Eskişehir

The name {{lang|tr|Eskişehir}} can be literally translated as 'Old City' in Turkish. The name has been documented in Ottoman records since the late 15th century.{{Cite web |last=Nişanyan |first=Sevan |title=Eskişehir |url=https://nisanyanmap.com/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=nisanyanmap.com |language=en}}

File:Cybele Figure with lions (Roman period) - 3.jpg Statue (30 BC - 395 AD) excavated from the Ancient City of Pessinus exhibited in the Eskişehir Archeology Museum.]]

File:Nasuh Al-Silahi - View of Eskisehir.jpg.]]

The city was founded by the Phrygians in at least 1000 BC, although it has been estimated to be older than 4000 years old. The current city lies about a mile from the ancient Phrygian city of Dorylaeum.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Many Phrygian artifacts and sculptures are on display in the city's archeological museum.

There is also a museum of meerschaum stone, whose production remains still notable, used to make high quality meerschaum pipes. In the fourth century AD the city moved about ten km northeast, from Karacahisar to Şehirhöyük. The region was originally inhabited by Hittites.

Many ancient geographers described the city as one of the most beautiful in Anatolia.{{CN|date=December 2021}} As with many towns in Anatolia, Christianity arrived after Constantine the Great legalized the religion in the Roman Empire. Beginning in the 4th century, records exist of bishops holding office in Eskişehir. The city was known as {{lang|grc-Latn|Dorylaeum}} ({{lang|grc|Δορύλαιον}}) in Greek in that period. One of these bishops, Eusebius, was heavily involved in shaping the evolving dogma of the church.

It was called {{lang|tr|Sultanönü}} during the Seljuk period.Türkiye İller Ansiklopedisi 1.Cilt s.409 In 1097, it was the site of a battle of the First Crusade in which the Crusaders defeated the Seljuk Turkish sultan Kilij Arslan I; the town later fell to the Turks in 1176, or the 13th century.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

From 1867 until 1922, Eskişehir was part of Hüdavendigâr vilayet. In 1921, it was captured by the invading Greek Army. Eskişehir holds the title of Cultural Capital of the Turkish World and UNESCO Capital of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2013.

Eskişehir is situated on the banks of Porsuk River, which flows into the Sakarya River. Porsuk Dam, located near the Eskişehir-Kütahya border, controls the flow of the water in the river.

{{Annotated image|image=Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg|image-width=4000 |image-left=-840 |image-top=-805 |width=300|height=200 |float=right|annotations=|caption=Köppen map of Eskişehir Province and surrounding regions:"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Nature Scientific Data. DOI:[https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2018214 10.1038/sdata.2018.214].

{{legend-col

|thumb size=wide

|{{legend|#FFDB63|BSk}}

|{{legend|#C600C7|Dsb}}

}}}}Eskişehir has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk) under the Köppen climate classification, and a temperate continental climate (Dc) under the Trewartha climate classification.{{cite journal |last1=Öztürk |first1= Mehmet Zeynel|last2=Çetinkaya |first2=Gülden |last3=Aydın |first3=Selman |title= Köppen-Geiger İklim Sınıflandırmasına Göre Türkiye'nin İklim Tipleri/Climate Types of Turkey According to Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/370152 |journal= Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography |volume=35|issue=2017|pages= 17–27|doi= 10.26650/JGEOG295515|access-date=23 June 2020|url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}} {{in lang|tr|en}}[http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/439/2007/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions] The city features cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. Due to Eskişehir's high altitude and its dry summers, nightly temperatures in the summer months are cool. Precipitation levels are low, but precipitation can be observed throughout the year.

{{Weather box

| metric first = Yes

| single line = Yes

| location = Eskişehir (1991–2020, extremes 1928–2023)

