Entiminae

There are over 12,000 described species in the Entiminae subfamily worldwide, distributed in over 1,370 genera,{{Cite book |last1=Marvaldi |first1=A. E. |chapter= Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823. |editor1=Leschen, R. and R. G. Beutel. |title= Handbook of Zoology, Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera, Volume 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga) |last2=Lanteri |first2=A. A. |last3=del Río |first3=M. G. |last4=Oberprieler |first4=R. G. |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2014 |location=Berlin |pages=503–522 |language=en}} which total nearly 14,000 by more recent counts.{{Cite journal|last=Yunakov|first=N.|title=3i taxonomic databases, Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae {{!}} COL|url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/dataset/1166|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.catalogueoflife.org|year=2021|doi=10.48580/d4sl-3f8}} Most tribes are represented in only one biogeographic region of the world. The current classification within the subfamily has been recognized as artificial rather than reflecting natural groups.

Besides the shape of their broad and short rostrum, most entimines are easily recognized by the presence of a mandibular scar that appears when a deciduous process falls off the mandible, shortly after the emergence of the adult from the pupal stage.{{Cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=R. S. |chapter=131 Curculionidae Latreille, 1802, XII Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823 |editor=Arnett, R.H. |editor2=M.C. Thomas |editor3=P.E. Skelley |editor4=J.H. Frank |title=American Beetles |volume=II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea |last2=Howden |first2=A. T. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2002 |location=Boca Raton, FL |pages=722–815 |language=en}}

In general, entimines tend to feed on a broad range of plants (polyphagous), but there are instances of oligophagy. In general, the larvae feed externally on roots in the soil and adults feed on foliage. They also show preference for habitat or substrate rather than plant specificity.

Entimine weevils are primarily associated with angiosperms, but there are also species recorded from gymnosperms. They feed on monocotyledoneous and a broad range of dicotyledoneous plants, including members of the families Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, and many more.

The most commonly seen/known species are usually those associated with vegetation, where there is a trend to find more abundance and less diversity in cultivated areas, whereas forested or less disturbed areas tend to have more diversity and less abundance; there is a lot of diversity represented in the soil and on leaf litter, which is often overlooked.{{Cite journal|last=Girón|first=Jennifer C.|date=2020-12-30|title=Status of knowledge of the broad-nosed weevils of Colombia (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) |journal=Neotropical Biology and Conservation|language=en|volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=583–674|doi=10.3897/neotropical.15.e59713 |doi-access=free |issn=2236-3777}}

The most effective method for collecting entimines from vegetation would be using a beating sheet or by manual collecting; for soil entimines the best method would be leaf litter sifting.

Entimines may lay eggs loosely on the substrate, or in clusters glued onto the vegetation{{Cite journal|last=Howden|first=A. T.|date=1995|title=Structures related to oviposition in Curculionoidea|journal=Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington|volume=14|pages=53–102}} and do not use their rostrum to prepare their oviposition site. Over 50 species of entimines have been reported as parthenogenetic.

The integument of entimines can be black, reddish, orange and even metallic in coloration. Many species of Entiminae are covered by scales arranged in a broad variety of patterns. Those scales bear three dimensional photonic crystals{{Cite journal|last1=Seago|first1=Ainsley E|last2=Brady|first2=Parrish|last3=Vigneron|first3=Jean-Pol|last4=Schultz|first4=Tom D|date=2009-04-06|title=Gold bugs and beyond: a review of iridescence and structural colour mechanisms in beetles (Coleoptera)|journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface|volume=6|issue=suppl_2|pages=S165–S184|doi=10.1098/rsif.2008.0354.focus |doi-access=free |pmc=2586663|pmid=18957361}} within their lumen, which makes the scales iridescent.

Many species are flightless, which usually can be seen externally: the elytral shoulders (outer anterior corners of the elytra) are reduced to absent in apterous and brachypterous forms and well-developed in species with well-developed wings.

