Electricity sector in Finland
{{short description|Overview of the electricity sector in Finland}}
{{main article|Energy in Finland}}
{{Pie chart
| caption=Finland electricity by mode of production 2024{{Ref|NotePre2|*}}
| radius=150
| value1=17.1
| label1=Hydro
| color1=blue
| value2=24.0
| label2=Wind
| color2=lightblue
| value3=1.4
| label3=Solar
| color3=yellow
| value4=37.6
| label4=Nuclear
| color4=orange
| value5=11.0
| label5=Wood
| color5=green
| value6=3.8
| label6=Imports
| color6=lightgreen
| value7=0.9
| label7=Coal
| color7=darkgray
| value8=0.3
| label8=Oil
| color8=gray
| value9=0.8
| label9=Gas
| color9=red
| value10=1.1
| label10=Peat
| color10=brown
| value11=2.0
| label11=Other
| color11=white
}}
The electricity sector in Finland relies on nuclear power, renewable energy, cogeneration and electricity import from neighboring countries. Finland has the highest per-capita electricity consumption in the EU.
{{cite web
|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC?locations=EU&most_recent_value_desc=true
|title=Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) - European Union
|publisher=World Bank
|accessdate=2023-02-24}}
Co-generation of heat and electricity for industry process heat and district heating is common. Finland is one of the last countries in the world still burning peat.{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Peat production drops faster than expected in Finland – but may be on the way back |url=https://yle.fi/news/3-12409412 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=YLE News |language=en}}
As part of the energy transition Finland has been replacing electricity generation from fossil fuels with nuclear power and renewables. Wind power in particular has grown to be a significant part of electricity generation. A fifth nuclear reactor, Olkiluoto 3 was commissioned in 2023 and increased nuclear power generation by over 50%.
Finland is part of the synchronous grid of Northern Europe.
Consumption and import
Industry was the majority consumer of electricity between 1990 and 2005 with 52-54% of total consumption. The forest industry alone consumed 30-32%.Statistic 3.1, Year book 2006, Tilastokeskus
Between 2000 and 2006, up to 7 TWh per year was imported from Sweden and up to 11.5 TWh from Russia. Net imports during this time varied between 7 TWh to Sweden and 7 TWh from Sweden, and 4 to 11 TWh from Russia. Since 2007, some electricity has also been imported from Estonia.Energia, tilastokeskus, T3.01 Electricity import and export by country (Sähkön tuonti ja vienti maittain)
In 2012, most of the imports were from Sweden (14.4 TWh net import) with Russia also contributing to the net imbalance (4.4 TWh import only), while exports to Estonia were larger than imports (1.1 TWh net export).{{cite web|url=http://www.fingrid.fi/Digilehti-Vuosikertomus-2012/|title=Vuosikertomus 2012|page=27|publisher=Fingrid|accessdate=1 April 2014}}
In 2022, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, imports from Russia ended. Yearly net import was down 5 TWh as a result.{{cite web|url=https://energia.fi/files/4428/Sahkovuosi_2022.pdf|title=Energiavuosi 2022 Sähkö|publisher=Energiateollisuus ry|date=2023-01-12|accessdate=2023-01-12|archive-date=2023-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128024715/https://energia.fi/files/4428/Sahkovuosi_2022.pdf|url-status=dead}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 | Electricity in Finland TWh [http://www.stat.fi/til/ehkh/2009/04/ehkh_2009_04_2010-03-24_tie_001.html Energiaennakko 2009] Tilastokeskus 2010{{cite web|url=https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__ehk/statfin_ehk_pxt_12sv.px//|publisher=Tilastokeskus|title=Sähkön hankinta ja kokonaiskulutus|accessdate=2023-11-03}} | |||
| Year
! Consumption ! Production ! Net import | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 79 | 67 | 12 |
| 2001 | 81 | 71 | 10 |
| 2002 | 84 | 72 | 12 |
| 2003 | 85 | 80 | 5 |
| 2004 | 87 | 82 | 5 |
| 2005 | 85 | 68 | 17 |
| 2006 | 90 | 79 | 11 |
| 2007 | 90 | 78 | 13 |
| 2008 | 87 | 74 | 13 |
| 2009 | 81 | 69 | 12 |
| 2010 | 88 | 77 | 11 |
| 2011 | 84 | 70 | 14 |
| 2012 | 85 | 67 | 17 |
| 2013 | 84 | 68 | 16 |
| 2014 | 83 | 65 | 18 |
| 2015 | 82 | 67 | 16 |
| 2016 | 85 | 66 | 19 |
| 2017 | 85 | 65 | 20 |
| 2018 | 87 | 68 | 20 |
| 2019 | 86 | 66 | 20 |
| 2020 | 82 | 67 | 15 |
| 2021 | 87 | 69 | 18 |
| 2022 | 82 | 69 | 13 |
| 2022 | 82 | 69 | 13 |
| 2023 | 80 | 78 | 2 |
| 2024{{Ref|NotePre|*}} | 83 | 80 | 3 |
Capacity
{{As of|2023}}, the total capacity of power generation in Finland is 19.7 GW.{{cite web|url=https://energiavirasto.fi/toimitusvarmuus|title=Toimitusvarmuus|publisher=Energiavirasto|accessdate=2023-04-29}} However, not all of that is available at the same time and an increasing amount is intermittent generation, mostly from wind power (see below).