| Jan record high C = 20.3

| Feb record high C = 21.8

| Mar record high C = 28.1

| Apr record high C = 31.1

| May record high C = 35.0

| Jun record high C = 36.8

| Jul record high C = 40.6

| Aug record high C = 41.6

| Sep record high C = 38.4

| Oct record high C = 34.2

| Nov record high C = 27.1

| Dec record high C = 21.4

| year record high C =

| Jan high C = 3.9

| Feb high C = 6.8

| Mar high C = 12.1

| Apr high C = 17.0

| May high C = 22.2

| Jun high C = 26.5

| Jul high C = 29.8

| Aug high C = 29.9

| Sep high C = 26.1

| Oct high C = 20.2

| Nov high C = 12.6

| Dec high C = 6.1

| year high C =

| Jan mean C = -0.1

| Feb mean C = 1.5

| Mar mean C = 5.4

| Apr mean C = 9.9

| May mean C = 14.8

| Jun mean C = 18.9

| Jul mean C = 21.9

| Aug mean C = 21.9

| Sep mean C = 17.5

| Oct mean C = 12.1

| Nov mean C = 5.8

| Dec mean C = 1.7

| year mean C =

| Jan low C = -4.0

| Feb low C = -3.4

| Mar low C = -0.8

| Apr low C = 2.8

| May low C = 7.2

| Jun low C = 11.0

| Jul low C = 13.6

| Aug low C = 13.6

| Sep low C = 9.1

| Oct low C = 5.0

| Nov low C = 0.0

| Dec low C = -2.0

| year low C =

| Jan record low C = -27.8

| Feb record low C = -28.6

| Mar record low C = -12.0

| Apr record low C = -10.4

| May record low C = -2.2

| Jun record low C = 0.5

| Jul record low C = 5.0

| Aug record low C = 4.8

| Sep record low C = -2.0

| Oct record low C = -6.8

| Nov record low C = -12.2

| Dec record low C = -19.2

| year record low C =

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 33.0

| Feb precipitation mm = 28.2

| Mar precipitation mm = 29.9

| Apr precipitation mm = 44.1

| May precipitation mm = 42.3

| Jun precipitation mm = 24.2

| Jul precipitation mm = 15.0

| Aug precipitation mm = 11.2

| Sep precipitation mm = 17.2

| Oct precipitation mm = 35.0

| Nov precipitation mm = 33.4

| Dec precipitation mm = 42.4

| year precipitation mm =

| Jan precipitation days = 9

| Feb precipitation days = 8.6

| Mar precipitation days = 8.8

| Apr precipitation days = 8.33

| May precipitation days = 7.23

| Jun precipitation days = 4.83

| Jul precipitation days = 2.43

| Aug precipitation days = 2.13

| Sep precipitation days = 3.3

| Oct precipitation days = 6.33

| Nov precipitation days = 6.77

| Dec precipitation days = 9.43

| year precipitation days =

|Jan snow days= 10.16

|Feb snow days= 6.88

|Mar snow days= 3.84

|Apr snow days= 0.72

|May snow days=0

|Jun snow days=0

|Jul snow days=0

|Aug snow days=0

|Sep snow days=0

|Oct snow days=0

|Nov snow days= 1.44

|Dec snow days= 5.04

| Jan sun = 80.6

| Feb sun = 110.2

| Mar sun = 164.3

| Apr sun = 192

| May sun = 254.2

| Jun sun = 297

| Jul sun = 350.3

| Aug sun = 319.3

| Sep sun = 261

| Oct sun = 189.1

| Nov sun = 135

| Dec sun = 74.4

| year sun =

| Jand sun = 2.6

| Febd sun = 3.9

| Mard sun = 5.3

| Aprd sun = 6.4

| Mayd sun = 8.2

| Jund sun = 9.9

| Juld sun = 11.3

| Augd sun = 10.3

| Sepd sun = 8.7

| Octd sun = 6.1

| Novd sun = 4.5

| Decd sun = 2.4

| yeard sun =

| source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service,

{{cite web

| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=ESKISEHIR

| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)

| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service

| language = tr

| access-date = 28 June 2021}}

{{cite web

| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ESKISEHIR

| title = İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri

| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service

| language = tr

| access-date = 28 June 2021}} Meteomanz(snowy days 2000-2024){{Cite web|url=http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=6290&ind=17124&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=12&y2=2024 |title=Eskişehir weather data by months |access-date= 15 March 2025 |website= Meteomanz}}

| date = September 2011

}}

Traditionally dependent on flour milling and brickyards, the city expanded with the building of railway workshops in 1894 for work on the Berlin–Baghdad railway.

As of 1920, Eskişehir was one of the major locations for meerschaum mining. At that time, most of the mining sites were owned by the state.{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/105/ |title=Anatolia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=105}}

Devrim, the first Turkish automobile, was produced in 1961 at the TÜLOMSAŞ factory in Eskişehir. Devrim was never put into mass production and stayed a concept study; it can be viewed in the TÜLOMSAŞ factory in Eskişehir. In addition to production, the first Turkish steam powered locomotive called Karakurt was produced at the TÜLOMSAŞ factory in 1961. Eskişehir was also the site of Turkey's first aviation industry (Aeronautical Supply Maintenance Centre) and its air base was the command centre of Turkey's first Tactical Air Force headquarters on NATO's southern flank during the Cold War.

