England runestones#Sm 5

There are eight runestones in Uppland that mention voyages to England. Several of them were raised in memory of men who had partaken in the Danegeld in England.

File:U 194, Väsby.JPG

This secluded runestone is located in a grove near Väsby, Uppland, Sweden. It was raised by a Viking in commemoration of his receiving one danegeld in England. It is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr3 and, together with U 344, it has been said to be the earliest example of an Urnes style inscription in Uppland. The runic text follows a common rule to only carve a single rune for two consecutive letters, even when the letters were at the end of one word and the beginning of a second word.Page 1987:22. When the text shown as Latin characters, the transliterated runes are doubled and separate words are shown. For U 194 has three examples where this occurred, þinoftiʀ is transliterated as þino| |oftiʀ, tuknuts as tuk| |knuts, and anklanti as a| |anklanti.

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|al{{!}}i{{!}} {{!}}l{{!}}it raisa stain þino{{!}} {{!}}oftiʀ sik sialfan ' hon tuk{{!}} {{!}}knuts kialt a{{!}} {{!}}anklanti ' kuþ hialbi hons ant

|Ali/Alli let ræisa stæin þenna æftiʀ sik sialfan. {} Hann tok Knuts giald a Ænglandi. {} Guð hialpi hans and.

|"Áli/Alli had this stone raised in memory of himself. He took Knútr's payment in England. May God help his spirit."Entry U 194 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm

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File:U 241, Lingsberg.JPG

{{main|Lingsberg Runestones}}

This runestone is one of the Lingsberg Runestones and was part of a paired monument with U 240. It is located on the courtyard of the estate Lingsberg in Uppland. It was raised by the grandchildren of Ulfríkr in commemoration of his receiving two danegelds in England. It is carved in runestone style Pr3.

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|n tan auk huskarl ' auk sua(i)n ' l(i)tu rita stin aftiʀ ' ulfrik ' faþurfaþur sino ' hon hafþi o{{!}} {{!}}onklanti tuh kialt{{!}} {{!}}takit + kuþ hialbi þiʀa kiþka salu{{!}} {{!}}uk{{!}} {{!}}kuþs muþ(i)

|En Dan ok Huskarl {} ok Svæinn {} letu retta stæin æftiʀ {} Ulfrik, {} faðurfaður sinn. {} Hann hafði a Ænglandi tu giald takit. {} Guð hialpi þæiʀa fæðga salu ok Guðs moðiʀ.

|"And Danr and Húskarl and Sveinn had the stone erected in memory of Ulfríkr, their father's father. He had taken two payments in England. May God and God's mother help the souls of the father and son."Entry U 241 Samnordisk runtextdatabas.

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File:U 344, Orkesta.JPG

The runestone U 344, in the style Pr3, was found in 1868, at Yttergärde, by Richard Dybeck,Enoksen 1998:122. but it is today raised at the church of Orkesta, see Orkesta Runestones. Together with U 194, it is considered to be the earliest example of the Urnes style in Uppland.Horn Fuglesang 1998:201.

The runes are written from right to left with the orientation of the runes going in the same direction, but the last words outside the runic band have the usual left-right orientation.Enoksen 1998:122. It can be dated to the first half of the 11th century because of its use of the ansuz rune for the a and æ phonemes, and because of its lack of dotted runes.Enoksen 1998:124.

This stone is notable because it commemorates that the Viking Ulf of Borresta had taken three danegelds in England. The first one was with Skagul Toste in 991,Pritsak 1981:392. the second one with Thorkel the High in 1012 and the last one with Canute the Great in 1018. Since there were many years between the danegelds, it is likely that Ulfr returned to Sweden after each danegeld to live as a wealthy magnate.Enoksen 1998:125.Jansson 1980:36.

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|in ulfr hafiʀ o{{!}} {{!}}onklati ' þru kialt{{!}} {{!}}takat þit uas fursta þis tusti ka-t ' þ(a) ---- (þ)urktil ' þa kalt knutr

|En Ulfʀ hafiʀ a Ænglandi {} þry giald takit. Þet vas fyrsta þet's Tosti ga[l]t. {} Þa [galt] Þorkætill. {} Þa galt Knutr.

|"And Ulfr has taken three payments in England. That was the first that Tosti paid. Then Þorketill paid. Then Knútr paid."Entry U 344 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.}}

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File:U 539, Husby-Sjuhundra, side C.jpg

This runestone is located at the church of Husby-Sjuhundra. It is one of the older runestones as it is in the style RAK. It is raised in memory of Sveinn who intended to go to England but died en route in Jutland. Omeljan Pritsak comments that Sveinn probably died in the Limfjord, Jutland, as the fjord was usually the starting point for campaigns against England.Pritsak 1981:339. Jansson dates Svein's death to 1015, when Canute the Great's great invasion fleet had been assembled in the Limfjord, a fleet that had many young warriors from Uppland.Jansson 1980:38. When the fleet departed for England, Sveinn was no longer aboard.