The national grid operator Fingrid, together with TSOs from other Nordic countries, produces yearly estimates about the availability of power in the winter demand peak. In 2019-2020 they estimated a peak Finnish demand of 15.3 GW, during which Finland would have 11.9 GW of production capacity, not including capacity reserves. That would have meant a shortfall of 3.4 GW to be imported from neighbors.{{cite web|url=https://www.fingrid.fi/globalassets/dokumentit/fi/ajankohtaista-tapahtumat/nordic-winter-power-balance-2019-2020---final.pdf|title=Nordic Winter Power Balance Forecast 2019 – 2020|publisher=Nordic Operations Group|date=2019-11-07|accessdate=2020-06-01}} Due to a mild winter and industrial strikes the actual demand peak was only 12.4 GW and availability was never in question. No capacity reserve was activated.{{cite web|url=https://www.epressi.com/media/userfiles/107305/1585658287/sahkojarjestelman-toiminta-talvella-2019-2020.pdf|title=Sähköjärjestelmän toiminta talvella 2019 – 2020|publisher=Fingrid|date=2020-03-27|accessdate=2020-06-01}}
In 2022-23, with imports from Russia ended, there were concerns about availability while Olkiluoto 3 was still in testing. Fingrid created a voluntary support mechanism of 500 MW of demand response, which did not need to be called upon.{{cite web|url=https://www.fingrid.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/2023/sahkoa-riitti-talvella---leuto-talvi-ja-saastotoimet-avainasemassa/|title=Sähköä riitti talvella - leuto talvi ja säästötoimet avainasemassa|publisher=Fingrid|date=2023-04-17|accessdate=2023-04-29}} For 2023-24, the Energy Authority found that no capacity reserve was needed with OL3 in operation.{{cite web|url=https://energiavirasto.fi/-/energiavirasto-ei-hanki-tehoreservikapasiteettia-kaudelle-1.11.2023-31.10.2024|title=Energiavirasto ei hanki tehoreservikapasiteettia kaudelle 1.11.2023 – 31.10.2024|publisher=Energy Authority|date=2023-04-28|accessdate=2023-04-29}}
Mode of production
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
!style="text-align:center;" colspan=12 | Electricity by mode of production (%){{cite web|url=https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__ehk/statfin_ehk_pxt_12vp.px//|publisher=Tilastokeskus|title=Sähkön hankinta energialähteittäin|accessdate=2025-04-15}} | |||||||||||
| Year
! Hydro ! Wind ! Solar ! Nuclear ! Coal ! Oil ! Gas ! Peat ! Wood ! Other ! Imports | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 15.9% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 26.4% | 7.2% | 0.5% | 12.9% | 5.0% | 10.3% | 1.7% | 20.1% |
| 2006 | 12.6% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 24.4% | 16.9% | 0.5% | 13.3% | 6.9% | 11.1% | 1.5% | 12.7% |
| 2007 | 15.5% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 24.9% | 14.4% | 0.5% | 11.3% | 7.7% | 10.1% | 1.7% | 13.9% |
| 2008 | 19.4% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 25.3% | 9.1% | 0.7% | 12.3% | 5.6% | 10.9% | 1.8% | 14.6% |
| 2009 | 15.5% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 27.8% | 12.8% | 0.6% | 11.8% | 5.1% | 9.7% | 1.6% | 14.9% |
| 2010 | 14.5% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 25.0% | 15.5% | 0.5% | 12.5% | 6.7% | 11.4% | 1.6% | 12.0% |
| 2011 | 14.6% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 26.4% | 10.8% | 0.5% | 10.9% | 6.0% | 12.0% | 1.8% | 16.4% |
| 2012 | 19.6% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 25.9% | 7.8% | 0.3% | 7.7% | 4.0% | 11.8% | 1.8% | 20.5% |
| 2013 | 15.1% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 27.0% | 11.9% | 0.2% | 7.9% | 3.5% | 12.8% | 2.0% | 18.7% |
