Entropic gravity

At its simplest, the theory holds that when gravity becomes vanishingly weak—levels seen only at interstellar distances—it diverges from its classically understood nature and its strength begins to decay linearly with distance from a mass.

Entropic gravity provides an underlying framework to explain Modified Newtonian Dynamics, or MOND, which holds that at a gravitational acceleration threshold of approximately {{val|1.2e-10|u=m/s2}}, gravitational strength begins to vary inversely linearly with distance from a mass rather than the normal inverse-square law of the distance. This is an exceedingly low threshold, measuring only 12 trillionths gravity's strength at Earth's surface; an object dropped from a height of one meter would fall for 36 hours were Earth's gravity this weak. It is also 3,000 times less than the remnant of Earth's gravitational field that exists at the point where {{nowrap|Voyager 1}} crossed the solar system's heliopause and entered interstellar space.

The theory claims to be consistent with both the macro-level observations of Newtonian gravity as well as Einstein's theory of general relativity and its gravitational distortion of spacetime. Importantly, the theory also explains (without invoking the existence of dark matter and tweaking of its new free parameters) why galactic rotation curves differ from the profile expected with visible matter.

The theory of entropic gravity posits that what has been interpreted as unobserved dark matter is the product of quantum effects that can be regarded as a form of positive dark energy that lifts the vacuum energy of space from its ground state value. A central tenet of the theory is that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal-volume law contribution to entropy that overtakes the area law of anti-de Sitter space precisely at

the cosmological horizon.

Thus this theory provides an alternative explanation for what mainstream physics currently attributes to dark matter. Since dark matter is believed to compose the vast majority of the universe's mass, a theory in which it is absent has huge implications for cosmology. In addition to continuing theoretical work in various directions, there are many experiments planned or in progress to actually detect or better determine the properties of dark matter (beyond its gravitational attraction), all of which would be undermined by an alternative explanation for the gravitational effects currently attributed to this elusive entity.

The thermodynamic description of gravity has a history that goes back at least to research on black hole thermodynamics by Jacob Bekenstein and Stephen Hawking in the mid-1970s. These studies suggest a deep connection between gravity and thermodynamics, which describes the behavior of heat. In 1995, Theodore Jacobson demonstrated that the Einstein field equations describing relativistic gravitation can be derived by combining general thermodynamic considerations with the equivalence principle.{{cite journal |last=Jacobson |first=Theodore|title=Thermodynamics of Spacetime: The Einstein Equation of State|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1260|date=4 April 1995|pages=1260–1263|issue=7|volume=75|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|arxiv=gr-qc/9504004|bibcode=1995PhRvL..75.1260J|pmid=10060248|s2cid=13223728}} Subsequently, other physicists, most notably Thanu Padmanabhan and Ginestra Bianconi, began to explore links between gravity and entropy.{{cite journal|last=Padmanabhan|first=Thanu|title=Thermodynamical Aspects of Gravity: New insights|year=2010|pages=6901|issue=4|volume=73|journal=Rep. Prog. Phys. |arxiv=0911.5004|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/73/4/046901|bibcode=2010RPPh...73d6901P|s2cid=209835245 }}{{cite arXiv|last=Mok|first=H.M.|title=Further Explanation to the Cosmological Constant Problem by Discrete Space-time Through Modified Holographic Principle|eprint=physics/0408060|date=13 August 2004}}{{cite journal |first=Ginestra |last=Bianconi |title=Gravity from entropy |journal=Physical Review D |volume=111 |date=3 March 2025 |pages=066001 |arxiv=2408.14391|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.111.066001}}

