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Ephor (archaeology)

{{Short description|Greek Archaeological Service official}}

In Greece, ephor ({{langx|el|έφορος|translit=ephoros|lit=overseer}}) is a title formerly given to the head of an archaeological ephorate ({{langx|el|εφορεία|translit=ephoria|label=none}}), or archaeological unit. It was first used in 1829 and continued in use for archaeological officers until 1982: the name "ephorate" continues to be used for archaeological units.

Most ephorates are responsible for a particular region of Greece. However, the Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities has jurisdiction across the whole of Greece,{{cite web |title=Εφορεία Εναλίων Αρχαιοτήτων |url=https://www.culture.gov.gr/el/ministry/SitePages/viewyphresia.aspx?iID=1369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803205743/https://www.culture.gov.gr/el/ministry/SitePages/viewyphresia.aspx?iID=1369 |archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=13 July 2022 |publisher=Hellenic Republic – Ministry of Culture and Sports |language=Greek}} as does the Ephorate of Private Archaeological Collections, while two Ephorates of Palaeoanthropology and Speleology exist, one for northern and one for southern Greece.{{sfn|Initiative for Heritage Conservancy|2014|p=31}}

History

{{For|the office of the same name in Classical Sparta|Ephor}}

File:Andreas Moustoxidis.JPG

The title of ephor was first used in archaeological circles for Andreas Moustoxydis, who was appointed by Ioannis Kapodistrias in October 1829 as 'Director and Ephor' of the first national archaeological museum, then on the island of Aegina.{{sfn|Petrakos|2007|p=19}} In 1834, the Greek Archaeological Service was established by the Archaeological Law of 10/22 May,{{sfn|Petrakos|2007|p=20}} which also formally established the position of Ephor General of Antiquities ({{Langx|el|Γενικὸς Ἔφορος τῶν Ἀρχαιοτήτων}}), first held by Ludwig Ross after the abortive tenure of the architect Adolf Weissenberg.{{sfn|Petrakos|2007|pp=19–20}} Ross had previously held the title of 'Ephor' of Antiquities of the Peloponnese, from 1833.{{sfn|Mallouchou-Toufano|2007|p=40}}

Until the mid-1870s, the Greek Archaeological Service consisted entirely of the Ephor General himself, sometimes supported by a personal assistant.{{sfn|Petrakos|2007|pp=22–23}} In 1871, the privately organised Archaeological Society of Athens, which had taken on some of the state's responsibility for excavating and managing cultural heritage,{{sfn|Petrakos|2007|p=22}} began to appoint its own travelling ephors, known as 'apostles'. The primary duties of these 'apostles' were to conduct archaeological work throughout Greece, to combat archaeological looting and the illegal trade in antiquities, and to persuade citizens to hand over antiquities, particularly those acquired illegally, to the care of the state.{{sfn|Konstantinidi-Syvridi|Paschalidis|2019|p=112}} The first of these was Panagiotis Stamatakis, whose work formed the basis for several public archaeological collections throughout Greece;{{sfn|Konstantinidi-Syvridi|Paschalidis|2019|p=112}} he was followed in 1874 by Athanasios Dimitriadis, in 1880 by Dimitrios Philios, in 1882 by Christos Tsountas, in 1884 by Vasilios Leonardos, in 1891 by Andreas Skias and in 1894 by Konstantinos Kourouniotis.{{sfn|Petrakos|2007|p=23}} From the 1870s, the Archaeological Service began to employ its own ephors, expanding continuously until the early 1910s.{{sfn|Petrakos|2007|p=23}} These ephors generally had responsibility for a particular region of Greece: Stamatakis, for example, was recruited in 1875 to oversee antiquities in Central Greece.{{sfn|Vasilikou|2011|p=79}}

In 1909, following the Goudi coup and the so-called "mutiny of the superintendents" among the ephors of the Archaeological Service,{{sfn|Pantos|2014|p=6}} the Ephor General Panagiotis Kavvadias was removed from office, and the post of Ephor General abolished.{{sfn|Walters|1910|p=263}} Thereafter, the Archaeological Service gradually declined in prestige and independence; its leaders were entirely appointed from university professors, rather than officers of the service, until 1958. Following pressure from members of the Archaeological Service, John Papadimitriou was appointed to lead it,{{Sfn|Petrakos|2007|p=30}} initially with the title of director of antiquities, in August 1958. This coincided with a revival of the service's activities and status, and Papadimitriou was appointed to the revived position of Ephor General, in September 1961.{{Sfn|Petrakos|1997|p=10}} Christos Karouzos and Semni Karouzou were appointed to the same rank at the same time.{{sfn|Petrakos|1995|p=147}} The title was occasionally used by Spyridon Marinatos, appointed to lead the Archaeological Service during the Regime of the Colonels, then abolished again in 1982.{{sfn|Petrakos|2011|p=77}}File:Ludwig Ross by Nicolas-Eustache Maurin.jpgThough the title of ephorate remains for the regional units, the title of ephor remains out of use.{{Sfn|Mantzourani|2012|p=xxii}} The professional head of the Greek Archaeological Service is typically referred to as the "director-general" or "General Inspector" of Antiquities.{{sfn|Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki|2017}}