| 2014 | 15.9% | 1.3% | 0.0% | 27.1% | 8.9% | 0.2% | 6.5% | 3.8% | 12.6% | 2.0% | 21.5% |
| 2015 | 20.1% | 2.8% | 0.0% | 27.1% | 5.8% | 0.2% | 6.2% | 3.5% | 12.3% | 2.2% | 19.8% |
| 2016 | 18.4% | 3.6% | 0.0% | 26.2% | 7.7% | 0.2% | 4.3% | 3.2% | 12.0% | 2.3% | 22.3% |
| 2017 | 17.1% | 5.6% | 0.1% | 25.2% | 6.5% | 0.2% | 3.8% | 3.0% | 12.3% | 2.2% | 23.9% |
| 2018 | 15.0% | 6.7% | 0.1% | 25.0% | 6.2% | 0.3% | 4.7% | 3.7% | 12.7% | 2.8% | 22.8% |
| 2019 | 14.2% | 7.0% | 0.2% | 26.6% | 4.8% | 0.3% | 4.4% | 3.3% | 13.5% | 2.5% | 23.3% |
| 2020 | 19.2% | 9.7% | 0.3% | 27.4% | 2.8% | 0.2% | 4.8% | 2.4% | 12.6% | 2.2% | 18.5% |
| 2021 | 17.9% | 9.4% | 0.3% | 26.0% | 2.9% | 0.2% | 4.3% | 2.2% | 13.9% | 2.2% | 20.4% |
| 2022 | 16.3% | 14.1% | 0.5% | 29.7% | 4.0% | 0.3% | 1.1% | 2.5% | 13.9% | 2.3% | 15.3% |
| 2023 | 18.8% | 18.1% | 0.9% | 41.0% | 1.9% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 1.3% | 12.7% | 2.3% | 2.2% |
| 2024{{Ref|NotePre2|*}} | 17.1% | 24.0% | 1.4% | 37.6% | 0.9% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 11.0% | 2.0% | 3.8% |
= Fossil fuels =
Except for peat, which is variously classed as either a fossil fuel or a slow-renewable fuel, Finland imports all the fossil fuels used for electricity production. Coal and natural gas account for most of the production, with some oil generators acting mostly as reserve. The use of fossil fuels has fallen from highs over 30% in 2003-2004 to 20% or below in 2012-2014. By 2020 the share was closer to 10%. This is largely a consequence of cheap imported electricity, although domestic renewables have also increased in their share of production.{{cite web|url=http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__ene__salatuo/statfin_salatuo_pxt_003.px|title=Production and total consumption of electricity, GWh by Source, Year and Data|accessdate=2017-11-19}}
In 2019 the parliament passed a law to ban the use of coal for energy production by May 1, 2029.{{cite web|url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-//1410877/kivihiilen-energiakayton-vuonna-2029-kieltava-laki-voimaan-huhtikuun-alussa|title=The act banning the use of coal for energy generation in 2029 to enter into force in early April|date=2019-03-28|accessdate=2021-04-16}} {{As of|2021}} there are no plans to ban other fossil fuels. Despite popular support for banning the use of peat, there is only a commitment to halve its use by 2030.{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/most_finns_support_a_ban_on_peat_burning_poll_suggests/10965715|title=Most Finns support a ban on peat burning, poll suggests|publisher=Yle|date=2019-09-11|accessdate=2021-04-16}}{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/ministry_unveils_plan_to_phase_out_peat_burning_in_finland/11864714|title=Ministry unveils plan to phase out peat burning in Finland|publisher=Yle|date=2021-03-31|accessdate=2021-04-16}} However, it is estimated that market forces will reduce peat's energy use to a third of its 2019 level by 2025.{{cite web|url=https://www.ksml.fi/uutissuomalainen/3162096|title=Energiaturpeen kysyntä laskee rajusti|date=2020-11-16|accessdate=2021-11-20|publisher=Keskisuomalainen}}
= Nuclear power=
{{excerpt|Nuclear power in Finland}}
=Renewable energy =
{{main article|Renewable energy in Finland}}
Between 2005-2014, Finland produced 25-30% of electricity as a percentage of demand from renewable energy. The largest source was hydropower (15-20%) which fluctuates yearly depending on rainfall, causing the share of renewable generation to also vary. Other major renewable sources were wood-based energy resources like black liquor from the forest industry, accounting for approximately 12% on average.