The hope that God and God's mother would treat the man better than he deserved is an expression that appears on several runestones, and it is not understood as an expression of his having a bad character but it is a request that he should be favoured in the afterlife.Jansson 1987:116.

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|tiarfʀ × uki × urika × uk ' uiki × uk × iukiʀ × uk × kiʀialmʀ × þiʀ bryþr × aliʀ × litu × risa ×

|Diarfʀ {} ok {} Orøkia {} ok {} Vigi {} ok {} Iogæiʀʀ {} ok {} Gæiʀhialmʀ, {} þæiʀ brøðr {} alliʀ {} letu {} ræisa {}

|"Djarfr and Órœkja and Vígi and Jógeirr and Geirhjalmr, all of these brothers had"

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|stin þina × iftiʀ × suin × bruþur × sin × saʀ × uarþ × tuþr a × iut(l)ati × on skulti

|stæin þenna {} æftiʀ {} Svæin, {} broður {} sinn. {} Saʀ {} varð {} dauðr a {} Iutlandi. {} Hann skuldi

|"this stone raised in memory of Sveinn, their brother. He died in Jútland. He meant to"

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|fara × til × iklanþs × kuþ × ialbi × (o)ns × at uk salu × uk{{!}} ×{{!}} kus muþiʀ × betr × þan an karþi til

|fara {} til {} Ænglands. {} Guð {} hialpi {} hans {} and ok salu {} ok {} Guðs moðiʀ {} bætr {} þan hann gærði til.

|"travel to England. May God and God's mother help his spirit and soul better than he deserved."Entry U 539 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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File:U 616, Tång.jpg

This runestone is located at Tång, and it is raised in memory of a man who died in battle in England. It is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr1, but the runemaster is considered to have had little experience in the craft. The runic text contains a bind rune, which is a ligature combining two runes, for an a-rune and a l-rune, which may have been done simply to save space.MacLeod 2002:134.

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|fir--(r)iui : lit rita * kuml : yfitiʀr : fnþur : sih : baosa : auk : boruþur : kuru- * kuþ hi{{=}}a{{=}}l-... * ul kuru -ial uti * a{{!}} {{!}}akla--

|<fir--riui> {} let retta {} kuml {} æftiʀ {} faður {} sinn {} Bosa(?)/Bausa(?) {} ok {} broður {} <kuru->. {} Guð hial[pi] {} <ul> <kuru> [f]ioll uti {} a Ængla[ndi].

|"<fir--riui> had the monument erected in memory of his father Bósi(?)/Bausi(?) and (his) brother <kuru->. May God help <ul> <kuru> fell abroad in England."Entry U 616 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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File:U 812, Hjälsta.jpg

This runestone is carved in runestone style Pr2 and was raised at the church of Hjälsta. It was raised in memory of a man's father who died in England. Based on its size and runic text, it has been suggested that U 812 was once part of a coupled monument located in a cemetery, but that the runestone with the first half of the overall text has been lost.Bäckvall 2010:6. Other pairs of runestones that may have formed a coupled monument in a cemetery are U 49 and U 50 in Lovö and Sö Fv1948;282 and Sö 134 in Ludgo.

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|× faþur × sin × saʀ × uarþ × tauþr × o eg×loti ×

|{} faður {} sinn. {} Saʀ {} varð {} dauðr {} a Ænglandi. {}

|"his father. He died in England."Entry U 812 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.}}

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File:U 978, Gamla Uppsala.JPG

This stone is located in the wall of the church of Gamla Uppsala. It is carved in runestone style Pr2 and made of sandstone. It was made by a man who called himself "traveller to England" in memory of his father.

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|sihuiþr ...-i + stain + þina + iklats+fari + iftir + uitarf + faþ(u)(r) [+ -... ...sia]... ...ku---

|Sigviðr [ræist]i {} stæin {} þenna {} Ænglandsfari {} æftiʀ {} Vidiarf, {} faður {} ... ... ...

|"Sigviðr, traveller to England, raised this stone in memory of Védjarfr, (his) father ... ... ..."Entry U 978 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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File:U 1181, Lilla Runhällen.jpg

This fragmented runestone is classified as being carved in the runestone style Fp and is located at Lilla Runhällen. It was raised by a man who had travelled to England in memory of himself.

