Empire Mine State Historic Park

In October 1850, George Roberts discovered gold in a quartz outcrop on Ophir Hill,{{cite book |title=Gold Giants of Grass Valley |first=Roger |last=Lescoher |date=1995 |publisher=Empire Mine Park Association}} but sold the claim in 1851 to Woodbury, Parks and Co. for $350 (or about ${{inflation|US|350|1850|fmt=c|r=-3}} today, adjusted for inflation). The Woodbury Company consolidated several local claims into the Ophir Hill Mine, but they mismanaged their finances and in 1852 were forced to sell the business at auction. It was purchased by John P. Rush and the Empire Quartz Hill Co.{{rp|27}} The Empire Mining Co. was incorporated in 1854, after John Rush was bought out.{{rp|15,28}}Johnston, W.D., 1940, The Gold Quartz Veins of Grass Valley, California, USGS Professional Paper 194, Washington:US Government Printing Office{{rp|87}} As word spread that hard rock gold had been found in California, miners from the tin and copper mines of Cornwall, England, arrived to share their experience and expertise in hard rock mining. Particularly important was the Cornish contribution of the Cornish engine, operated on steam, which emptied the depths of the mine of its constant water seepage at a rate of {{cvt|18000|usgal|||}} per day.{{rp|19–21}} This enabled increased productivity and expansion underground. Starting in 1895, Lester Allan Pelton's water wheel provided electric power for the mine and stamp mill.{{rp|16}} The Cornish provided the bulk of the labor force from the late 1870s until the mine's closure eighty years later.

William Bowers Bourn acquired control of the company in 1869.{{rp|31}} Bourn died in 1874, and his estate ran the mine, abandoning the Ophir vein for the Rich Hill in 1878.{{rp|34}} Bourn's son, William Bowers Bourn II, formed the Original Empire Co. in 1878, took over the assets of the Empire Mining Co., and continued work on the Ophir vein after it was bottomed out at {{Convert|1200|ft}} and allowed to fill with water.{{rp|87}}{{cite news | last = Fullwood | first = Janet | title = In Grass Valley, the Empire Mine was California's biggest, most productive operation | url = http://www.calgoldrush.com/travel/mine.html | newspaper = Sacramento Bee | location = Sacramento, Calif. | date = 1998-04-26 | access-date = 2011-12-16 | archive-date = September 23, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195906/http://www.calgoldrush.com/travel/mine.html | url-status = dead }} With his financial backing, and after 1887, the mining knowledge and management of his younger cousin George W. Starr, the Empire Mine became famous for its mining technology.{{rp|36}}{{rp|87}} Bourn purchased the North Star Mine in 1884, turning it into a major producer, and then sold it to James Duncan Hague in 1887, along with controlling interest in the Empire a year later.{{rp|37}}

Bourn reacquired control of the Empire Mine in 1896, forming the Empire Mines and Investment Co. In 1897, he commissioned Willis Polk to design the "Cottage", using waste rock from the mine. The "Cottage" included a greenhouse, gardens, fountains and a reflecting pool. Between 1898 and 1905, a clubhouse with tennis courts, bowling alley and squash courts were built nearby.{{rp|39}}

The Empire Mine installed a cyanide plant in 1910, which was an easier gold recovery process than chlorination. In 1915, Bourn acquired the Pennsylvania Mining Co., and the Work Your Own Diggings Co., neighboring mines, which gave the Empire Mines and Investment Co. access to the Pennsylvania vein. The North Star also had some rights to that vein, but both companies compromised and made an adjustment.{{rp|45,48}}

In 1928, at the recommendation of Fred Searls of Nevada City, Newmont Mining Corp. purchased the Empire Mine from Bourn. Newmont also purchased the North Star Mine, resulting in Empire-Star Mines, Ltd.{{rp|87}} The business was managed by Fred Nobs and later by Jack Mann.

Gold mines were defined as "nonessential industry to the war effort" by the War Production Board of the US Government on 8 October 1942, which shut down operations until 30 June 1945. After the war, a shortage of skilled miners forced the suspension of operations below the 4,600-foot level by 1951.{{rp|74–75}}

By the 1950s inflation costs for gold mining were leaving the operation unprofitable. In 1956 a crippling miners' strike over falling wages ended operations.{{rp|77}} Ellsworth Bennett, a 1910 graduate of the Mackay School of Mines in Reno was the last "Cap'n" (Superintendent) of the Empire, and the only person from management allowed across the picket line (the miners' lives depended on his engineering skills and they worked as a team). Bennett oversaw the closing of the Empire on May 28, 1957, when the last Cornish water pumps were shut and removed. In its final year of operation in 1956, the Empire Mine had reached an incline depth of {{convert|11007|ft|abbr=on}}.

