrified rails is similar to overhead power lines in implementation. Instead of an arm or pole extending to overhead power lines, a mechanical arm extends from the bottom of the vehicle and aligns with a rail embedded in the road. The rail is then powered, and power is transferred through the arm to the vehicle.{{rp|16}} Ground-level power supply is considered aesthetically preferable to overhead wires{{rp|20}} and it is suited for all types of vehicles.{{rp|24}}

The concept of a wireless ground-level power supply for vehicles was first patented in 1894. A static-charging system for shuttle buses was demonstrated in New Zealand in 1996 using inductive coils.{{rp|13}} Similar stationary charging systems for buses and other vehicles have been implemented by Conductix-Wampfler and Bombardier Primove. Primove was further enhanced to include dynamic charging while driving using inductive cables.{{rp|at=Appendix B}}

Development of electric road systems has matured significantly from the late 1990s through the 2010s.{{rp|12–22}} Several companies have developed and implemented electric road systems in the 2010s.{{rp|at=Appendix B}}

{{main|Online Electric Vehicle}}

File:SJT OLEV bus.jpg bus using ground-level wireless dynamic charging, 2016]]

The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology launched in 2009 a shuttle service with wireless dynamic charging through inductive coils embedded in the road. In 2013 OLEV launched a bus line in the city of Gumi.{{rp|16}} Another bus line was launched in Sejong in 2015, and two more bus lines were added in Gumi in 2016.{{citation|url=https://olev.kaist.ac.kr/_userfiles//BOARD_NOTICE/14913437331.pdf|title=Smart Wireless Power Transfer Technology|publisher=Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology}}{{rp|4}} All four wireless charging bus lines were shut down due to aging infrastructure. A new bus line was inaugurated in 2019 in Yuseong District.{{citation |url=https://it.donga.com/32262/ |title=[모빌리티 인사이트] 도로 위만 달려도 전기차를 충전합니다, 일렉트리온 |author=권명관 |date=July 22, 2021 |website=The Dong-a Ilbo}} Commercialization of the technology has not been successful, leading to controversy over the continued public funding of the technology in 2019.{{cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2019/04/325_265924.html|title=ICT minister nominee accused of wasting research money|author=Kwak Yeon-soo|date=24 March 2019|newspaper=The Korea Times}}

{{Main|Swedish Transport Administration electric road program}}

File:Elways electric truck dynamic charging electric road eRoadArlanda project 2019-05-16.jpg, near Arlanda airport, 2019.]]

The Swedish Transport Administration, Trafikverket, established an electric road program that studied the feasibility of an electric road national infrastructure for Sweden. The fact-finding program began in 2012{{citation |url=https://www.regiongavleborg.se/regional-utveckling/samhallsplanering-och-infrastruktur/elvag/om-arbetet-med-test--och-demonstration/ |title=Test och demonstration - resultat, erfarenheter, lärande och reflektioner |date=March 24, 2023 |website=Region Gävleborg}} and assessments of various electric road technologies in Sweden began in 2013.{{citation|url=https://www.trafikverket.se/contentassets/445611d179bf44938793269fe58376b6/dokument/national_roadmap_for_electric_road_systems_20171129_eng.pdf|title=National roadmap for electric road systems|date=November 29, 2017|author=Swedish Transport Administration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124160945/https://www.trafikverket.se/contentassets/445611d179bf44938793269fe58376b6/dokument/national_roadmap_for_electric_road_systems_20171129_eng.pdf |archive-date=November 24, 2020}}{{rp|12}} Trafikverket was expected to announce its chosen technology for electric roads by late 2023,{{citation |url=https://www.di.se/bil/40-experter-sa-blir-det-nya-mobilitetsaret/ |title=40 experter: Så blir det nya mobilitetsåret |author=Per Mattsson |date=January 18, 2023 |website=Dagens industri}} but due to procurement offers for the first permanent electric road on the E20 highway exceeding the project's budget, in 2023 Trafikverket began investigating cost-reducing measures in order to realize the project within its budget.{{citation |url=https://www.trafikverket.se/vara-projekt/projekt-i-orebro-lan/sveriges-forsta-permanenta-elvag/nyheter-for-sveriges-forsta-permanenta-elvag/2023/vi-avbryter-upphandlingen-for-sverige-forsta-permanenta-elvag/ |title=Vi avbryter upphandlingen för Sverige första permanenta elväg |date=August 28, 2023 |website=Trafikverket}} The project's final report was published in 2024, which recommended against funding a national electric road network in Sweden as it would not be cost-effective, unless the technology was adopted by trading partners such as France and Germany.