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|...-(i) × lit × (a)kua ... ...[k × sa](l)fan × ek-...ns*fari ' a(f)i × kunu-s *

|... {} let {} haggva ... [si]k {} sialfan, {} Æng[la]ndsfari, {} afi {} <kunu-s>. {}

|"... had (the stone) cut ... (in memory of) himself, traveller to England, grandfather of <kunu-s>."Entry U 1181 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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There are six known runestones in Södermanland that mention men who had travelled to England.

File:Sö 46, Hormesta.jpg

This runestone was found in Hormesta, and it is one of the older runestones as it is classified as being carved in runestone style RAK, which is considered to be the oldest style. It is raised by two men in memory of their brother who died in England.

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|iskil : auk : knauþimanr : raistu : stain : þansi : at : bruþur : sin : suera : as : uarþ : tauþr * o * eklanti kuml * kiarþu : þatsi : [kitil {} slakʀ]

|Æskell {} ok {} Gnauðimandr(?) {} ræistu {} stæin {} þannsi {} at {} broður {} sinn {} Sværra(?), {} es {} varð {} dauðr {} a {} Ænglandi. Kumbl {} giærðu {} þatsi {} Kætill [ok] Stakkʀ.

|"Áskell and Gnauðimaðr(?) raised this stone in memory of their brother Sverri(?), who died in England. Ketill and Stakkr made this monument."Entry Sö 46 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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File:Sö 55, Bjudby.jpg

This runestone in Bjudby was raised by a man in memory of his son Hefnir who went to England and back, and instead of having a warrior's death overseas, he died at home. Due to the use of the ansuz rune for the o phoneme, Erik Brate argues that Hefnir participated in a late 11th-century expedition to England.[https://runeberg.org/runor/0061.html Brate 1922:60]. He suggests that Hefnir was part of the invasion force sent to England by Sweyn Estridsson, in 1069, and which was intended to defeat William the Conqueror's Normans.[https://runeberg.org/runor/0062.html Brate 1922:61]. The invasion had been planned for two years, but William the conqueror bought off the commander of the force who was Sweyn Estridsson's brother Asbjörn. The inscription is in runestone style Pr2 and was carved by two runemasters whose names are normalized as Slóði and Brúni. Brúni's signature is also on Sö 178 at Gripsholm Castle.

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|þorstain (l)(i)... ...sa : stain : þena : ... sik : sialfan : auk : sun : sin : hefni : uaʀ til : enklans : ukr : trenkr : farin : uarþ : þa * haima : at : harmi tauþr kuþ hialbi : sialu : þaima bruni : auk : sloþi : þaiʀ ...(u) stan þena

|Þorstæinn le[t ræi]sa {} stæin {} þenna {} [æftiʀ] sik {} sialfan {} ok {} sun {} sinn {} Hæfni. {} Vaʀ til {} Ænglands {} ungʀ {} drængʀ {} farinn, {} varð {} þa {} hæima {} at {} harmi dauðr. Guð hialpi {} sialu {} þæiʀa. Bruni {} ok {} Sloði {} þæiʀ [rist]u stæin þenna.

|"Þorsteinn had this stone raised in memory of himself and his son Hefnir. The young valiant man travelled to England; then died grievously at home. May God help their souls. Brúni and Slóði, they carved this stone."Entry Sö 55 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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File:Sö 83, Tumbo.jpg of Sö 83]]

This runestone has disappeared, but it was located at the church of Tumbo. It is classified as possibly being in runestone style Pr4. The inscription has been attributed based on stylistic analysis to the runemaster Näsbjörn, and what little remained of the stone when it was discovered said that a man drowned in England.

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|[...an : truknaþi : i eklans : han...]

|[H]ann {} drunknaði {} i Ænglands {} ...

|"He drowned in England's ..."Entry Sö 83 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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File:Sö 160, Råby.JPG

This runestone is located at the church of Råby. Like the Kolsta Runestone, it is raised in memory of a man who died in the assembly retinue (þingalið) in England.

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|: aybirn : raisþi : stain : þansi : at : karþi : han uarþ : tauþr : o{{!}} {{!}}oklati i liþi

|{} Øybiorn {} ræisþi {} stæin {} þannsi {} at {} Skærði. {} Hann varð {} dauðr {} a Ænglandi i liði.

|"Eybjǫrn raised this stone in memory of Skerðir. He died in the retinue in England."Entry Sö 160 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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File:Sö 166, Grinda.JPG

This runestone which is located in Grinda is in the style RAK. It is raised in memory of a father who divided up gold in England and attacked some towns in northern Germany. According to Omeljan Pritsak, the gold which was divided was part of the danegeld,Pritsak 1981:343. and Erik Brate argues that it was the same expedition as the one mentioned on the Berga Runestone.[https://runeberg.org/runor/0063.html Brate 1922:62].