In 2009, Erik Verlinde proposed a conceptual model that describes gravity as an entropic force.{{cite news|last=van Calmthout|first=Martijn|title=Is Einstein een beetje achterhaald?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article1326775.ece/Is_Einstein_een_beetje_achterhaald|access-date=6 September 2010|newspaper=de Volkskrant|date=12 December 2009|language=nl}} He argues (similar to Jacobson's result) that gravity is a consequence of the "information associated with the positions of material bodies".{{cite journal |author=E.P. Verlinde |doi=10.1007/JHEP04(2011)029 |journal=JHEP |title=On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton |bibcode = 2011JHEP...04..029V |arxiv = 1001.0785 |volume=2011|issue=4 |pages=29 |year=2011 |s2cid=3597565 }} This model combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with Gerard 't Hooft's holographic principle. It implies that gravity is not a fundamental interaction, but an emergent phenomenon which arises from the statistical behavior of microscopic degrees of freedom encoded on a holographic screen. The paper drew a variety of responses from the scientific community. Andrew Strominger, a string theorist at Harvard said "Some people have said it can't be right, others that it's right and we already knew it – that it’s right and profound, right and trivial."{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|title=A Scientist Takes on Gravity|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/science/13gravity.html?_r=1|access-date=6 September 2010|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 July 2010}}

In July 2011, Verlinde presented the further development of his ideas in a contribution to the Strings 2011 conference, including an explanation for the origin of dark matter.[http://www2.physics.uu.se/external/strings2011/presentations/5%20Friday/1220_Verlinde.pdf E. Verlinde, The Hidden Phase Space of our Universe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417113022/http://www2.physics.uu.se/external/strings2011/presentations/5%20Friday/1220_Verlinde.pdf |date=17 April 2021 }}, Strings 2011, Uppsala, 1 July 2011.

Verlinde's article also attracted a large amount of media exposure,[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527443.800-the-entropy-force-a-new-direction-for-gravity.html?page=1 The entropy force: a new direction for gravity], New Scientist, 20 January 2010, issue 2744[https://www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2010/01/gravity-is-an-entropic-form-of-holographic-information/ Gravity is an entropic form of holographic information], Wired Magazine, 20 January 2010 and led to immediate follow-up work in cosmology,{{cite journal |arxiv=1001.3237 |author1=Fu-Wen Shu |author2=Yungui Gong |title=Equipartition of energy and the first law of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon |year=2011 |doi=10.1142/S0218271811018883 |volume=20 |issue=4 |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics D |pages=553–559|bibcode = 2011IJMPD..20..553S |s2cid=119253807 }}{{cite journal |author1=Rong-Gen Cai |author2=Li-Ming Cao |author3=Nobuyoshi Ohta |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.81.061501 |journal=Phys. Rev. D |volume=81 |title=Friedmann Equations from Entropic Force |issue=6 |pages=061501 |year=2010 |arxiv=1001.3470|bibcode = 2010PhRvD..81f1501C |citeseerx=10.1.1.756.6761 |s2cid=118462566 }} the dark energy hypothesis,[https://web.archive.org/web/20100119223903/http://www.scientificblogging.com/hammock_physicist/it_bit_how_get_rid_dark_energy It from Bit: How to get rid of dark energy], Johannes Koelman, 2010 cosmological acceleration,{{cite journal |author1=Easson |author2=Frampton |author3=Smoot |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2010.12.025 |journal=Phys. Lett. B |volume=696 |title=Entropic Accelerating Universe |issue=3 |pages=273–277 |year=2011 |arxiv=1002.4278|bibcode = 2011PhLB..696..273E |s2cid=119192004 }}{{cite journal |author1=Yi-Fu Cai |author2=Jie Liu |author3=Hong Li |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2010.05.033 |journal=Phys. Lett. B |volume=690 |title=Entropic cosmology: a unified model of inflation and late-time acceleration |issue=3 |pages=213–219 |year=2010 |arxiv=1003.4526|bibcode = 2010PhLB..690..213C |s2cid=118627323 }} cosmological inflation,{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.4786 |author1=Yi Wang |title=Towards a Holographic Description of Inflation and Generation of Fluctuations from Thermodynamics |year=2010|class=hep-th }} and loop quantum gravity.{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.3668 |author1=Lee Smolin |title=Newtonian gravity in loop quantum gravity |class=gr-qc |year=2010}} Also, a specific microscopic model has been proposed that indeed leads to entropic gravity emerging at large scales.{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.3808 |author1=Jarmo Mäkelä |title=Notes Concerning "On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton" by E. Verlinde |class=gr-qc |year=2010}} Entropic gravity can emerge from quantum entanglement of local Rindler horizons.{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Jae-Weon|last2=Kim|first2=Hyeong-Chan|last3=Lee|first3=Jungjai|date=2013|title=Gravity from quantum information|journal=Journal of the Korean Physical Society|language=en|volume=63|issue=5|pages=1094–1098|doi=10.3938/jkps.63.1094|issn=0374-4884|arxiv=1001.5445|bibcode=2013JKPS...63.1094L|s2cid=118494859}}