The final report by CollERS, the Swedish-German research collaboration on electric road systems, advised Trafikverket to select a single ERS technology, suitable for heavy trucks, with several suppliers who use an existing standard, coordinated with German and French ERS decisions, not necessarily led by the European Union but with their coordination, utilizing an ERS-technology-neutral payment system.{{citation |url=https://electric-road-systems.eu/e-r-systems-wAssets/docs/publications/CollERS-Choosing-ERS-Technology-for-Europe.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310135018/https://electric-road-systems.eu/e-r-systems-wAssets/docs/publications/CollERS-Choosing-ERS-Technology-for-Europe.pdf |archive-date=March 10, 2024 |date=January 31, 202 |title=Choosing ERS technology for Europe |author=Matts Andersson |display-authors=etal |publisher=WSP Sverige AB}}

{{See also|Transport in France#Electric roads}}

File:Bordeaux-tram-aps-near-Roustaing.jpg with Alstom ground-level power supply, a technology that as of 2022 is being considered for electric roads.]]

France plans to invest 30 to 40 billion euro by 2035 in an electric road system spanning 8,800 kilometers that recharges electric cars, buses and trucks while driving. Two projects for assessment of electric road technologies were announced in 2023. Three technologies were originally considered: ground-level power supply, inductive charging, and overhead lines. Ground-level power supply technologies, provided by Alstom, Elonroad, and others, are considered the most likely candidate for electric roads. Inductive charging is not considered a mature technology as it delivers the least power, loses 20%-25% of the supplied power when installed on trucks, and its health effects have yet to be documented. Overhead lines is the most mature technology, but the catenaries and overhead wires pose safety and maintenance issues,{{citation |url=https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/mobilite-electrique-2-5-une-fenetre-etroite-pour-brancher-les-autoroutes.2203237 |title=Sur les routes de la mobilité électrique |author=Laurent Miguet |date=April 28, 2022 |website=Le Moniteur}} and motorway companies find overhead lines too expensive.{{citation |url=https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/les-autoroutiers-divises-sur-les-solutions-a-mettre-en-place-pour-faire-rouler-des-camions-electriques.N2208923 |title=Les autoroutiers divisés sur les solutions à mettre en place pour faire rouler des camions électriques |author=Marc Fressoz |date=May 9, 2024 |website=L'USINENOUVELLE.com}}

Alstom has developed a ground-level power supply (alimentation par le sol - APS) system for use with buses and other vehicles.{{cite web|url=https://www.railinsider.co.uk/2019/09/26/alstom-transfers-tram-power-supply-technology-to-buses/|title=Alstom transfers tram power supply technology to buses|work=Rail Insider|date=26 September 2019|accessdate=29 November 2020|archivedate=29 November 2020|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129165355/https://www.railinsider.co.uk/2019/09/26/alstom-transfers-tram-power-supply-technology-to-buses/}} The system has been tested for compatibility with snow plows and for safety under exposure to snow, ice, salting, and saturated brine.{{citation |url=https://proceedings-calgary2022.piarc.org/ressources/files/2/IP0063-DUPRAT-E-Full.pdf |title=Compatibility of an in-road Electric Road System with winter service operations |author=Patrick Dupart |publisher=PIARC |others=Alstom |date=February 11, 2022}} Alstom will trial its electric road system (ERS) on the public road RN205{{citation |url=https://www.atmb.com/press_release/atmb-shell-mise-en-service-station-gaz-naturel-liquefie-gnl/ |title=Les aides proposées par ATMB à ses clients légers et lourds pour la décarbonation des transports |date=June 30, 2023 |website=ATMB}} in the Rhône-Alpes region between 2024 and 2027.{{citation |url=https://trm24.fr/lancement-du-projet-de-recherche-eroadmontblanc/ |title=L'APS d'Alstom bientôt testé sur les routes |author=Jean-Philippe Pastre |website=TRM24 |date=June 30, 2023}} The system is expected to supply 500 kW of power for electric heavy trucks, as well as power for road utility vehicles and electric cars.{{citation |url=https://www.cercledestransports.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/2024-01-16-cercle_transports_ers_eroadmtboanc_duprat.pdf |title=Présentation du projet eRoadMontBlanc |date=January 16, 2024 |website=Cercle des Transports |author=Patrick Duprat}}

