Ernakulam

The word Ernakulam has a varied derivation, with some references to mythology and others to temples. According to Komattil Achutha Menon, the word Erangiyal got its start from a particular kind of mud. In the past, Lord Shiva was referred to as Erayanar in Chennai. This was done in Kerala as well, and it became known as Eranakulam after that. There are also other opinions about the origin of the name, saying that Rishinagakulam became Eranakulam after losing it, but that the word Ernakulam came from Eranakulathappan Temple, and that it came from the word Kulam (Pond) for a long time because it was full of water bodies.{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Ernakulam District Website {{!}} India |url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |language=en-US}}

{{See also|Kingdom of Cochin}}

The region can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between Kerala and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period.{{Cite web|title=History of Ernakulam, Background Details of Ernakulam|url=https://www.ernakulamonline.in/city-guide/history-of-ernakulam|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ernakulamonline.in|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128192429/https://www.ernakulamonline.in/city-guide/history-of-ernakulam|url-status=dead}} The early political history of Ernakulam is interlinked with that of the Chera Dynasty of the Sangam age, who ruled over vast portions of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. After the Cheras, the place was later ruled by the Kingdom of Cochin (Perumpadapu Swaroopam).{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Anasuya|date=18 April 2013|title=The quaint Ernakulam bazaar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-quaint-ernakulam-bazaar/article4630327.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}

Although under British suzerainty (specifically the East India Company) since the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814,{{Cite book|last=Maloni |first=Ruby |year=2021 |chapter=Indian Maritime Centres: Foreland and Hinterland |title=The Route to European Hegemony: India's Intra-Asian Trade in the Early Modern Period (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries) |location=Abingdon, England |publisher=Routledge |pages=41–105, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMoOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 page 77] |isbn=978-0-367-75642-0 }} Rama Varma XII of the Kingdom of Cochin moved his capital from Mattancherry to Tripunithura in about 1840.{{Cite news|last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=24 October 2013 |title=A system in place |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-system-in-place/article5268699.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028024411/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-system-in-place/article5268699.ece |archive-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=unfit }} Fort Cochin Municipality was established in 1866 under the Madras Town Improvement Act of 1865, and municipal elections were first held in 1883. Ernakulam became a municipality in 1910. In the first state census of 1911, the population of Ernakulam was 21,901; 11,197 Hindus, 9,357 Christians, 935 Muslims, and 412 Jews.{{Cite book| title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series, Madras II: The Southern and West Coast Districts, Native States, and French Possessions|page= 454|year=1908| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hI1kfvUKUiAC }}

The Ernakulam District is situated in Central Kerala in India. Ernakulam is located at the geographic coordinates of {{coord|9|58|53.8|N|76|17|59.6|E}}{{cite web | url=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ernakulam¶ms=9_58_53.8_N_76_17_59.6_E_type:event_region:IN-KL | title=GeoHack – Ernakulam }} and at an elevation of {{convert|22.36|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the mean sea level.

Under the Köppen climate classification, the city of Ernakulam features a Tropical monsoon climate. Since the region lies in the south western coastal state of Kerala, the climate is tropical, with only minor differences in temperatures between day and night, as well as over the year. Summer lasts from March to May, and is followed by the South-west monsoon from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is slightly cooler, and windy, due to winds from the Western Ghats.

The city is drenched in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|3000|mm}}. The South-west monsoon generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the city in the summer season is {{cvt|33|°C}} while the minimum temperature recorded is {{cvt|22.5|°C}}. The winter season records a maximum average of {{cvt|29|°C}} and a minimum average of {{cvt|20|°C}}.{{Cite web |title=Geography of Ernakulam, Topography and Climate of Ernakulam |url=https://www.ernakulamonline.in/city-guide/geography-of-ernakulam |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.ernakulamonline.in}}

Below is the climate data for Kochi Naval Base, which is situated nearby to Ernakulam.

{{Weather box

| location = Kochi (Kochi Naval Base) 1981–2010, extremes 1951–2012

| metric first = Yes

| single line = Yes

| temperature colour =

| Jan record high C = 36.4

| Feb record high C = 35.7

| Mar record high C = 36.0

| Apr record high C = 36.5

| May record high C = 35.2

| Jun record high C = 34.2

| Jul record high C = 33.1

| Aug record high C = 32.5

| Sep record high C = 34.2

| Oct record high C = 34.6

| Nov record high C = 35.0

| Dec record high C = 35.2

| year record high C = 36.5

| Jan high C = 31.9

| Feb high C = 32.0

| Mar high C = 32.6

| Apr high C = 33.0

| May high C = 32.4

| Jun high C = 30.3

| Jul high C = 29.6

| Aug high C = 29.5

| Sep high C = 30.2

| Oct high C = 30.7

| Nov high C = 31.3

| Dec high C = 31.9

| year high C = 31.3

| Jan low C = 23.0

| Feb low C = 24.2

| Mar low C = 25.5

| Apr low C = 25.9

| May low C = 25.7

| Jun low C = 24.2

| Jul low C = 23.8

| Aug low C = 24.0

| Sep low C = 24.2

| Oct low C = 24.1

| Nov low C = 24.1

| Dec low C = 23.2

| year low C = 24.3

| Jan record low C = 16.5

| Feb record low C = 16.3

| Mar record low C = 21.6

| Apr record low C = 21.2

| May record low C = 21.1

| Jun record low C = 20.4

| Jul record low C = 17.6

| Aug record low C = 20.6

| Sep record low C = 21.1

| Oct record low C = 19.2

| Nov record low C = 19.2

| Dec record low C = 17.7

| year record low C = 16.3

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 24.3

| Feb rain mm = 27.1

| Mar rain mm = 45.0

| Apr rain mm = 113.1

| May rain mm = 284.5

| Jun rain mm = 700.3

| Jul rain mm = 575.5

| Aug rain mm = 378.8

| Sep rain mm = 310.3

| Oct rain mm = 366.6

| Nov rain mm = 150.4

| Dec rain mm = 39.0

| year rain mm = 3014.8

| Jan rain days = 1.1

| Feb rain days = 1.2

| Mar rain days = 2.6

| Apr rain days = 6.9

| May rain days = 11.0

| Jun rain days = 23.0

| Jul rain days = 22.8

| Aug rain days = 19.0

| Sep rain days = 13.4

| Oct rain days = 14.2

| Nov rain days = 7.2

| Dec rain days = 1.8

| year rain days = 124.1

|time day = 17:30 IST

| Jan humidity = 61

| Feb humidity = 65

| Mar humidity = 68

| Apr humidity = 70

| May humidity = 73

| Jun humidity = 82

| Jul humidity = 83

| Aug humidity = 82

| Sep humidity = 79

| Oct humidity = 77

| Nov humidity = 72

| Dec humidity = 64

|year humidity = 73

|source 1 = India Meteorological Department{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf

| archive-date = 5 February 2020

| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf

| title = Station: Cochin (N.A.S) Climatological Table 1981–2010

| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010

| publisher = India Meteorological Department

| date = January 2015

| pages = 201–202

| access-date = 29 February 2020}}{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf

| archive-date = 5 February 2020

| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf

| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)

| publisher = India Meteorological Department

| date = December 2016

| page = M107

| access-date = 29 February 2020}}

}}

File:INS Vikrant under construction at Cochin Shipyard.png

As of November 2012, Ernakulam was on target to become the first district in the nation of India to have 100% banking, ensuring that all families, except for voluntary exclusions, hold bank accounts.{{Cite web|date=1 February 2013|title=Business Line : Industry & Economy / Banking : Ernakulam to be declared first district with 100% banking|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/ernakulam-to-be-declared-first-district-with-100-banking/article4098347.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201202306/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/ernakulam-to-be-declared-first-district-with-100-banking/article4098347.ece|archive-date=1 February 2013}}

Ernakulam, aka the CBD (Central Business District) of Kochi, has seen high urbanisation in the past few decades, thus turning it into an economic hub of the city. The first traces of this transformation were seen after the MG Road connecting Ravipuram and Kacherippady was opened in 1972. The development took a new shape after the Greater Cochin Development Authority (GCDA) built the Marine Drive to the West of MG Road, in the late 70s. Marine Drive and MG Road thus became the backbone of Kochi's economic activities, and acted as the base for the city to expand in all directions thereafter. Although the current bypass of Ernakulam is quickly becoming the new