The law of gravitation is derived from classical statistical mechanics applied to the holographic principle, that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as $N$ bits of binary information, encoded on a boundary to that region, a closed surface of area $A$. The information is evenly distributed on the surface with each bit requiring an area equal to $\backslash ell\_\backslash text\{P\}^2$, the so-called Planck area, from which $N$ can thus be computed:

$$N\; =\; \backslash frac\{A\}\{\backslash ell\_\backslash text\{P\}^2\}$$

where $\backslash ell\_\backslash text\{P\}$ is the Planck length. The Planck length is defined as:

$$\backslash ell\_\backslash text\{P\}\; =\; \backslash sqrt\backslash frac\{\backslash hbar\; G\}\{c^3\}$$

where $G$ is the universal gravitational constant, $c$ is the speed of light, and $\backslash hbar$ is the reduced Planck constant. When substituted in the equation for $N$ we find:

$$N\; =\; \backslash frac\{A\; c^3\}\{\backslash hbar\; G\}$$

The statistical equipartition theorem defines the temperature $T$ of a system with $N$ degrees of freedom in terms of its energy $E$ such that:

$$E\; =\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}\; N\; k\_\backslash text\{B\}\; T$$

where $k\_\backslash text\{B\}$ is the Boltzmann constant. [Note though that, according to the same equipartition theorem, this only applies to the quadratic degrees of freedom, that is, to those degrees of freedom $Q$ whose contribution to the total internal energy is of the form $Q^2$. This means that one is assuming a model of matter as formed by a collection of independent harmonic oscillators]. This is the equivalent energy for a mass $M$ according to:

$$E\; =\; Mc^2.$$

The effective temperature experienced due to a uniform acceleration in a vacuum field according to the Unruh effect is:

$$T\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash hbar\; a\}\{2\backslash pi\; c\; k\_\backslash text\{B\}\},$$

where $a$ is that acceleration, which for a mass $m$ would be attributed to a force $F$ according to Newton's second law of motion:

$$F\; =\; ma.$$

Taking the holographic screen to be a sphere of radius $r$, the surface area would be given by:

$$A\; =\; 4\backslash pi\; r^2.$$

From algebraic substitution of these into the above relations, one derives Newton's law of universal gravitation:

$$F\; =\; m\; \backslash frac\{2\backslash pi\; c\; k\_\backslash text\{B\}\; T\}\{\backslash hbar\}\; =\; m\; \backslash frac\{4\backslash pi\; c\}\{\backslash hbar\}\; \backslash frac\{E\}\{N\}\; =\; m\; \backslash frac\{4\backslash pi\; c^3\}\{\backslash hbar\}\; \backslash frac\{M\}\{N\}\; =\; m\; 4\backslash pi\; \backslash frac\{GM\}\{A\}\; =\; G\; \backslash frac\{m\; M\}\{r^2\}.$$

Note that this derivation assumes that the number of the binary bits of information is equal to the number of the degrees of freedom.

$$\backslash frac\{A\}\{\backslash ell\_\backslash text\{P\}^2\}\; =\; N\; =\; \backslash frac\{2\; E\}\{k\_\backslash text\{B\}\; T\}$$

Elaborating on Erik Verlinde’s entropic gravity theory, which links gravity to information changes on holographic screens and increasing entropy, a paper from Melvin Vopson presents a distinct framework based on computational optimization and the mass–energy–information equivalence principle.{{cite journal |last=Vopson |first=Melvin M. |title=The mass–energy–information equivalence principle |journal=AIP Advances |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=095206 |year=2019 |doi=10.1063/1.5123794 |url=https://pubs.aip.org/aip/adv/article/9/9/095206/1076232/The-mass-energy-information-equivalence-principle}} In this view, gravitational attraction emerges as an entropic information force driven by the second law of infodynamics, which demands systems evolve toward states of lower information entropy. Matter moves to reduce its informational imprint on a discretized space, making gravity a natural result of minimizing computational complexity. The paper analytically derives Newton's gravitational law from this framework, showing gravity as an emergent phenomenon, not a fundamental force,{{cite journal |last=Vopson |first=Melvin M. |title=Is gravity evidence of a computational universe? |journal=AIP Advances |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=045035 |date=April 2025 |doi=10.1063/5.0264945 |url=https://pubs.aip.org/aip/adv/article/15/4/045035/3345217/Is-gravity-evidence-of-a-computational-universe|doi-access=free }} reinforcing the plausibility of a computational or simulated universe.

