Endirey

Endirey is an ancient original Kumyk name. It was adopted by Daghestan in 1991, replacing the Soviet name Andreyaul ({{lang|ru|Андрейаул}}). Under Imperial Russia, its name had been Andreyevo ({{lang|ru|Андреево}}, Andreevo) after an early Cossack leader who supposedly settled there, a Russian source quotes many alleged explanations.{{sfnp|Baddeley|1908|p=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028754616/page/n55 8]}} Дагестанские исторические сочинения, Амри Шихсаидов, Т. Айтберов, Гасан Оразаев, 1993 Former spellings include Enderi, Enderee,{{sfnp|Baddeley|1908|p=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028754616/page/n55 8]}} Indiri and al-Indiri,{{sfnp|Tucker|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hUnq1XguAuAC&pg=PT251 251]}}{{sfnp|Tucker|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hUnq1XguAuAC&pg=PT252 252]}} Andreeva, and Andreewa. It has also been known as Andreevskii Awul.{{sfnp|Tucker|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hUnq1XguAuAC&pg=PT251 251]}}

Endirey lies at the foot of Mount Tshumlu{{sfnp|Knight|1866}} on the Aktash River near Khasavyurt, just north of the Caucasus and just east of the Chechen border.{{sfnp|Tucker|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hUnq1XguAuAC&pg=PT251 251]}} It lies about {{convert|45|mi|km|order=flip|sp=us}} south of Kizliar and has a mean elevation of {{convert|40|m|sp=us}}.

File:Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg

The area preserves the ruins of a fortress destroyed by Tamerlane during the Tokhtamysh–Timur war.{{sfnp|Ministry of Culture|2015}}

The early history Endirey is uncertain.Before 06may2016 this article had the following, which appears in a number of places, but is questionable " Andreyevo was allegedly settled by the Don Cossack ataman Andréya Shádrin around 1580, following his erection of a new fortress near Tarki on the Caspian. Shádrin was said to have moved south partially owing to tensions with his rival Yermak Timofeyevich. The settlement may have predated this, however, with Mountain Cossacks having settled the Terek Basin as early as the 1520s. " For doubts see footnotes to North Caucasus Line and Barrett, At the Edge of Empire, page 15. This Tarki is probably confused with Tersky Gorod. During the Safavid period (1501–1736), the small Kumyk's kingdom of Endirey formed somewhat of a "buffer state" towards the north.{{sfn|Floor|2001|pp=87-88}} Feodor I dispatched Prince Grigori Zasekin against the local shamkhal in 1591. His force of 5000 Russian musketeers and 10,000 Cherkesses captured and razed Andreyevo the next year, wounding the shamkhal.{{sfnp|Allen|1970|p=370}} Relations with the nearby Circassians were, however, generally friendly prior to the Cossacks' submission to Peter the Great in 1712, after which raiding and invasions became more common.{{sfn|Jaimoukha|pp=30–31}} In a belated response to the 1707 burning of the Russian fort at Tarki, Peter the Great dispatched a unit of cavalry to occupy Endirey in 1722 as part of his Persian campaign. The force suffered a serious repulse and the area was left alone for several decades.{{sfnp|Dunlop|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=P7SUvzGU67IC&pg=PA7 7]}}

Endirey had a large slave trade to the Ottoman Empire and became the principal city of the Kumyks.{{sfnp|Wagner|1854|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=snY9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA180 180]}}

General Yermolov constructed a major fort at Vnezapnaya in 1820, placing it across the Aktash from Endirey{{sfnp|Tucker|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hUnq1XguAuAC&pg=PT252 252]}} at the mouth of the Koysu.{{sfnp|Moser|1856|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ilYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA112 112–113]}} This fort was used to suppress the Endirey slave fair{{sfnp|Herman|1845|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0d0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14 14]}} and to support the local shamkhal against the Kumyk nobility.{{sfnp|Moser|1856|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ilYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA112 112–113]}}{{sfnp|Khodarkovsky|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/bitterchoicesloy0000khod/page/60 60–61]}} It supported Russian colonization of the area: the revolts the program provoked (as Imam Shamil's in the 1840s and Haji Mohammed's in 1877) were an expected consequence and were seen as permitting still greater relocation and resettlement.{{sfnp|Khodarkovsky|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/bitterchoicesloy0000khod/page/60 60–61]}} The fort also formed the staging point for the 1839 phase of the Caucasian War."[http://memim.com/caucasus-mountains.html Caucasus Mountains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530225044/http://memim.com/caucasus-mountains.html |date=2015-05-30 }}". General Grabbe's siege of Akhoulgo formed part of this campaign. The town and fort were assaulted by Shamil in September 1843 but the Russian commander Colonel Kozlovsky was able to withstand the attack.{{sfnp|Baddeley|1908|p=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028754616/page/n430 368]}}

In the later 19th century, it had a population of around 12,000 people"Andreeva". comprising about 3000 households.{{sfnp|Knight|1866}} The district around it included fertile agricultural valleys but also sandy desert, mineral springs, and upwellings of naphtha.{{sfnp|Knight|1866}} Despite continuing as a Kumyk protectorate,{{sfnp|Knight|1866}} it formed part of the Russian Empire's district of the Caucasus.{{sfnp|Knight|1866}}

The area around Endirey is currently majority Sunni Muslim Kumyks -

6,025 (93,1 %).

• Other Andreyevos
• List of Turkish exonyms

{{reflist|20em}}

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Category:Urban-type settlements in the Republic of Dagestan