= Reorganisation of 2014 =

Before 2014, the archaeological ephorates of Greece were divided both by geographical region and the historical periods of the remains for which they were responsible. They were organised as follows:{{sfn|Pantos|2008}}

  • Thirty-nine Ephorates of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities.
  • Twenty-eight Ephorates of Byzantine Antiquities.
  • Two Ephorates of Palaeoanthropology and Speleology.
  • The Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities.
  • The Ephorate of Antiquity Dealers and Private Archaeological Collections.

In 2014, under Presidential Decree no. 104, the regional ephorates were amalgamated into a single ephorate for each regional unit, covering all chronological periods.{{cite act|url=https://www.kodiko.gr/nomothesia/document/359770/p.d.-104-2014|title=Προεδρικό Διάταγμα υπ' Αριθμ. 104, ΦΕΚ Α΄ 171/28.8.2014|date=28 August 2014|access-date=2022-12-11}}

List of Ephors General of Antiquities

{{hatnote|For all heads of the Greek Archaeological Service, including those not bearing the title of "Ephor General", see {{section link|Greek Archaeological Service|Ephors General and directors}}.}}

=First period (1833–1909)=

{{Officeholder table start

| showimage = y

| image_title = Portrait

| officeholder_title = Ephor General of Antiquities

| showparty = n

| showdefencebranch = n

| showaltofficeholder = y

| alt_officeholder_title = Notes

}}

{{Officeholder table

| image =

| officeholder = Adolf Weissenberg{{refn|group=note|Sources are divided on whether to count Weissenberg as Ephor General: Papazarkadas does not,{{sfn|Papazarkadas|2014|p=403}} Petrakos does,{{sfn|Petrakos|2011|p=58}} others prevaricate (e.g. Fatsea, who describes his period in charge as a 'directorship' to which Ross 'succeeded'.{{sfn|Fatsea|2017|p=65}})}}

| officeholder_sort =

| officeholder_note =

| born_year = 1790

| died_year = 1840

| term_start = 1833

| term_end = September 1834{{sfn|Petrakos|2011|p=58}}

| alt_officeholder = Bavarian architect, appointed as 'ephor' for the antiquities of Greece by King Otto of Greece.

}}

{{Officeholder table

| image = Ludwig Ross by Nicolas-Eustache Maurin.jpg

| officeholder = Ludwig Ross

| officeholder_sort =

| officeholder_note =

| born_year = 1806

| died_year = 1859

| term_start = 1834

| term_end = 1836{{sfn|Christiansen|Nielsen|2000|p=44}}

| alt_officeholder = German archaeologist and Classical scholar. The first to be appointed as Ephor General after the formal creation of the Ephorate under the Archaeological Law of 10/22 May.{{sfn|Petrakos|2011|p=10}}

}}

{{Officeholder table

| image = Kyriakos Pittakis.jpg

| officeholder = Kyriakos Pittakis

| officeholder_sort =

| officeholder_note =

| born_year = 1798

| died_year = 1863

| term_start = 1836

| term_end = 1863

| alt_officeholder = The first native Greek to hold the office. Styled as 'Ephor of the Central Public Museum' 1836–1843.{{sfn|Petrakos|2011|p=59}} Responsible for the first excavation and restoration of the Lion Gate at Mycenae.

}}

{{Officeholder table

| image =

| officeholder = Panagiotis Efstratiadis

| officeholder_sort =

| officeholder_note =

| born_year = 1815

| died_year = 1888

| term_start = 1864

| term_end = 1884

| alt_officeholder = Responsible for the construction of the first Acropolis Museum.

}}

{{Officeholder table

| image =

| officeholder = Panagiotis Stamatakis

| officeholder_sort =

| officeholder_note =

| born_year = {{circa}}1840

| died_year = 1885

| term_start = 1884

| term_end = 1885

| alt_officeholder = Promoted barely a year before his death from malaria.

}}

{{Officeholder table

| image = Panagiotis Kavvadias.png

| officeholder = Panagiotis Kavvadias

| officeholder_sort =

| officeholder_note =

| born_year = 1850

| died_year = 1928

| term_start = 1885

| term_end = 1909

| alt_officeholder = Directed the excavations of Epidaurus. Post abolished after his removal from office.