The derivation of Newton’s law of gravity using the principles of information dynamics and the mass–energy–information equivalence proposed by Melvin M. Vopson showed that gravitational attraction arises as an entropic force governed by the second law of infodynamics, which postulates that systems evolve to minimize information entropy. In this model, space is treated as a discrete informational structure, with each Planck-scale cell storing one bit of information.

The entropic force acting on a particle of mass $m$, approaching a larger mass $M$, is described by:

:$F\_S\; =\; T\; \backslash frac\{\backslash Delta\; S\_\{\backslash text\{inf\}\}\}\{\backslash Delta\; r\}$

Assuming the change in position $\backslash Delta\; r$ corresponds to the reduced Compton wavelength:

:$\backslash Delta\; r\; \backslash approx\; \backslash lambda\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash hbar\}\{m\; c\}$

and that the entropy change per movement is approximated by:

:$\backslash Delta\; S\_\{\backslash text\{inf\}\}\; =\; k\_B\; \backslash ln(2)\; H(X)$

Vopson connects the mass $M$ to information using the M/E/I equivalence principle:

:$M\; =\; \backslash frac\{N\; H(X)\; k\_B\; T\; \backslash ln(2)\}\{c^2\}$

Solving for $T$ and substituting into the force equation gives:

:$F\_S\; =\; \backslash frac\{M\; m\; c^3\}\{\backslash hbar\; N\}$

Using the estimate for the number of Planck-scale cells $N\; \backslash approx\; \backslash frac\{R^2\}\{\backslash ell\_\backslash text\{P\}^2\}$, and the definition of Planck length $\backslash ell\_\backslash text\{P\}\; =\; \backslash sqrt\{\backslash frac\{G\; \backslash hbar\}\{c^3\}\}$, Vopson arrives at:

:$F\_S\; =\; \backslash frac\{G\; M\; m\}\{R^2\}$

This result is mathematically identical to Newton’s law of gravitation. In this framework, gravity is interpreted not as a fundamental force, but as a computational optimization effect where matter coalesces to minimize informational and energetic cost.

Entropic gravity, as proposed by Verlinde in his original article, reproduces the Einstein field equations and, in a Newtonian approximation, a $\backslash \; \backslash tfrac\{\backslash \; 1\backslash \; \}\{\; r\; \}\backslash$ potential for gravitational forces. Since its results do not differ from Newtonian gravity except in regions of extremely small gravitational fields, testing the theory with Earth-based laboratory experiments does not appear feasible. Spacecraft-based experiments performed at Lagrangian points within the Solar System would be expensive and challenging.

Even so, entropic gravity in its current form has been severely challenged on formal grounds. Matt Visser has shown{{cite journal |last=Visser |first=Matt |year=2011 |title=Conservative entropic forces |journal=JHEP |volume=1110 |issue=10 |page=140 |arxiv=1108.5240 |doi=10.1007/JHEP10(2011)140 |bibcode=2011JHEP...10..140V |s2cid=119097091}}, to appear in JHEP that the attempt to model conservative forces in the general Newtonian case (i.e. for arbitrary potentials and an unlimited number of discrete masses) leads to unphysical requirements for the required entropy and involves an unnatural number of temperature baths of differing temperatures. Visser concludes:

{{quote|There is no reasonable doubt concerning the physical reality of entropic forces, and no reasonable doubt that classical (and semi-classical) general relativity is closely related to thermodynamics [52–55]. Based on the work of Jacobson [1–6], Thanu Padmanabhan [7–12], and others, there are also good reasons to suspect a thermodynamic interpretation of the fully relativistic Einstein equations might be possible. Whether the specific proposals of Verlinde [26] are anywhere near as fundamental is yet to be seen – the rather baroque construction needed to accurately reproduce {{mvar|n}}-body Newtonian gravity in a Verlinde-like setting certainly gives one pause.}}

For the derivation of Einstein's equations from an entropic gravity perspective, Tower Wang shows{{cite arXiv |last=Wang |first=Tower |year=2012 |title=Modified entropic gravity revisited |eprint=1211.5722|class=hep-th }} that the inclusion of energy-momentum conservation and cosmological homogeneity and isotropy requirements severely restricts a wide class of potential modifications of entropic gravity, some of which have been used to generalize entropic gravity beyond the singular case of an entropic model of Einstein's equations. Wang asserts that:

{{quote| As indicated by our results, the modified entropic gravity models of form (2), if not killed, should live in a very narrow room to assure the energy-momentum conservation and to accommodate a homogeneous isotropic universe.}}

Cosmological observations using available technology can be used to test the theory. On the basis of lensing by the galaxy cluster Abell 1689, Nieuwenhuizen concludes that EG is strongly ruled out unless additional (dark) matter-like eV neutrinos is added.{{cite journal |first=Theodorus M. |last=Nieuwenhuizen |date=5 October 2016 |title=How Zwicky already ruled out modified gravity theories without dark matter |journal=Fortschritte der Physik |volume=65 |issue=6–8 |page=1600050 |doi=10.1002/prop.201600050 |arxiv=1610.01543 |s2cid=118676940}} A team from Leiden Observatory statistically observing the lensing effect of gravitational fields at large distances from the centers of more than 33,000 galaxies found that those gravitational fields were consistent with Verlinde's theory.{{cite news |title=Verlinde's new theory of gravity passes first test |date=16 December 2016 |website=phys.org |url=http://phys.org/news/2016-12-verlinde-theory-gravity.html}}{{cite journal |title=First test of Verlinde's theory of Emergent Gravity using Weak Gravitational Lensing measurements |first1=Margot M. |last1=Brouwer |display-authors=etal |date=11 December 2016 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=466 |issue=to appear |doi=10.1093/mnras/stw3192 |arxiv=1612.03034 |pages=2547–2559 |doi-access=free |bibcode = 2017MNRAS.466.2547B |s2cid=18916375 }}{{cite news |title=First test of rival to Einstein's gravity kills off dark matter |date=15 December 2016 |magazine=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2116446-first-test-of-rival-to-einsteins-gravity-kills-off-dark-matter/ |access-date=20 February 2017}} Using conventional gravitational theory, the fields implied by these observations (as well as from measured galaxy rotation curves) could only be ascribed to a particular distribution of dark matter. In June 2017, a study by Princeton University researcher Kris Pardo asserted that Verlinde's theory is inconsistent with the observed rotation velocities of dwarf galaxies.{{cite news | title=Researchers check space-time to see if it's made of quantum bits | date=21 June 2017 | website=Quanta Magazine | url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/researchers-check-space-time-to-see-if-its-made-of-quantum-bits-20170621/ | access-date=2017-08-11}}{{efn|

"Emergent gravity successfully predicts the rotation velocities of the smallest galaxies in the sample. But it predicts velocities far too low for the more massive galaxies, especially the ones full of gas clouds. This discrepancy could pose a serious problem for emergent gravity, since the main success of the theory so far has been predicting the rotation curves of large galaxies."

}}{{cite journal |last=Pardo |first=Kris |orig-date=2 June 2017 (arXiv) |date=4 December 2020 |title=Testing emergent gravity with isolated dwarf galaxies |journal=Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics |volume=2020 |number=12 |page=012 |doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2020/12/012 |arxiv=1706.00785 |bibcode=2020JCAP...12..012P |s2cid=39251260 |issn=1475-7516}} arXiv accessed 2017-06-22. Another theory of entropy based on geometric considerations (Quantitative Geometrical Thermodynamics, QGT{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=M.C. |last2=Jeynes |first2=C. |date=2019-07-25 |title=Maximum entropy (most likely) double helical and double logarithmic spiral trajectories in space-time |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=10779 |lang=en |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-46765-w |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6658702 |pmid=31346186 |bibcode=2019NatSR...910779P }}) provides an entropic basis for the holographic principle{{Cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=M.C. |last2=Jeynes |first2=C. |date=2021-04-21 |title=Entropic uncertainty principle, partition function and holographic principle derived from Liouville's Theorem |journal=Physics Open|volume=7|page=100068|doi=10.1016/j.physo.2021.100068 |bibcode=2021PhyO....700068P |s2cid=235090066 |issn=2666-0326|doi-access=free }} and also offers another explanation for galaxy rotation curves as being due to the entropic influence of the central supermassive blackhole found in the center of a spiral galaxy.

In 2018, Zhi-Wei Wang and Samuel L. Braunstein showed that, while spacetime surfaces near black holes (called stretched horizons) do obey an analog of the first law of thermodynamics, ordinary spacetime surfaces — including holographic screens — generally do not, thus undermining the key thermodynamic assumption of the emergent gravity program.{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Zhi-Wei |last2=Braunstein|first2=Samuel L.|year=2018|title=Surfaces away from horizons are not thermodynamic |journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|page=2977|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05433-9 |pmid=30061720|pmc=6065406 |arxiv=2207.04390 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.2977W}}

In his 1964 lecture on the Relation of Mathematics and Physics, Richard Feynman describes a related theory for gravity where the gravitational force is explained due to an entropic force due to unspecified microscopic degrees of freedom.{{cite AV media |people=Richard Feynman (lecturer) |publisher=Cornell University|year=1964|title=The Relation of Mathematics and Physics |series=Feynman gives the Messenger Lectures |volume=#2|medium=filmed lecture|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaSN-3JAVTg&t=467s |via=Youtube}} However, he immediately points out that the resulting theory cannot be correct as the fluctuation-dissipation theorem would also lead to friction which would slow down the motion of the planets which contradicts observations.

Another criticism of entropic gravity is that entropic processes should, as critics argue, break quantum coherence. There is no theoretical framework quantitatively describing the strength of such decoherence effects, though. The temperature of the gravitational field in the earth's gravity well is very small (on the order of 10{{sup|−19}}K).

Experiments with ultra-cold neutrons in the gravitational field of Earth are claimed to show that neutrons lie on discrete levels exactly as predicted by the Schrödinger equation considering the gravitation to be a conservative potential field without any decoherent factors. Archil Kobakhidze argues that this result disproves entropic gravity,{{cite news |last=Kobakhidze |first=Archil |year=2011 |title=Gravity is not an entropic force |eprint=1009.5414 |journal=Physical Review D}} while Chaichian et al. suggest a potential loophole in the argument in weak gravitational fields such as those affecting Earth-bound experiments.{{cite journal|title=On gravity as an entropic force |last1=Chaichian |first1=M. |last2=Oksanen |first2=M. |last3=Tureanu|first3=A. |year=2011 |journal=Physics Letters B|volume=702|issue=5 |pages=419–421 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2011.07.019 |bibcode=2011PhLB..702..419C|s2cid=119287340 |arxiv=1104.4650}}

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

• {{annotated link|Abraham–Lorentz force}}
• {{annotated link|Black hole thermodynamics#Beyond black holes|Beyond black holes}}
• {{annotated link|Black hole electron}}
• {{annotated link|Entropic force}}
• {{annotated link|Hawking radiation}}
• {{annotated link|List of quantum gravity researchers}}
• {{annotated link|Ideal chain#Entropic elasticity of an ideal chain|Entropic elasticity of an ideal chain}}
• {{annotated link|Gravity}}
• {{annotated link|Induced gravity}}

{{div col end}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|25em}}

• [http://www.science20.com/hammock_physicist/it_bit_entropic_gravity_pedestrians It from bit – Entropic gravity for pedestrians], J. Koelman
• [http://www.imsc.res.in/~iagrg/IagrgSite/Activities/IagrgMeetings/25th_Iagrg/VRtalk.pdf Gravity: the inside story], T Padmanabhan
• [https://www.technologyreview.com/2011/08/24/258052/experiments-show-gravity-is-not-an-emergent-phenomenon/ Experiments Show Gravity Is Not an Emergent Phenomenon]

{{Theories of gravitation}}

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Category:Theories of gravity

Gravity As An Entropic Force

Gravity As An Entropic Force

Category:Emergence

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