File:Elytral shoulders.png

The current tribal classification of Entiminae follows Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal{{Cite book |last1=Alonso-Zarazaga |first1=M. A. |last2=Lyal |first2=C. H. C. |title=A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) excluding Scolytidae and Platypodidae |publisher=Entomopraxis |year=1999 |location=Barcelona, Spain |pages=315 pp |url=https://weevil.myspecies.info/sites/weevil.info/files/Alonso-Zarazaga%20%26%20Lyal,%201999_World%20Catalogue%20%28searchable%29.pdf |language=en |via=International Weevil Community}} for the most part, with a few updates by Bouchard et al.{{Cite journal|last1=Bouchard|first1=Patrice|last2=Bousquet|first2=Yves|last3=Davies|first3=Anthony|last4=Alonso-Zarazaga|first4=Miguel|last5=Alonso-Zarazaga|first5=Miguel|last6=Lawrence|first6=John|last7=Lyal|first7=Christopher|last8=Newton|first8=Alfred|last9=Reid|first9=Chris|last10=Schmitt|first10=Michael|last11=Slipinski|first11=Adam|date=2011-04-04|title=Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta) |journal=ZooKeys|language=en|issue=88|pages=1–972|doi=10.3897/zookeys.88.807 |doi-access=free |issn=1313-2970|pmc=3088472|pmid=21594053}} The latest tribal addition is the Namaini Borovec & Meregalli.{{Cite journal|last1=Meregalli|first1=Massimo|last2=Borovec|first2=Roman|last3=Cervella|first3=Piero|last4=Santovito|first4=Alfredo|last5=Toševski|first5=Ivo|last6=Ottati|first6=Sara|last7=Nakládal|first7=Oto|date=2021-09-01|title=The Namaini, a new weevil tribe with six new genera from South Africa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=193|issue=1|pages=95–123|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa142 |doi-access=free|issn=0024-4082|url=https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/1771217/1/103_Namaini.pdf}} Currently, there are 55 tribes recognized in the subfamily.

A key to identify tribes is presented by Legalov.{{Cite journal|last=Legalov|first=A. A.|date=2020|title=Annotated key to weevils of the world: Part 5 - Subfamily Entiminae (Curculionidae)|url=https://www.ujecology.com/articles/annotated-key-to-weevils-of-the-world-part-5--subfamily-entiminae-curculionidae.pdf |journal=Ukrainian Journal of Ecology|volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=332–346}}

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• Agraphini
• Alophini
• Anomophthalmini
• Anypotactini
• Blosyrini
• Brachyderini
• Celeuthetini
• Cneorhinini
• Cratopodini
• Cylydrorhinini
• Cyphicerini
• Dermatodini
• Ectemnorhinini
• Elytrurini
• Embrithini
• Entimini
• Episomini
• Eudiagogini
• Eupholini
• Eustylini
• Geonemini
• Holcorhinini
• Hormorini
• Laparocerini
• Leptostethini
• Lordopini
• Mesostylini
• Myorhinini
• Nastini
• Namaini
• Naupactini
• Nothognathini
• Omiini
• Oosomini
• Ophryastini
• Ophtalmorrhynchini
• Otiorhynchini
• Ottistirini
• Pachyrhynchini
• Peritelini
• Phyllobiini
• Polycatini
• Polydrusini
• Premnotrypini
• Pristorhynchini
• Prypnini
• Psallidiini
• Rhyncogonini
• Sciaphilini
• Sitonini
• Tanymecini
• Tanyrhynchini
• Thecesternini
• Trachyphloeini
• Tropiphorini
• Typhlorhinini

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{{Reflist}}

• Donald E. Bright, Patrice Bouchard. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 25: Coleoptera. Curculionidae. Entiminae. Weevils of Canada and Alaska. Vol. 2. Ottawa, NRC Research Press, 2008. {{ISBN|0-660-19400-7}}.

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Category:Beetle subfamilies