Ernakulam is a city that is connected to the North-South Corridor National Highway System via the four-laned National Highway 66 as well as National Highway 544.The MC Road starting from Thiruvananthapuram ends in Angamaly. The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such as Thrissur, Palakkad, Salem and Coimbatore. NH 66 was supposed to be acting as the bypass for Kochi city, but the fast-paced urban expansion of Kochi has meant that the bypass quickly became a city road passing through the middle of it, thereby forcing the NHAI to propose a new bypass for the city.{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/dpr-for-kundannoor-angamaly-bypass-project-suffers-delay/article33786861.ece|title = DPR for Kundannoor-Angamaly bypass project suffers delay|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 9 February 2021}}

The state-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services, mostly from the Ernakulam KSRTC bus stand which is the busiest bus stand in Kochi after the Vytilla Mobility Hub. The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation also operates two other bus stations in Ernakulam region of Kochi city, called as Ernakulam Jetty and Thevara Depot.{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=21 June 2023 |title=CSML allots ₹12 crore for new bus stand terminal at Karikkamuri in Kochi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/csml-allots-12-crore-for-new-bus-stand-terminal-at-karikkamuri-in-kochi/article66994510.ece |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-751X}}

The Ernakulam Junction railway station is located close to the city's main shopping area situated on Ernakulam MG Road, and is connected by metro. The Southern Railway Zone of the Indian Railways operates the main rail transport system in Ernakulam.{{Cite web |date=18 February 2022 |title=Kochi Metro stations to get people-friendly makeover |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kochi-metro-stations-to-get-people-friendly-makeover-7780297/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}

The Ernakulam Junction Railway Station is a junction and departing station of passengers and express trains, and is the stopping point for trains going towards the south side Alappuzha. Both the North and South railway stations have been selected by the Ministry of Railways to be upgraded to airport-like ones. The redevelopment of the Ernakulam Junction railway station has recently gotten underway.{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ernakulam-junction-railway-station-development-a-step-closer-to-reality/articleshow/80496755.cms|title=Ernakulam Junction railway station development a step closer to reality | Kochi News – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}

The Cochin International Airport is situated about 27 kilometers away from Ernakulam. The old civilian airport of Kochi was situated much closer to Ernakulam, at Willingdon Island. It is now formally known as INS Garuda, and is a part of the Southern Naval Commanheadquarters headquarters.{{Cite web |title=INS Garuda celebrates 70th anniversary {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-garuda-celebrates-70th-anniversary |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=indiannavy.nic.in}}

{{see also|Kochi Metro}}

Ernakulam region is connected with the other parts of Kochi city with the Kochi Metro, which was opened in July 2017. The first phase is being set up at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|51.81|b|nolink=nos}},{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article3219584.ece |title=Metro rail: DMRC demands prompthanding over of land, funds |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 March 2012 |access-date=24 March 2012 |location=Chennai, India}} and has a length of over 28 kilometres stretching from Aluva in the north to Tripunithura railway station in the southeast, passing through Ernakulam.

Currently 25.6 km of phase 1 from Aluva to Pettah is open to public while the remaining 2.7 km from Pettah to Tripunithura is under construction.{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/pettah-sn-junction-metro-stretch-to-be-commissioned-in-march-2022/article34543576.ece|title = Pettah-S.N. Junction metro stretch to be commissioned in March 2022|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 12 May 2021|last1 = Paul|first1 = John L.}}

{{see also|Kochi Water Metro}}

Ernakulam has a number of jetties where passengers can embark and disembark from ferries. Ferry services connect with Willingdon Island, Mattancherry, Fort Kochi and Mulavukadu, at intervals of 20 minutes.[http://swtd.kerala.gov.in/pages-en-IN/bsfromernakulam.php Boat Service from Ernakulam – Boat Schedules – State Water Transport Department, Government of Kerala, India]. Swtd.kerala.gov.in (25 July 2016). Retrieved on 27 November 2016.{{Cite news|title=Passenger ferry services find many takers in Ernakulam – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/passenger-ferry-services-find-many-takers-in-ernakulam/articleshow/79467176.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|date=29 November 2020 |language=en}} Kochi Water Metro is an integrated water metro system serving the Greater Kochi region.{{Cite news |date=22 June 2016 |title=Water metro tops priority list |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/Water-metro-tops-priority-list/article14396969.ece |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-751X}}

SWTD (Govt. of Kerala Department) offers cheap ferry service on the following routes:

Major Malayalam newspapers published in Ernakulam include Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Janmabhoomi, Madhyamam, Deshabhimani, Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi, Thejas, Metro Vartha, Siraj Daily, Varthamanam, Janayugam, Kochi Vartha and Veekshanam.