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|: kriutkarþr : ainriþi : suniʀ : kiarþu : at : faþur : snialan : kuþuiʀ : uaʀ uastr : a : aklati : kialti : skifti : burkiʀ : a : sahks:lanti : suti : kaula

|{} Griutgarðr, {} Æinriði, {} syniʀ, {} giærðu {} at {} faður {} sniallan. {} Guðveʀ {} vaʀ vestr {} a {} Ænglandi, {} gialdi {} skifti, {} borgiʀ {} a {} Saxlandi {} sotti {} karla.

|"Grjótgarðr (and) Einriði, the sons made (the stone) in memory of (their) able father. Guðvér was in the west; divided (up) payment in England; manfully attacked townships in Saxony."Entry Sö 166 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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File:Sö 207, Överselö.JPG

This runestone is located at the church of Överselö. It is made of sandstone and carved in runestone style Fp. It is in memory of a father who travelled to England.

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|kuþr... ... (f)aþur sin * fur * hfila * hn * til * iklans * kuþ halbi * sil hns

|Guð... ... faður sinn. {} For {} hæfila {} hann {} til {} Ænglands. {} Guð hialpi {} sal hans.

|"Guð-... ... his father. He competently travelled to England. May God help his soul."Entry Sö 207 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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In Västmanland, there are three runestones that refer to voyages to England.

File:Vs 5, Vändle.JPG

This runestone is located in the garden of the farm Vändle and it is tentatively categorized as being carved in runestone style Fp. It is raised in memory of a man who travelled to England.

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|[kra-hni- × lit × resa × s... ...] + uas × farin + til + ekla-s [× (t)u i × sbelbuþa × --s(a)þu × helb]i × kuþ [× se... ... ... sigi * iuk × -u...]

|<kra-hni-> {} let {} ræisa {} s[tæin] ... {} vas {} farinn {} til {} Ængla[nd]s. {} Do i {} Spiallbuða {} ... {} Hialpi {} Guð {} se[lu hans] ... Siggi {} hiogg {} [r]u[naʀ].

|"<kra-hni-> had the stone raised ... travelled to England, died in Spjallboði's ... May God help his soul ... Siggi cut the runes."Entry Vs 5 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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File:Vs 9, Saltängsbron.JPG

This runestone is located near the bridge of Saltängsbron and it is in the style Pr3. It is in memory of a man who died in England.

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|× kisl × lit × kera × buru × eftʀ × osl × sun × sin × han u(a)[rþ] × tyþr × a eklati × kuþ ialbi × has × ont auk × selu

|{} Gisl {} let {} gærva {} bro {} æftiʀ {} Asl/ǫsl, {} sun {} sinn. {} Hann varð {} dauðr {} a Ænglandi. {} Guð hialpi {} hans {} and ok {} selu.

|"Gísl had the bridge made in memory of Ásl/ǫsl, his son. He died in England. May God help his spirit and soul."Entry Vs 9 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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File:Vs 18, Berga.JPG

This runestone is located in Berga and is classified as being carved in runestone style Fp. It was carved by the same runemaster as the Ingvar runestone Vs 19. Similar to the inscription on U 194, the runic text has an example where a single rune was used for two consecutive letters with one at the end of one word and the other at the start of a second word. The runemaster on both Vs 18 and Vs 19 used the same runes trekuþan which were transliterated to show two letters and separate words as trek| |kuþan. Vs 18 and Vs 19 were also sponsored by the same person, Gunnvaldr.

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|(k)hunaltr * liet resa * sthin * þensa * iftir * kerfast * sun sen * trek{{!}} {{!}}kuþan * auk * uas farin * til eklans * hiolbi * kuþ * salu * hans

|Gunnaldr {} let ræisa {} stæin {} þennsa {} æftiʀ {} Gæiʀfast, {} sun sinn, {} dræng goðan, {} ok {} vas farinn {} til Ænglands. {} Hialpi {} Guð {} salu {} hans.

|"Gunnvaldr had this stone raised in memory of Geirfastr, his son, a good valiant man. And (he) had travelled to England. May God help his soul."Entry Vs 18 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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In Gästrikland, there is only one runestone that mentions a voyage to England.