File:Eskişehir railway station.jpg]]

Eskişehir produces trucks, home appliances, railway locomotives, fighter aircraft engines, agricultural equipment, textiles, brick, cement, chemicals, processed meerschaum, and refined sugar. {{Interlanguage link multi|Eti (company)|lt=Eti|tr|Eti (şirket)|display=yes}}, one of Turkey's largest food brands (mostly producing biscuits, chocolate, and candy), is based in Eskişehir. Arçelik, a major Turkish home appliances and consumer electronics manufacturer, has one of its production plants in Eskişehir. Eskişehir was the first stage of High-speed rail in Turkey from Ankara. This service improved the travel and commerce between Eskişehir and Ankara, thanks to reduced journey time. GKN, a major global automotive supplier for passenger and commercial car powertrain systems, has a plant in Eskişehir.

The city is served by the Hasan Polatkan Airport.

File:Anadolu Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi.JPG]]

File:Odunpazarı... - panoramio.jpg in Odunpazarı, Eskişehir]]

File:Odunpazarı_(4).jpg

File:Eskisehir_ulus_aniti.jpg]]

There are three universities in Eskişehir. These are the Anadolu University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and the Eskişehir Technical University, which is the first university in the world that gained the privilege of managing airports.{{Explain|date=January 2025}} Anadolu University, in addition to its on-campus studies, started open university courses through TV broadcasts in the 1980s, allowing access to tertiary education for thousands of students who otherwise would not have been able to benefit from any.

The city has a significant population of Turkic Crimean Tatars. It also attracted ethnic Turks emigrating from Balkan countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, Bosnia, North Macedonia, and the Sandžak region of Serbia, who contributed to the development of the city's metalworking industries.

In 2013, Eskişehir hosted the inaugural Turkvision Song Contest, which aims to highlight music and artists from various Turkic-speaking regions. The city is also home to the Dünya Müzeleri Müzesi or Museum of World Museums.

Other museums in the city are Eti Archaeology Museum, Aviation Museum, Meerschaum Museum, Museum of Independence, Museum of Modern Glass Art, Tayfun Talipoğlu Typewriter Museum, Yılmaz Büyükerşen Wax Museum, and the Odunpazarı Modern Museum.

File:Statue of Yunus Emre, Eskişehir 04.jpg in Eskişehir.]]

File:Bridge over Porsuk, Eskişehir 01 (cropped).jpg.]]

Most of modern-day Eskişehir was rebuilt after the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), but a number of historic buildings remain, such as the Kurşunlu Mosque. The archaeological site of the ancient Phrygian city of Dorylaeum is close to Eskişehir. The city is noted for its natural hot sulphur springs.

File:EsparkAVM.JPG

File:ModernGlassArtMuseum (6).jpg

File:Odunpazarı,_Eskişehir,_Turkey_01.jpg.]]

Association football club Eskişehirspor, founded in 1965, plays in the TFF Second League after being relegated during the 2021-22 TFF First League. It plays its home games in the New Eskişehir Stadium.

• Eusebius of Dorylaeum{{snd}}5th-century bishop
• Battal Gazi{{snd}}8th-century Muslim saint buried in Seyitgazi
• Yunus Emre{{snd}}13th-century Turkish folk poet
• Adil Giray Pişiriçi{{snd}}Crimean Khan, Ottoman Empire 1881–1941
• Sabrettin Giray Pişiriçi - Son of the Crimean Khan, Ottoman Empire Adil Giray Pişiriçi 1923-1976 Ağapınarı, Eskişehir Turkey
• Sheik Edebali{{snd}}13th century religious leader, spiritual founder of the Ottoman Empire
• Behiç Erkin - Turkish Schindler, first director (1920–1926) of the Turkish State Railways, Minister of Public Works (1926–1928), Turkish Ambassador (Budapest 1928–1939, Paris and Vichy 1939-1943)
• Yakup Satar - last Turkish veteran of the First World War
• Fahrettin Kerim Gökay - Professor, former mayor of Istanbul (1949–1957), former Turkish ambassador (Bern), former minister of state
• Yılmaz Büyükerşen - Professor, Reporter, Columnist, Caricaturist, Editor, former rector of Anadolu University, former member of RTYK, Professional Wax Sculptor
• Cüneyt Arkın - Actor, Director, Producer, Martial Artist, Doctor in Medicine
• Nuri Alço - Actor, Director, Producer
• Eqrem Çabej - Linguist and scholar
• Melis Birkan - Actress
• Zeki Sezer - former Leader of the Democratic Left Party DSP, Chemical Engineer, Minister of State (57th government)
• Hasan Polatkan - Politician
• Mehmet Terzi - Long-Distance Runner
• Gamze Bulut - Mid-Distance Runner
• Zeki Önder Özen - Football Manager
• Ömer Çatkıç - Football Goalkeeper
• Neslihan Demir Darnel - Volleyball Player
• İpek Şenoğlu - Tennis Player
• Ersan İlyasova - Basketball Player
• Kerem Gönlüm - Basketball Player
• Ceyhun Yıldızoğlu - Basketball Coach
• Asya (singer) - Pop Singer, Song-Writer
• Tuna Kiremitçi - Author, Poet, Columnist, Composer
• Enis Batur - Author, Lecturer
• Alper Erturk - Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology
• Gürer Aykal - Conductor, adjunct professor at Bilkent University
• Banu Avar - Writer and journalist
• Mete Erpek (Joker) - Rapper
• Meryem Boz - Volleyball Player
• Sertan Saltan - Artist and winner of 2011 BP Young Artist Award