In recent years wind power (see below) has grown to surpass hydro and renewable electricity altogether has reached 50% of demand. Solar power has also started to contribute.
=Wind power =
{{excerpt|Wind power in Finland}}
Companies
File:Olkiluoto.jpg is a major source of electricity. Teollisuuden Voima operates three reactors in Olkiluoto.]]
= Production =
Major producers in Finland include: Fortum, Pohjolan Voima, Teollisuuden Voima and Helsingin Energia.
= Market =
Nord Pool Spot is the shared power market for Finland and nearby countries.
= Transmission =
Fingrid Oyj is a Finnish national electricity transmission grid operator.
= Distribution =
Major distributors are: Helen Oy, Caruna and Elenia. Other companies are {{ill|Savon Voima|fi}} (Savo), Pohjois-Karjalan Sähkö (Northern Karelia, Järvi-Suomen Energia (Central Finland), Kymenlaakson Sähkö (Kymenlaakso) and Loiste (Kajaani and Sotkamo).{{cite news |title=I Metsä Groups kartsystem finns redan 235 000 kilometer ellinjer - betydande förbättring av arbetssäkerheten |work=Metsä Group |agency=Euroinvester |date=17 January 2017}}{{cite web |title=Infranode investerar i finskt enegiföretag |url=http://www.fastighetsaktien.com.cp-18.webhostbox.net/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=18893:infranode-investerar-i-finskt-enegif%C3%B6retag&Itemid=320 |publisher=Tidningen Fastighetsaktien |accessdate=30 August 2019}}
Caruna in the south of Finland is owned mostly (80%) by Australian and Dutch holding and property companies. In 2017 Caruna's turn-over was €145 million and state tax rate 4% (€6 million). In 2017 Caruna paid its stakeholders 8.17% interest (77 million) while market loans were 1.5–3 % interest.[https://finnwatch.org/fi/uutiset/581-hallitus-antaa-carunan-verovaelttelyn-jatkua Hallitus antaa Carunan verovälttelyn jatkua] Finnwatch 26/10/2018 Company interest cost were reduced from the taxable income based on Sipilä Cabinet taxation rules.
Politics
In 2016 there has been renewed discussion about Finland's energy policy. Finland imports over 20% of the electricity used at peak usage. For example, in the hour between 17-18 on January 7, 2016, during a period of extreme cold, Finland imported 4,300 MW (28.5%) out of a record 15,100 MW of total usage (average over 1 hour).{{cite web|url=http://www.fingrid.fi/fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/Sivut/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6nkulutus-nousi-ensimm%C3%A4ist%C3%A4-kertaa-yli-15-000-MWn-7.1.2016-.aspx|title=Sähkönkulutus nousi ensimmäistä kertaa yli 15 000 MW:n 7.1.2016|date=7 January 2016|website=Fingrid|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126222100/http://www.fingrid.fi/fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/Sivut/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6nkulutus-nousi-ensimm%C3%A4ist%C3%A4-kertaa-yli-15-000-MWn-7.1.2016-.aspx|url-status=dead}} Multiple delays in the construction of the third reactor at the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant (1,600 MW) exacerbated the domestic energy production deficit, until finally starting regular production in April 2023.{{cite web|url=https://www.tvo.fi/en/index/news/pressreleasesstockexchangereleases/2023/regularelectricityproductionhasstartedatolkiluoto3epr.html|title=Regular electricity production has started at Olkiluoto 3 EPR|date=16 April 2023|website=TVO|access-date=17 September 2023}} A consortium of Finnish industry and power companies called Fennovoima has applied and been granted a permission to build another new nuclear power plant, delivered by Russia's Rosatom, which also has a 1/3 stake on the power plant. This has caused some concern among observers about Russia being able to manipulate Nordic electricity prices or use the power plant as a leverage in conflict situations. The plant was estimated to be operational by 2024 and projected to produce 1,200 MW of electricity, but all work was stopped in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/news/3-12458933|title=Fennovoima shuts down construction of nuclear plant in Pyhäjoki|date=24 May 2022|website=Yle|access-date=7 June 2022}}
The Finnish Security Intelligence Service (Supo) indicated in 2016 that foreign intelligence activity in Finland was aimed at influencing decision-making in energy policy.{{cite web|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/supo_ulkomainen_tiedustelu_pyrki_vaikuttamaan_suomen_energiapolitiikkaan/8836171|title=Supo: Ulkomainen tiedustelu pyrki vaikuttamaan Suomen energiapolitiikkaan|last=Palomaa|first=Antti|date=25 April 2016|website=Yle Uutiset|publisher=Yle|access-date=25 April 2016}}