File:Gs 8, Västra Hästbo.jpg

This is a fragment that remains of a runestone. It was found in 1927 in Västra Hästbo near the church of Torsåker, and today it is almost hidden behind a pillar inside the church. It is in sandstone and it is one of the older runestones as it is carved in runestone style RAK. This the classification for inscriptions with runic band ends which do not have any attached serpent or beast heads. The runic text indicates that it was raised in memory of a man who went to England. The last word has a bind rune that combines a k-rune and u-rune, but it has been suggested that this was done to correct an error made when carving the text.MacLeod 2002:123, 145.

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|asmuntr -... ...faþ-... han : uas : uist : --- ikla-ti ...k{{=}}uust--

|Asmundr ... ... Hann {} vas {} vestr {} {[ut a]} Ængla[n]di ...

|"Ásmundr ... ... He was abroad in the west in England ..."Entry Gs 8 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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In Östergötland, there are two runestones that mention men who travelled to England, and both men died there.

File:Ög 104, Gillberga.JPG

This runestone is located in Gillberga. It is in the style Fp and it is raised in memory of a brother who died in England. The stone is located near an ancient road and was raised to its current position in 1866.

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|: ruþr : risti : stin : þinsi : iftiʀ : tuk- : bruþur : sin : saʀ : uarþ : trbin : a : ilati : triʀ : arþa : kuþr :

|{} Rauðr {} ræisti {} stæin {} þennsi {} æftiʀ {} Tok[a], {} broður {} sinn, {} saʀ {} varð {} drepinn {} a {} Ænglandi, {} drængʀ {} harða {} goðr. {}

|"Rauðr raised this stone in memory of Tóki, his brother, a very good valiant man, who was killed in England."Entry Ög 104 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

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File:Runsten vid Östergötlands länsmuseum i Linköping, den 26 april 2007.jpg

This runestone is dated to around 1025, and was raised in memory of a father who died in England. It was discovered in 1950 lying with the text downwards on the property of the farm Kallerstad, only 200 metres from Ög 113. It was probably found in its original location since a road used to pass the stone. The stone had been broken into two pieces, but was reassembled and raised outside of the county museum of Linköping. The stone is in greyish red granite and it is 3.95 m tall (2.98 above soil) and 1.43 m wide, and the surface is quite weathered. The name Vígfastr is otherwise unattested on runestones and also the name Helga was quite rare.Jansson 1950:341-342. It is carved in runestone style Fp.Entry Ög Fv1950;341 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

The Rundata designation for this Östergötland inscription, Ög Fv1950;341, refers to the year and page number of the issue of Fornvännen in which the runestone was first described.

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|...-iur- : auk : as-iurn : þiʀ : ristu : stin : þasi : eft-ʀ : uikfast : faþur : sin : es uas : tuþr : o : eklati : sun : helgu

|...[b]ior[n] {} ok {} As[b]iorn {} þæiʀ {} ræistu {} stæin {} þasi {} æft[i]ʀ {} Vigfast, {} faður {} sinn, {} es vas {} dauðr {} a {} Ænglandi, {} sun {} Hælgu.

|"...-bjǫrn and Ásbjǫrn, they raised this stone in memory of Vígfastr, their father, Helga's son. He died in England."

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In Småland, there are five or six runestones that mention voyages to England. One of them (Sm 77) mentions a man who was a marshal (stallari) in England.

File:Sm 5, Transjö.JPG

This runestone is located in Transjö. It is one of the older stones as it is in the style RAK. The runes are unusual as the m-runes are dotted (15px) and the k-runes have a stroke to the left instead of to the right. The stone was raised in memory of a son who died in England named Ketill, who was described as being óníðingr. Óníðingr, which with the ó- prefix means the opposite of the Old Norse pejorative word níðingr, was used to describe a man as being virtuous and is translated in the Rundata database as "unvillainous." It is used as a descriptive term on inscriptions Sö 189 in Åkerby, Sm 37 in Rörbro, Sm 147 in Vasta Ed, and DR 68 in Århus, and appears as a name or part of a name on inscriptions Ög 77 in Hovgården, Ög 217 in Oppeby, Sm 2 in Aringsås, and Sm 131 in Hjortholmen.Zilmer 2005:178. The text on Sm 5, Sm 37, and Ög 77 use the same exact phrase manna mæstr oniðingʀ or "most unvillainous of men" to describe the deceased, and DR 68 uses a variant of this phrase.Naumann 1994:499-500.

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|: kotr : sati : sten : þana : eftʀ : ketil :

|{} Gautr {} satti {} stæin {} þenna {} æftiʀ {} Kætil, {}

|"Gautr placed this stone in memory of Ketill"

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|: sun : sin : han : faʀ :

|{} sun {} sinn. {} Hann {} vaʀ {}

|"his son. He was"

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{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold |number=C

|: mana : mesr o:niþikʀ : eʀ a : eklati : ali : tunþi

|{} manna {} mæstr oniðingʀ, {} eʀ a {} Ænglandi {} aldri {} tyndi.

|"the most unvillainous of men, who forfeited his life in England."Entry Sm 5 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

}}

{{clear}}

File:Sm 27, Berga.JPG

This runestone is raised on the cemetery of the church of Berga. It is classified as being in runestone style RAK and it is consequently one of the older runestones. It is raised in memory of a man who died in England.

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |indent=2 |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold

|--rþr * ris(t)i * kuml * þe... ... ...-aþis * o * eklanti *

|[Þo]rðr {} ræisti {} kumbl {} þe[ssi]/þe[tta] ... [ænd]aðis {} a {} Ænglandi. {}

|"Þórðr raised this/these(?) monument(s) ... met his end in England."Entry Sm 27 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

}}

{{clear}}

File:Sm 29, Ingelstad.JPG

This runestone is located in Ingelstad. It is carved in runestone style RAK and is consequently one of the older runestones. It was raised in memory of a father who died in England.

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |indent=2 |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold

|...r rsþi * stin * iftiʀ * þur--(ʀ) * fa-ur * sin * saʀ * etaþis * o * -klanti *

|... ræisþi {} stæin {} æftiʀ {} Þor[gæi]ʀ, {} fa[ð]ur {} sinn. {} Saʀ {} ændaðis {} a {} [Æ]nglandi. {}

|"... raised the stone in memory of Þorgeirr, his father. He met his end in England."Entry Sm 29 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

}}

{{clear}}

File:Sm 77, Sävsjö.JPG

This runestone is located in Sävsjö, and it is raised by Vrái in memory of a brother who died in England. Later, Vrái would also receive a memorial, the nearby Komstad Runestone which tells that Vrái had been the marshall (stallari) of an earl Hakon,Pritsak 1981:411. who was probably the earl Håkon Eiriksson.Pritsak 1981:343.

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |indent=2 |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold

|: urai : sati : stin : þonsi : eftiʀ : kuna : bruþur : sin : han : uaʀ tauþr : o : iklati

|{} Vrai {} satti {} stæin {} þannsi {} æftiʀ {} Gunna, {} broður {} sinn. {} Hann {} vaʀ dauðr {} a {} Ænglandi.

|"Vrái placed this stone in memory of Gunni, his brother. He died in England."Entry Sm 77 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

}}

{{clear}}

File:Sm 101, Nöbbelesholm.JPG

The Nävelsjö runestone is located at the estate of Nöbbelesholm, and it is raised in memory of a father who died in England and was buried by his brother in Bath, Somerset.

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |indent=2 |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold

|: kun(t)(k)el : sati : sten : þansi : eftiʀ : kunar : faþur : sin : sun : hruþa : halgi : lagþi : han : i : sten:þr : bruþur : sin : a : haklati : i : baþum

|{} Gunnkell {} satti {} stæin {} þannsi {} æftiʀ {} Gunnar, {} faður {} sinn, {} sun {} Hroða. {} Hælgi {} lagði {} hann {} i {} stæinþro, {} broður {} sinn, {} a {} Ænglandi {} i {} Baðum.

|"Gunnkell placed this stone in memory of Gunnarr, his father, Hróði's son. Helgi, his brother, laid him in a stone coffin in Bath in England."Entry Sm 101 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

}}

{{clear}}

File:Vetlandarunsten.jpg

This fragment of a runestone is located in the atrium of the church of Vetlanda and what remains appears to say "in the west in England."

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |indent=2 |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold

|...(l)ika : uastr * a * i...-ti

|... {} vestr {} a {} Æ[nglan]di(?).

|"... in the west in England(?)."Entry Sm 104 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

}}

{{clear}}

File:Vg 20, Västanåker.JPG

This runestone is located in Västanåker and is classified as being carved in runestone style RAK. It was raised as a memorial to a son who died in England.

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |indent=2 |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold

|... risti × stin × iftiʀ × kurmar × sun × sin + iaʀ × uaʀ + trbin × a × iklanti ×

|... ræisti {} stæin {} æftiʀ {} Guðmar(?), {} sun {} sinn. {} Eʀ {} vaʀ {} drepinn {} a {} Ænglandi. {}

|"... raised the stone in memory of Guðmarr(?), his son, who was killed in England."Entry Vg 20 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

}}

{{clear}}

File:Vg 187, Vist.JPG

This runestone is located at the church of Vist. It is carved in runestone style RAK and it is thus one of the older runestones. It was raised in memory of a brother who died in England.