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey}}

Eskişehir is twinned with:{{cite web |title=Kardeş Şehirler|url=http://www.eskisehir.bel.tr/sayfalar.php?sayfalar_id=53|website=eskisehir.bel.tr|publisher=Eskişehir|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-18}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• {{flagicon|KAZ}} Shymkent, Kazakhstan (since 2018){{Cite web|url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/1897651.aspx|title=اتفاقية توأمة بين الغردقة وإقليم جنوب كازاخستان لتنشيط السياحة |صور|website=بوابة الأهرام}}
• {{flagicon|USA}} Lansing, Michigan, US (since 2024)
• {{flagicon|RO}} Cluj Napoca, Romania (since 2020)
• {{flagicon|CHN}} Changzhou, China (since 2009)
• {{flagicon|GER}} Frankfurt am Main, Germany (since 2013)
• {{flagicon|RUS}} Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia (since 1995)
• {{flagicon|TRNC}} North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus (since 2016)
• {{flagicon|TRNC}} Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus (since 2016)
• {{flagicon|AUT}} Linz, Austria (since 2012)
• {{flagicon|TR}} Bozüyük, Turkey (since 2025)
• {{flagicon|TR}} Bilecik, Turkey (since 2025)
• {{flagicon|TR}} Bodrum, Turkey (since 2010)
• {{flagicon|KOR}} Paju, South Korea (since 2007)
• {{flagicon|BEL}} Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Belgium (since 2014)

{{div col end}}

{{Portal|Turkey}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

• Anadolu University
• Boron
• Eskişehir Osmangazi University
• Meerschaum
• Türkvizyon Song Contest 2013
• Holy Trinity Church, Eskişehir

}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/TU/26/Eskisehir.html|title=Geographical information on Eskişehir, Turkey|access-date=2008-04-03|author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.}}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.eskisehir-bld.gov.tr/esk_taniyin/esk2.html |title=General information on Eskişehir |access-date=2008-04-03 |author=Municipality of Eskişehir, Turkey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517025700/http://www.eskisehir-bld.gov.tr/esk_taniyin/esk2.html |archive-date=May 17, 2008 }}

{{Commons category|Eskişehir}}

{{Wikivoyage|Eskişehir}}

• [http://www.eskisehir.gov.tr/ District governor's official website] {{in lang|tr}}
• [http://www.eskisehir-bld.gov.tr/ District municipality's official website] {{in lang|tr}}
• [http://www.eskisehir.pol.tr Eskişehir Police Headquarters] {{in lang|tr}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160825223405/http://eskisehir.biz/ Eskişehir News] {{in lang|tr}}
• [http://www.eskisehirspor.org/ Eskişehirspor Sports Club]
• [https://www.havaguncel.com/il/26-eskisehir Eskişehir Hava Durumu]
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Eski-Shehr|volume=9|page=771|short=x}}

{{Eskişehir Province|state=Ağapınarı}}

{{Largest cities in Turkey}}

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Eskişehir|image=Eskisehir|sortkey=Eskisehir}}

{{Metropolitan centers in Turkey}}

{{Turkic Capital of Culture}}

{{Coord|39|46|36|N|30|31|14|E|region:TR_type:city|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eskisehir}}

Category:Cities in Turkey

Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey