Etheostoma gracile
{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Slough darter
| image = Etheostoma gracile.jpg
| image_caption = Adult male Etheostoma gracile
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Etheostoma gracile
| authority = (Girard, 1859)
| synonyms =
- Boleosoma gracile Girard, 1859
| synonyms_ref = {{FishBase|Etheostoma|gracile|month=December |year=2019}}
}}
Etheostoma gracile, the slough darter, is a small species of ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae which includes the perches, ruffs and pike-perches. It inhabits slow to moderately flowing waters and with substrates that are predominantly mud, silt, or sand. Major food sources include chironomids, copepods, and cladocerans, as well as mayflies in the spring. Adults reach {{convert|35|to|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} total length.{{cite book |title=Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofnorthamer00unse_0 |first1=David S. |last1=Lee |first2=Carter R. |last2=Gilbert |first3=Charles H. |last3=Hocutt |first4=Robert E. |last4=Jenkins |first5=Don E. |last5=McAllister |first6=Jay R. |last6=Stauffer Jr.|publisher=North Carolina State Museum of Natural History |year=1980 |isbn=0917134036 |page=651}} It is one of the 324 species of fish found in Tennessee.{{cite web |title=Tennessee Fish List |publisher=Darrin Hulsey's Lab |url=http://www.bio.utk.edu/hulseylab/Fishlist.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417102031/http://www.bio.utk.edu/hulseylab/Fishlist.html |archivedate=April 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal|title=The life history of the slough darter Etheostoma gracile (Pisces, Percidae) |publisher=Illinois Natural History Survey |first1=Marvin E. |last1=Braasch |first2=Philip W. |last2=Smith |date=June 1967 |url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/17182/lifehistoryofslo58braa.pdf?sequence=1 |accessdate=November 18, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610204010/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/17182/lifehistoryofslo58braa.pdf?sequence=1 |archivedate=June 10, 2015 |url-status=dead }}
At the southern end of its range in Texas, the slough darter breeds from January to March, while at the northern end of its range in Illinois, it breeds in May and June.{{cite web |title=Etheostoma gracile |publisher=Fishes of Texas |url=http://txstate.fishesoftexas.org/etheostoma%20gracile.htm |accessdate=November 18, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228172651/http://txstate.fishesoftexas.org/etheostoma%20gracile.htm |archivedate=December 28, 2013 |url-status=dead }} The eggs are attached to submerged vegetation, leaves, or twigs, and the adults do not guard them as some other members of this family do.
Distribution and habitat
Etheostoma gracile is found in the Mississippi River basin from central Illinois and northeastern Missouri to Louisiana, also in the Red River drainages to southeastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma, and the Gulf Slope drainages from the Tombigbee River in Mississippi to the Nueces River in Texas. Suitable habitats include pools of slow-flowing water in small streams, backwaters of larger rivers, turbid water over sand or mud, oxbow lakes, swamps, and among vegetation.
Status
The IUCN has listed this species as being of "Least Concern", because it has an extensive range in the Mississippi River system, has a large total population size, and numerous subpopulations. In general, the population trend seems stable and no major threats have been identified.