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |indent=2 |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold

|+ giʀi * sati * stin * þana * eftiʀ * kuþa * bruþur * sin * eʀ * a ok*lanti * altri * tynþi ×

|{} Gæiʀi {} satti {} stæin {} þenna {} æftiʀ {} Guða, {} broður {} sinn. {} Eʀ {} a Ænglandi {} aldri {} tynði. {}

|"Geiri placed this stone in memory of Guði, his brother, who forfeited his life in England."Entry Vg 187 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

}}

{{clear}}

File:Vallebergastenen lund 2006.jpg

This runestone is located in Valleberga at "runestone hill" in Lund. It is one of the older runestones as it is classified as being carved in runestone style RAK.

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold |number=A

|: suin : auk : þurgutr : kiaurþu : kubl : þisi ¶ eftiʀ : mana ¶ auk * suina

|{} Swen {} ok {} Þorgotr/Þorgundr {} gærþu {} kumbl {} þæssi {} æftiʀ {} Manna {} ok {} Swena.

|"Sveinn and Þorgautr/Þorgunn made this monument in memory of Manni and Sveini."

}}

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold |number=B

|kuþ : hialbi : siaul : þeʀa : uel : ian : þeʀ : likia : i : luntunum

|Guþ {} hialpi {} siol {} þeʀa {} wæl, {} æn {} þeʀ {} liggia {} i {} Lundunum.

|"May God well help their souls. And they lie in London."Entry Dr 337 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

}}

{{clear}}

File:DR 6, Schleswig.jpg

This runestone is located in Schleswig Cathedral. The ornamentation shows that it was made by a Swede. It was made in memory of a man who lay dead in a location called Skía in Old Norse in England. According to Omeljan Pritsak, Skía was probably Shoebury in Essex or Skidby in Yorkshire.Pritsak 1981:342.

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold |number=A

|... l(i)t (:) r(i)(s)(a) : stain : e...

|

|"... had the stone raised in memory of"

}}

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold |number=B

|...-an : s(u)(l)... ¶ ... ...(a)uþr : ... ¶ ...(n) : auk : kuþmuntr : þaʀ [:] [r]... ...[(a)ʀ]

|... {} ... {} ... [d]øþr {} ... {} ... {} ok {} Guþmundr {} þeʀ {} r[istu run]aʀ.

|"... ... ... dead ... ... and Guðmundr, they carved the runes."

}}

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold |number=C

|: a enklanti : i skiu (:) -uilis : kr... ... ...

|{} A Ænglandi {} i Skiu {} [h]wilis. {} Kr[istr](?) ... ...

|"(He) rests at Skía in England. Christ ... ..."Entry Dr 6 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

}}

{{clear}}

{{main|English runic inscription 2}}

File:Ringerike St Paul runetone.jpg

File:St-paul.gif

This runestone, also known as Br E2), is a Viking Age runic inscription from the early 11th century, in a coffin of limestone in Saint Paul's Cathedral in London.[https://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm/?languageId=1 Scandinavian Runic-text Database] - Rundata. The stone is in style Pr2, also known as Ringerike style. It has remains of dark blue and red colour. The stone is placed in the Museum of London.{{cite web|title=Rectangular grave slab: 11th century|url=http://www.museumoflondonprints.com/image/61240/rectangular-grave-slab-11th-century|work=Museum of London|access-date=2019-11-29|language=en|archive-date=2019-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128152303/https://www.museumoflondonprints.com/image/61240/rectangular-grave-slab-11th-century|url-status=dead}}

It is possible that it was made in memory of a Viking warrior who died in service of king Canute the Great,Simon Keynes: The Burial of King Æthelred the Unready at St Paul’s. W: The English and Their Legacy, 900-1200. Essays in Honour of Ann Williams. edited by David Roffe. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2012, s. 141-142. {{ISBN|978-1-84383-794-7}}. and the creature on the stone may represent Sleipnir, Odin's eight-legged horse.Forte, Oram, and Pedersen (2005), Viking Empires, {{ISBN|0-521-82992-5}} p. 73

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |indent=2 |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold

|: k-na : let : legia : st¶in : þensi : auk : tuki :

|{} G[i]nna(?)/G[í]na(?) {} lét {} leggja {} stein {} þenna {} ok {} Tóki. {}

|"Ginna(?)/Gína(?) had this stone laid and (i.e. with) Tóki."

}}

{{clear}}

File:Galtelandssteinen på Evje.jpg

This runestone is located in Galteland in Aust-Agder. It is an older runestone as it is classified as being in runestone style RAK. It was raised in memory of a son who died in service with the army of Canute the Great when he attacked England.