Popular English newspapers include Deccan Chronicle, The Times of India, The Hindu, and The New Indian Express. A number of evening papers are also published from the city.{{cite news

| url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/09/15/stories/2003091500530200.htm

| title=Keeping Kochi updated

| work=The Hindu

| date=15 September 2003

| access-date=2 June 2006

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810151044/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/09/15/stories/2003091500530200.htm

| archive-date=10 August 2010

| url-status=usurped

}}

Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu are also sold in large numbers.

Being the seat of the Cochin Stock Exchange, a number of financial publications are also published in the city. These include The Economic Times, Business Line, The Business Standard and The Financial Express.

Prominent magazines and religious publications like the Sathyadeepam and The Week are also published.

Television stations in Ernakulam include Asianet, Asianet Plus, Asianet News, Zee Keralam, Surya TV, Surya Movies, Surya Music, Surya Comedy Channel, Amrita TV, Media One, Twentyfour News, Jeevan TV, Manorama News, Mathrubhumi News, Janam TV, WE TV, Flowers TV and Reporter TV. DTH services are available through DD Free Dish, airtel digital TV, Dish TV, Sun Direct, Tata Sky, Independent TV (India) and Videocon d2h. The cable operators in Ernakulam are Asianet Digital TV, Siti Cable, Kerala Vision, DEN Networks. The local channels are Asianet Cable Vision, Ernakulam cable TV and Den mtn.

All India Radio has two FM stations in the city, operating at 102.3 MHz AIR Kochi FM and 107.5 MHz. AIR Rainbow FM Private FM radio stations are Radio Mango 91.9, Red FM 93.5, 94.3 Club FM and 104.0 Radio Mirchi. These operate 24 hours a day 7 days a week.

• Universities – Cochin University of Science and Technology, National University of Advanced Legal Studies, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit
• Colleges[http://ernakulam.nic.in/colleges1.htm Colleges of Ernakulam]. Ernakulam.nic.in. Retrieved on 27 November 2016. – Maharajas College, St. Teresa's College, St. Albert's College, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin University of Science and Technology, St. Paul's College, Kalamassery, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Bharata Mata College, School of Engineering, CUSAT, KMEA Engineering College, Government Medical College, Ernakulam, Government Model Engineering College, De paul institute of Science and Technology, Government Law College, Ernakulam, Union Christian College, Aluva, Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology, Muthoot Institute of Technology and Science, Puthencruz, Jai Bharath Engineering Collage, Perumbavoor Federal Institute of Science, Angamaly, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, National University of Advanced Legal Studies

Gopalasamudram Narayanan Ramachandran, or G.N. Ramachandran, FRS (1922–2001), a physicist known for the creation of the Ramachandran plot for understanding peptide structure, was born in Ernakulam.

Ernakulam assembly constituency is part of Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency).{{cite web

|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf

|title=Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies

|access-date=19 October 2008 |work=Kerala

|publisher=Election Commission of India

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030085443/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf

|archive-date=30 October 2008

}}

• Aluva
• Angamaly
• Ernakulam district
• Kochi
• Kochukadavanthra
• Places of worship in Ernakulam

{{Reflist}} Population in Ernakulam – 24.4 million

• [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ernakulam¶ms=9_58_53.8_N_76_17_59.6_E_type:event_region:IN-KL GeoHack – Ernakulam]

{{Commons category|Ernakulam}}

• [http://ernakulam.nic.in/ Government Portal for Ernakulam City]
• [http://www.ekm.kerala.gov.in/ Government Portal for the district of Ernakulam]
• [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/October/international_October970.xml§ion=international&col= Ernakulam is India's first smoke-free tourist spot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001445/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/October/international_October970.xml§ion=international&col= |date=3 December 2013 }}

{{Kochi (India) topics}}

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Category:Kochi, Kerala

Category:Tourism in Kerala

Category:Cities and towns in Ernakulam district