Vinci will test two electric road systems (ERS) from 2023 to 2027. Both technologies will initially be tested in laboratory conditions, and upon meeting the test requirements they will be installed along 2 kilometers each on the A10 autoroute south of Paris. Wireless ERS by Electreon will be tested for durability under highway traffic, and will attempt to reach 200 kW of power delivery per truck using multiple receivers. Rail ERS by Elonroad, which supplies 350 kW of power per receiver, will be tested for skid effects on motorcycles. Both systems will be interoperable with cars, buses, and trucks.{{citation |url=https://www.usinenouvelle.com/editorial/l-instant-tech-vinci-teste-la-recharge-par-induction-et-par-rail-sur-autoroute.N2158317 |title=Vinci teste la recharge par induction et par rail sur autoroute |author=Léna Corot |date=August 30, 2023 |website=L'USINENOUVELLE.com}} Vinci Autoroutes installed 750 meters of the induction system by February 2025, which is expected to be tested from April until December using four different vehicles. The rail system is expected to begin undergoing testing in September 2025.{{citation |url=https://www.la-croix.com/economie/transport-routier-le-pari-de-l-autoroute-electrique-20250212 |title=Transport routier : le pari de l’autoroute électrique |website=La Croix |author=Denis Peiron |date=February 12, 2025}}

File:A5_-_Gräfenhausen_-_Elektroautobahn_-_2019-05-24_15-00-01.jpg on Bundesautobahn 5 in Germany]]

The German Ministry of Economy, BMWK, assessed overhead line systems for trucks. The project was titled "e-Highway" and culminated in three public highway trials: FESH, ELISA, and eWayBW.{{citation|date=March 13, 2024|author=Julia Kristin Mitschele|title=eWayBW: Endspurt für das umstrittene Pilotprojekt|url=https://www.baden-tv.com/mediathek/video/ewaybw-endspurt-fuer-das-umstrittene-pilotprojekt-2/}} One such trial was launched in May 2019 on a {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} section of Bundesautobahn 5 south of Frankfurt, operated by the ELISA consortium which includes Siemens and Scania.{{citation|url=http://www.transportengineer.org.uk/article-images/219896/Third_rail.pdf|title=Third Rail|author=Tim Wynne-Jones|date=October 2019|publisher=Institute of Road Transport Engineers}} Results were mixed. By the end if the trial period the system was functioning satisfactorily, and operators using the technology enjoyed lower freight costs. Despite this, the Ministry encountered high costs and difficult maintenance.{{citation|title=Verlängerung der Laufzeit wird das eWayBW-Pilotprojekt nicht retten|author=Adrian Mahler |date=April 12, 2024|website=BNN.DE|url=https://bnn.de/mittelbaden/gaggenau/meinung-verlaengerung-der-laufzeit-wird-ewaybw-nicht-retten}} The Ministry found overhead power lines pose safety risks for emergency services, and the lines' roadside poles pose a collision risk for motorists.{{citation|title=Kritik der FDP: eWayBW-Oberleitung verhindert Landung von Rettungshelikopter auf B462|author=Adrian Mahler |date=March 18, 2024|website=BNN.DE|url=https://bnn.de/mittelbaden/gaggenau/oberleitung-verhindert-landung-von-rettungshelikopter-auf-b462}} Subsequently, the Ministry ended its financial support of the trials.{{citation|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/energie-bilanz-e-highway-lastwagen-koennen-haelfte-an-co2-sparen-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-240229-99-169944|title=Bilanz E-Highway: Lastwagen können Hälfte an CO2 sparen|date=March 1, 2024|publisher=DPA}}