}}

|}

= Revival of the General Ephorate (1961–1981) =

After the abolition of the position of Ephor General in 1909, the title was revived by the law 4177/1961 in 1961.{{cite act|url=https://www.culture.gov.gr/el/ministry/SitePages/archeol_law.aspx?iID=105|title=Αρχαιολογική νομοθεσία N.4177/1961 (ΦEΚ 131/Α'/19.8.1961)|date=19 August 1961|access-date=2022-12-30}} Three positions at the same rank were created simultaneously.{{sfn|Petrakos|1995|p=147}}

{{Officeholder table start

| showimage = y

| image_title = Portrait

| officeholder_title = Ephor General of Antiquities

| showparty = n

| showdefencebranch = n

| showaltofficeholder = y

| alt_officeholder_title = Notes

}}

{{Officeholder table

| image =

| officeholder = Christos Karouzos

| officeholder_sort =

| officeholder_note =

| born_year = 1900

| died_year = 1967

| term_start = 1961

| term_end = 17 August 1964{{sfn|Petrakos|1995|p=147}}

| alt_officeholder =

}}

{{Officeholder table

| image =

| officeholder = Semni Karouzou

| officeholder_sort =

| officeholder_note =

| born_year = 1897

| died_year = 1994

| term_start = 1961

| term_end = 17 August 1964{{sfn|Petrakos|1995|p=147}}

| alt_officeholder = The first woman to be employed by the Greek Archaeological Service, and the only one to hold the rank of Ephor General.

}}

{{Officeholder table

| image =

| officeholder = John Papadimitriou

| officeholder_sort =

| officeholder_note =

| born_year = 1904

| died_year = 1963

| term_start = 1961

| term_end = 1963

| alt_officeholder = Died in office.

}}

|}

Under the Regime of the Colonels, Spyridon Marinatos was appointed as head of the Greek archaeological service, and sometimes used the title of Ephor General:{{sfn|Voutsaki|2017|p=19}}

{{Officeholder table start

| showimage = y

| image_title = Portrait

| officeholder_title = Ephor General of Antiquities

| showparty = n

| showdefencebranch = n

| showaltofficeholder = y

| alt_officeholder_title = Notes

}}

{{Officeholder table

| image =

| officeholder = Spyridon Marinatos

| officeholder_sort =

| officeholder_note =

| born_year = 1901

| died_year = 1974

| term_start = 1967

| term_end = 1973

| alt_officeholder = Sacked by Dimitrios Ioannidis after the latter seized power in November 1973.

}}

|}

The rank of Ephor General was formally abolished once again by the law 1232/1982 in 1982.{{sfn|Petrakos|2011|p=77}}

Current ephorates

File:Un-greece.png

{{As of|2022|post=,}} the regional ephorates of the Greek Archaeological Service are as follows:{{cite web |title=General Directorate of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.culture.gov.gr/en/ministry/SitePages/viewyphresia.aspx?iID=1304 |access-date=2022-12-08 |publisher=Hellenic Republic – Ministry of Culture and Sports |language=Greek}}