In 1974 California State Parks purchased the Empire Mine surface property for $1.25 million (${{inflation|US|1.25|1974|fmt=c|r=2}} million today), to create a state historic park.{{rp|81}} The state park now contains {{convert|853|acre|ha km2 sqmi}},{{cite journal | title = California State Park System Statistical Report: Fiscal Year 2009/10 | url = http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/795/files/09-10%20statistical%20report%20final%20online.pdf | publisher = California State Parks | page = 32 | access-date = 2011-12-16}} including forested backcountry. Newmont Mining retained the mineral rights to the Empire Mine, and 47 acres, if they decide to reopen the Empire Star Mines.{{rp|81}}

File:GrassValleyGeology.jpg

File:GrassValleyGeologyII.jpg

A Granodiorite body {{convert|5|mi|spell=in|0}} long, north to south, and up to {{convert|2|mi|spell=in}} wide, underlies the district. This body intruded into surrounding metamorphic rocks. Gold ore deposits reside in the quartz veins, ranging from 3 to 7 ounces per ton. The Empire Vein outcrops to the east on a north–south strike, dipping at a 35-degree angle to the west. The vein was mined with inclined shafts following dip, with horizontal shafts (drifts) every {{cvt|300|-|400|ft|-1}} along strike. The ore was mined by stoping.McQuiston, F.W., 1986, Gold: The Saga of the Empire Mine, 1850-1956, Grass Valley:Empire Mine Park Association, {{ISBN|9780931892073}}{{rp|25}}Clark, W.B., 1963, Gold Districts of California, Bulletin 193, Sacramento: California Division of Mines and Geology{{rp|53–59}}

File:EMPIRE ST. HIST. PARK, NEVADA COUNTY, CA.jpg

On weekends from May through October, volunteers dressed in Edwardian clothing give living history tours of the Bourn Cottage, the 1890s country estate home of William Bourn Jr., and the Mineyard, with demonstrations of mine operations.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The park's museum contains a scale model of the underground workings of the Empire/Star mine complex, exhibits of ore samples from local mines, a recreated Assay Office and a collection of minerals. There are {{cvt|13|acre}} of gardens to tour.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The Sierra Gold Park Foundation (SGPF) provides the interpretive and educational goals of this state historic park through donations, visitor center sales, membership dues and special events. It has a very active volunteer group.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

• North Star Mine and Powerhouse
• List of California state parks
• California Historical Landmarks in Nevada County

{{reflist}}

File:EmpireMine Mule.jpg|Mule hauling an ore car in 1910

File:EmpireMine2 Shift.jpg|Shift change in 1900

File:North Star Geologic Cross Section.jpg|Geologic cross section showing the relationship of the Empire and North Star Veins

• Empire Mill and Mining Company (Gold Hill, Nev.), Giffin, O. G., Graves, W., & Nesmith, J. G. (1861). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/58745787 Empire Mill and Mining Company Collection].
• Wagner, H. H. (1939). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/62746622 The Empire Mine, Nevada County : registered landmark #298]. California historical survey series : historic landmarks, monuments and state parks. Berkeley, Calif: State of California, Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Parks.
• Carey, L. F. (1971). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/22260793&referer=brief_results The Empire Mine properties: 1122 acres in the Sierra Nevada foothills, Grass Valley, Nevada County, California]. Grass Valley, Calif: L.F. Carey, Realtor, Investment Properties.
• Steinfeld, C. C. (1996). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/54013416&referer=brief_results The Bourn dynasty: the Empire Mine's golden era, 1869–1929]. Grass Valley, CA: Empire Mine Park Association.

{{Commons category|Empire Mine State Historic Park}}

• [http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=499 Official Empire Mine State Historic Park website]
• [http://www.sierragoldparksfoundation.org Sierra Gold Parks Foundation]
• [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt3v19n6jq/ Guide to the Empire Mine State Historic Park Collection]
• [https://oac.cdlib.org/search?style=oac4;Institution=California%20State%20Library::California%20History%20Room;idT=ACT-6803 Empire Mill and Mining Company Collection, 1861-1881.]
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=fScDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Idaho+Maryland+cylindrical+drill&pg=PA104 John Branner Newsom's boring machine]
• [https://www.ncgeolsoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/1997-1_Northern-Sierra-Region_MASTER.pdf Idaho-Maryland Mine]

{{California Gold Rush}}

{{Protected areas of California|SP}}

{{National Register of Historic Places}}

Category:California State Historic Parks

Category:Parks in Nevada County, California

Category:California Gold Rush

Category:Grass Valley, California

Category:Mining museums in California

Category:Museums in Nevada County, California

Category:Living museums in California

Category:Open-air museums in California

Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California

Category:Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California

Category:National Register of Historic Places in Nevada County, California

Category:History of Nevada County, California

Category:Protected areas established in 1975

Category:1975 establishments in California

Category:Gold mines in California

Category:California Historical Landmarks

Category:Former mines in Nevada County, California