Wireless electric road system (wERS) trials were conducted in 2023 by the German Ministry of Economy, BMWK, with infrastructure by Electreon. A bus was equipped with inductive coils that receive power from a 200-meter strip of transmitters under the road surface. The receivers were able to collect 64.3% of the energy emitted from the transmitters. Installation proved complex and costly, and finding suitable locations for the coils' roadside power cabinets proved difficult. The wERS infrastructure blocked access to all civil infrastructure beneath it. Internet access outages caused the wERS infrastructure to stop functioning entirely.A. Wendt et al., "Wireless Electric Road Systems – Technology Readiness and Recent Developments," 2024 IEEE Wireless Power Technology Conference and Expo (WPTCE), Kyoto, Japan, 2024, pp. 177-182, doi: 10.1109/WPTCE59894.2024.10557264.

Highways England began a dynamic wireless power transfer project in 2015{{citation|url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/knowledge-compendium/knowledge/publications/1902/index.html|title=Feasibility study - powering electric vehicles on England's major roads|publisher=Highways England|date=August 2015}} but the project was cancelled in early 2016 for budgetary reasons.{{citation|title=Who Killed the Electric Highway?|author=Ed Targett|date=September 20, 2016}} Another dynamic wireless power transfer feasibility study, dubbed DynaCoV, began in 2021 and issued its final report in 2022. The study found that dynamic wireless charging is 3 to 10 times more expensive than conductive charging and is not financially feasible.{{citation|url=https://www.cenex.co.uk/app/uploads/2022/12/20220622-DynaCoV-Project-Closedown-Report.pdf|title=DynaCoV - Dynamic Charging of Vehicles - Project closedown report|author=Steven Pinkerton-Clark |date=June 22, 2022}} Proposed costs for {{convert|200|m|yd}} were about 716,000 GBP for the inductive coils and their management units, £258,000 for civil costs including roadwork and electric grid connections, £64,000 for planning and commissioning, £18,000 for 12 months maintenance and data management, £129,500 for upfitting a bus and a van with wireless receivers, and £300,000 for the accompanying report on the project.{{citation|url=https://www.nationalgrid.co.uk/downloads-view-reciteme/501277/|title=DynaCoV - Final Feasibility Report on DWPT Deployment within the UK |author=Elaine Meskhi |date=December 2021}} The company that participated in the study, Electreon, is set to pave its demonstration wireless charging road in 2024.{{citation|url=https://www.electrive.com/2024/04/29/wireless-charging-project-to-take-off-in-coventry/|title=Wireless charging project to take off in Coventry|author=Chris Randall|date=April 29, 2024|website=elecdrive.com}}

India has announced plans for a 6,000-km electric highway network in 2023 utilizing overhead lines.{{cite news |last1=Woof |first1=MJ |title=Electric road expansion for India |url=https://www.worldhighways.com/wh10/news/electric-road-expansion-india |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=World Highways |date=January 24, 2024}} The first part of the network is planned to be deployed between Sohna and Jaipur for use by electric buses.{{cite news |last1=Dash |first1=Dipak K |title=Sohna-Jaipur electric highway to have trolley bus service |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sohna-jaipur-electric-highway-to-have-trolley-bus-service-nitin-gadkari-takes-test-ride/articleshow/104139874.cms |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=Times of India |date=October 3, 2023}}

{{Location map many | Europe

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| caption = Electric road projects in Europe

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| lat1 = 60.667

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| lat2 = 49.976

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| label11 = Kuppenheim

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}}

{{Location map many | World

| width = 600

| relief = yes

| caption = Electric road projects outside of Europe

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| lat4 = 40.4237

| long4 = -86.9212

| label5 = Detroit

| lat5 = 42.3309

| long5 = -83.0648

| label6 = Horgos Port

| lat6 = 44.2125

| long6 = 80.4064

| label7 = Quebec

| lat7 = 46.8131

| long7 = -71.2075

| label8 = Orlando

| lat8 = 28.5384

| long8 = -81.3789

| label9 = Port of Long Beach

| lat9 = 33.7542

| long9 = -118.2165

| label10 = Singapore

| lat10 = 1.3521

| long10 = 103.8198

| label11 = Osaka

| lat11 = 34.6937

| long11 = 135.5023

| label12 = Jaipur

| lat12 = 26.9124

| long12 = 75.7873

| label13 = Zhuzhou

| lat13 = 27.8277

| long13 = 113.1340

}}

Many local electric road projects were conducted in small-scale installations of several hundred meters around the world. Among them: Bombardier, dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT), Germany, 2013; Alstom, ground-level power supply (GLPS), Sweden, 2014; Honda, GLPS, Japan, 2018; Qualcomm, DWPT, Italy and France, 2018;{{citation|url=http://ri.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1301679/FULLTEXT01.pdf|title=Overview of ERS concepts and complementary technologies|author=Martin G. H. Gustavsson|date=April 2, 2019|publisher=Swedish-German research collaboration on Electric Road Systems}}{{rp|8–10}} Elonroad, GLPS, United States, Canada, and Europe, 2010s-2020s; Electreon, DWPT, worldwide, 2010s-2020s;{{citation |url=https://electric-road-systems.eu/e-r-systems-wAssets/docs/Digital-ERS-Forum-1-Intro-and-presentations.pdf |title=Digital ERS Forum 1 - Intro and presentations |date=May 16, 2024 |website=CollERS - International Research Collaboration on Electric Road Systems}} ENRX, DWPT, Europe and the United States, 2010s-2020s;{{citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snPI3tdLmws&t=11m33s |contribution=High-power Interoperable Dynamic Wireless Charging for Electric Road Systems |author=Sergio Perez |title=Fall 2024 Kent Seminar Series |date=September 29, 2024}} and others.{{citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnlukyi9qw0 |contribution=Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Pilot Projects |author=Greg Reilly|title=Fall 2024 Kent Seminar Series |date=November 21, 2024}} Several of these technologies have been studied further in national ERS projects.

Quebec companies Transport Morneau and Filgo plan to use a ground-level power supply system by Elonroad for charging Volvo and Tyco electric heavy equipment and trucks while they park or drive. Vehicles by six or seven manufacturers are planned to take part in the trial, which was announced in 2025. The infrastructure will be tested for reliability, wear, resistance to contaminants, and profitability.{{citation |url=https://www.trucknews.com/sustainability/groupe-morneau-to-test-swedish-rail-charging-technology/1003193296/ |title=Groupe Morneau to test Swedish rail charging technology |author=Steve Bouchard |date=January 27, 2025 |website=Truck News}}

Zhongtong Electrified Highway Technology (中同电气化公路技术) plans as of 2024 to construct 500 kilometers of electric road by 2026 for the continuous 24-hour-a-day operation of coal-mining trucks in Xinjiang completely powered by overhead wires.{{citation |url=https://digitalpaper.stdaily.com/http_www.kjrb.com/kjrb/html/2024-07/12/content_574583.htm?div=0 |title=新疆正成为科技企业投资热 |author=梁 乐|date=2024-07-12|website=科技日报, Keji Ribao}}