Footnotes

=Explanatory notes=

{{reflist|group=note}}

=References=

{{reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite web|publisher=Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki|title=ΒΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΟ ΣΗΜΕΙΩΜΑ|url=https://www.amth.gr/sites/amth.gr/files/attachments/news/viografiko_vlazaki_dek17.pdf|access-date=2022-12-11|date=December 2017|ref={{harvid|Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki2017}}}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Christiansen|first1=Jette|last2=Nielsen|first2=Anne Marie|year=2000|title=The Rediscovery of Greece: Denmark and Greece in the 19th Century|publisher=Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek|isbn=9788774522485}}
  • {{cite web |title=Εφορεία Εναλίων Αρχαιοτήτων |url=https://www.culture.gov.gr/el/ministry/SitePages/viewyphresia.aspx?iID=1369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803205743/https://www.culture.gov.gr/el/ministry/SitePages/viewyphresia.aspx?iID=1369 |archive-date=2022-08-03 |access-date=13 July 2022 |publisher=Hellenic Republic – Ministry of Culture and Sports |language=Greek}}
  • {{cite book |last=Fatsea |first=Irene |year=2017 |chapter=The Reception of J. J. Wincklemann During the Formative Years of the Modern Greek State (1832–1862) |title=Ancient Monuments and Modern Identities: A Critical History of Archaeology in 19th and 20th Century Greece |editor-last1=Cartledge |editor-first1=Paul |editor-link1=Paul Cartledge |editor-last2=Voutsaki |editor-first2=Sofia |editor-link2=Sofia Voutsaki |publisher=Routledge |place=London and New York |isbn=9781315513447 |pages=62–76}}
  • {{cite web |title=General Directorate of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.culture.gov.gr/en/ministry/SitePages/viewyphresia.aspx?iID=1304 |accessdate=2022-12-08 |publisher=Hellenic Republic – Ministry of Culture and Sports |language=el}}
  • {{cite book |author=Initiative for Heritage Conservancy |title=Discovering the archaeologists of Europe 2012–14: transnational report |date=2014 |url=http://e-archaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/EL-DISCO-2014-Greece-national-report-english-.pdf |publisher=York Archaeological Trust |location=York |isbn=978-1-874454-70-0}}
  • {{cite journal|author-last1=Konstantinidi-Syvridi|author-first1=Eleni|author-last2=Paschalidis|author-first2=Constantinos|year=2019|title=The unacknowledged Panayotis Stamatakis and his invaluable contribution to the understanding of Grave Circle A at Mycenae|journal=Archaeological Reports|number=65|pages=111–126|jstor=26867451}}
  • {{cite book |last=Mallouchou-Toufano |first=Fani |title=Great Moments in Greek Archaeology |publisher=Kapon Press |year=2007 |editor-last=Valavanis |editor-first=Panos |editor-link=Panos Valavanis| location=Athens |pages=36–57 |chapter=The Vicissitudes of the Athenian Acropolis in the Nineteenth Century: From Castle to Monument}}
  • {{cite book| last=Mantzourani| first=Eleni| date=2012| chapter=Biography of Costis Davaras| title=Philistor: Studies in Honor of Costis Davaras| editor-last1=Betancourt| editor-first1=Philip| editor-last2=Mantzourani| editor-first2=Eleni| publisher=INSTAP Academic Press| place=Philadelphia| isbn=978-1-931534-65-9| pages=xxi–xxiv}}
  • {{cite web|last=Pantos|first=Pantos A.|title=Outline of 'Archaeology and the Archaeological Profession in Greece'|year=2008|url=https://www.academia.edu/36364183|access-date=2022-12-11}}
  • {{cite web|last=Pantos|first=Pantos A.|title=Archaeological Legislation during the 19th century. From Georg Ludwig von Maurer to Panagiotis Kavvadias|date=2014|url=https://www.academia.edu/44360314|access-date=2022-12-17}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Papazarkadas|first=Nikolaos|year=2014|title=Epigraphy in Early Modern Greece|journal=Journal of the History of Collections|volume=26|number=3|pages=399–412|doi=10.1093/jhc/fhu018 }}
  • {{cite book|last=Petrakos|first=Vasileios|year=1995|script-title=el:Η περιπέτεια της ελληνικής αρχαιολογίας στον βίο του Χρήστου Καρούζου|publisher=Archaeological Society of Athens|place=Athens|isbn=9789607036476}}
  • {{cite book| last=Petrakos| first=Vasileios| year=1997| lang=el| script-chapter=el:Ιωάννης Κ. Παπαδημητρίου| trans-chapter=John K. Papadimitriou| pages=9–51| series=Library of the Archaeological Society of Athens| volume=168| isbn=960-7036-70-0 |script-title=el: Έπαινος Ιωάννου Κ. Παπαδημητρίου| trans-title=Praise of John K. Papadimitriou| publisher=Archaeological Society of Athens| url=https://www.archetai.gr/images/pdfs/bae/BAE_168.pdf}}
  • {{cite book|last=Petrakos|first=Vasileios|year=2007|title=Great Moments in Greek Archaeology|chapter=The Stages of Greek Archaeology|pages=16–35|editor-last=Valavanis|editor-first=Panos|editor-link=Panos Valavanis|location=Athens|publisher=Kapon Press|isbn=978-0-89236-910-2}}
  • {{cite book|last=Petrakos|first=Vasileios|year=2011|script-title=el:Η εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογική Εταιρεία. Οι Αρχαιολόγοι και οι Ανασκαφές 1837–2011 (Κατάλογος Εκθέσεως)| place=Athens}}
  • {{cite book|last=Vasilikou|first=Dora|year=2011|title=Το χρονικό της ανασκαφής των Μυκηνών, 1870–1878|place=Athens|url=https://www.archetai.gr/images/pdfs/bae/BAE_274.pdf}}
  • {{cite book|last=Voutsaki|first=Sofia|author-link=Sofia Voutsaki|year=2017|chapter=Introduction|title=Ancient Monuments and Modern Identities: A Critical History of Archaeology in 19th and 20th Century Greece |editor-last1=Cartledge |editor-first1=Paul |editor-link1=Paul Cartledge |editor-last2=Voutsaki |editor-first2=Sofia |editor-link2=Sofia Voutsaki |publisher=Routledge |place=London and New York |isbn=9781315513447 |pages=1–23}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Walters|title=Archaeological Notes|year=1910|journal=The Classical Review|volume=24|number=8|pages=262–263|doi=10.1017/S0009840X0004587X |jstor=695040|s2cid=246878421 }}

Category:Archaeology of Greece

Category:Professional titles and certifications