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |indent=2 |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold

|arn×[stin] × risti × stin × þi[na] × iftir × bior × [s]un × sin × [sa × uar] tuþr × i liþi × þ[(o)s × knutr soti × iklot +] ¶ × in is ko[þ]

|Arnsteinn {} reisti {} stein {} þenna {} eptir {} Bjór, {} son {} sinn. {} Sá {} varð dauðr {} í liði, {} þá's {} Knútr sótti {} England. {} {} {} Einn er Guð.

|"Arnsteinn raised this stone in memory of Bjórr his son who died in the retinue when Knútr attacked England. God is one."Entry N 184 in Rundata 2.0 for Windows.

}}

{{clear}}

• List of runestones

{{reflist|2}}

• {{Citation |last=Bäckvall |first=Maja |contribution=Dvärgstenen U 359 Skepptuna k:a (pre-symposium version) |contribution-url=http://www.khm.uio.no/forskning/publikasjoner/runenews/7th-symp/preprint/baeckvall.pdf |series=Seventh International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions |title=Runes in Context |year=2010 |place=Oslo, Norway |access-date=2010-09-28 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060013/http://www.khm.uio.no/forskning/publikasjoner/runenews/7th-symp/preprint/baeckvall.pdf |url-status=dead }}
• Brate, Erik. (1922). [https://runeberg.org/runor/ Sverges Runinskrifter]. Stockholm, Natur & Kultur.
• Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998). Runor : Historia, Tydning, Tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun. {{ISBN|91-88930-32-7}}
• Harrison, D. & Svensson, K. (2007). Vikingaliv. Fälth & Hässler, Värnamo. {{ISBN|978-91-27-35725-9}}.
• Horn Fuglesang, Signe. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYqsisEVQHEC Swedish Runestones of the Eleventh Century: Ornament and Dating], Runeninschriften als Quellen Interdisziplinärer Forschung (K.Düwel ed.). Göttingen {{ISBN|3-11-015455-2}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Jansson |first=Sven B. F. |title=Några Nyligen Uppdagade Runstenar |journal=Fornvännen |volume=45 |pages=330–344 |publisher=Swedish National Heritage Board |year=1950 |url=http://fornvannen.se/pdf/1950talet/1950_330.pdf |issn=1404-9430 |access-date=17 August 2010}}
• Jansson, Sven B. F. (1980). Runstenar. STF, Stockholm. {{ISBN|91-7156-015-7}}
• {{citation |last=Jansson |first=Sven B. F. |title=Runes in Sweden |publisher=Gidlunds |year=1987 |isbn= 917844067X}}
• {{Cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Mindy |title=Bind-Runes: An Investigation of Ligatures in Runic Epigraphy |publisher=Uppsala Universitet |year=2002 |isbn=91-506-1534-3}}
• {{cite book |last=Naumann |first=Hans-Peter |editor-last=Hoops |editor-first=Johannes |editor2-last=Beck |editor2-first=Heinrich |contribution="Hann var manna mestr oniðingr": Zer Poetizität Metrischer Runeninschriften |title=Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1994 |location=Berlin |pages=490–502 |language=de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8kiWfP7e7cC |isbn=3-11-012978-7}}
• {{Cite book |last=Page |first=Raymond Ian |author-link=Raymond Ian Page |title=Runes |publisher=University of California Press |year=1987 |url=https://archive.org/details/runes0000page |isbn=0-520-06114-4 |url-access=registration }}
• Peterson, Lena. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225031159/http://www.sofi.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1472 Nordisk Runnamslexikon] at the Swedish Institute for Linguistics and Heritage (Institutet för språk och folkminnen).
• Pritsak, Omeljan. (1981). The Origin of Rus'. Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. {{ISBN|0-674-64465-4}}
• {{Cite book|last=Zilmer |first=Kristel |url=http://www.fl.ut.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=110134/zilmer.pdf |title="He Drowned in Holmr's Sea": Baltic Traffic in Early Nordic Sources |year=2005 |publisher=Tartu University Press |isbn=9949-11-090-4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720131505/http://www.fl.ut.ee/orb.aw/class%3Dfile/action%3Dpreview/id%3D110134/zilmer.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 }}
• [http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk] - Rundata

• [http://runicdictionary.nottingham.ac.uk/index.php An English Dictionary of Runic Inscriptions of the Younger Futhark, at the University of Nottingham]
• [http://www.khm.uio.no/english/research/publications/7th-symposium-preprints/ Seventh International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions]

{{Runestones}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:England Runestones}}

Category:Runestones in Uppland

Category:Runestones in Östergötland

Category:Runestones in Södermanland

Category:Runestones in Västergötland

Category:Runestones in memory of Viking warriors

Category:England–Sweden relations