ASPIRE is a research and advocacy center for electric transportation focusing on wireless power transfer. The center is headed by Utah State University professor Regan Zane, the founding director of ASPIRE. Zane had formerly headed the industry-sponsored center SELECT, which demonstrated its first inductive charging road in 2015.{{citation |url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/1/13/22229127/will-utah-become-epicenter-of-research-to-electrify-transportation/ |title=Will Utah become ‘epicenter’ of research to electrify transportation? |date=January 13, 2021 |author=Marjorie Cortez |website=DeseretNews}} SELECT grew into ASPIRE in 2020.{{citation |url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/alt-mobility/press-release/21149065/utah-state-university-usu-launches-nsf-funded-engineering-research-center-for-electrified-transportation |title=USU launches NSF-funded engineering research center for electrified transportation |publisher=Utah State University |website=Mass Transit |date=August 5, 2020}} The National Science Foundation (NSF) awarded ASPIRE $26.7 million in funding between 2020 and 2024.{{citation |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1941524 |title= Award Abstract # 1941524 NSF Engineering Research Center for Advancing Sustainability through Powered Infrastructure for Roadway Electrification (ASPIRE) |website=National Science Foundation |date=August 15, 2024}} The center participates in several wireless electric road demonstration projects alongside its industry sponsors. ASPIRE intends to "serve as an expert guide for state legislatures" in matters of transportation electrification and as of 2023 it is pursuing a further $160 million grant from NSF.{{citation |url=https://le.utah.gov/interim/2023/pdf/00001465.pdf |title=Proposal for a strategic planning and infrastructure development initiative |author=ASPIRE |date=January 30, 2023}}

ENRX (formerly IPT) won a contract in 2023 to build a one-mile inductive rail wireless charging system capable of charging at up to 200 kW on State Road 516 near Orlando, Florida. The project is funded at 13 million dollars.{{cite web |url=https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/631079344/enrx-wins-13-3-million-contract-to-supply-in-motion-ev-charging-technology-on-florida-highway | title=ENRX wins $13.3 million contract to supply in-motion EV charging technology on Florida highway | date=May 2023 }}

Detroit, Michigan opened in November 2023 a quarter-mile wireless charging road section near Michigan Central. The project was funded at 5.9 million dollars.{{citation|title=This road in Detroit is the first in the country to charge an EV, project leaders say|author=Breana Noble|website=The Detroit News|date=November 29, 2023|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/2023/11/29/detroit-road-electreon-charge-ev-14th-street/71728909007/}}

The infrastructure, provided by Electreon, powered a van driving at 9 mph with 16 kW of power.{{citation|title=Detroit touts first wireless-charging public road for electric vehicles in US|author=Eric D. Lawrence|website=Detroit Free Press|date=November 29, 2023|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/2023/11/29/detroit-wireless-charging-road-project-electric-vehicles/71728454007/}} The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) has tested the technology from 2023 to 2025. MDOT is looking into the power losses from the grid to the wireless receiver, the optimal charging speed, the effects of misalignment of the coils when the charging vehicle is driving along the road, and the effects on the asphalt above the coils.{{citation |url=https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/article/2025/02/05/looking-for-anxiety-free-ev-driving-in-road-charging-holds-promise |title=Looking for anxiety-free EV driving? In-road charging holds promise |author=Robert L. Reid |date=February 5, 2025 |website=ASCE}}

Indiana began constructing a strip of electrified highway in 2024 that uses inductive coil charging at 200 kW, suitable for heavy trucks. The project costs 11 million dollars per quarter mile of road. Research on the project, conducted by Purdue University's Steve Pekarek, aims to show the technology could make a transition to heavy electric trucks more financially beneficial for businesses.{{Cite news |last=Thorp |first=Ben |date=June 6, 2024 |title=Indiana is building an electrified highway to charge EVs as they drive over it |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/06/06/nx-s1-4985688/indiana-is-building-an-electrified-highway-to-charge-evs-as-they-drive-over-it |access-date=June 8, 2024 |work=All Things Considered |publisher=National Public Radio}}

Long Beach Port will begin using in late 2025 a ground-level power supply electric road designed by Elonroad, a Swedish electric road company. The project, funded at US$4.5 million by the California Energy Commission, will study the technology's weather endurance for 12 months, and will feature a road that supplies 250 kW of power to electric vehicles driving over it, and five automatic 50 kW charging stations.{{citation |url=https://it-hallbarhet.se/elonroads-elvag-stottar-nollutslapp/ |title=Elonroads elväg stöttar nollutsläpp i Long Beach´s hamn i Kalifornien |date=December 19, 2024 |website=it hållbarhet}}

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