Eucalyptus globulus

Eucalyptus globulus is a tree that typically grows to a height of {{cvt|45|m}} but may sometimes only be a stunted shrub, or alternatively under ideal conditions can grow as tall as {{cvt|90-100|m}}, and forms a lignotuber. The bark is usually smooth, white to cream-coloured but there are sometimes slabs of persistent, unshed bark at the base. Young plants, often several metres tall, and coppice regrowth have stems that are more or less square in cross-section with a prominent wing on each corner. These coppice shoots can grow with remarkable speed; up to thirty-five feet (10.5 meters) in eight months, with a DBH of three inches (eight cm).{{cite journal | last= anonymous | date= July 1909 | title= Notes on the Eucalyptus from the United States Forest Service | journal= National Geographic Magazine | volume= 20 | issue= 7 | page= 668 }}Juvenile leaves are mostly arranged in opposite pairs, sessile, glaucous elliptic to egg-shaped, up to {{cvt|150|mm}} long and {{cvt|105|mm}} wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same glossy to dark green on both sides, lance-shaped or curved, {{cvt|150-300|mm}} long and {{cvt|17-30|mm}} wide on a petiole {{cvt|1.5-6|mm}} long. The flower buds are arranged singly or in groups of three or seven in leaf axils, sometimes sessile or on a short thick peduncle. The individual buds are also usually sessile, sometimes on a pedicel up to {{cvt|5|mm}} long. Mature buds are top-shaped to conical, glaucous or green, with a flattened hemispherical, warty operculum with a central knob. Flowering time varies with subspecies and distribution but the flowers are always white. The fruit is a woody conical or hemispherical capsule with the valves close to rim level.{{cite web |last1=Brooker |first1=M. Ian H. |title=Eucalyptus globulus |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/1dfdd922-7fa3-4fc4-bb6e-96cfa112337a |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria |access-date=18 July 2019}}{{cite web |title=Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/entities/eucalyptus_globulus_subsp._globulus.htm |publisher=Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |access-date=2 June 2020}}{{cite web |last1=Chippendale |first1=George M. |title=Eucalyptus globulus |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Eucalyptus%20globulus |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra |access-date=18 July 2019}}{{cite web |title=Eucalyptus globulus |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/592965-1 |publisher=Kew: Plants of the World online |access-date=18 July 2019}}

Eucalyptus globulus was first formally described in 1800 by the French botanist Jacques Labillardière in his book, Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de la Pérouse.{{cite web|title=Eucalyptus globulus|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/454621|publisher=APNI|access-date=17 July 2019}}{{cite book |last1=La Billardière |first1=Jacques-Julien Houtou de |title=Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de la Pérouse |date=1800 |page=13|publisher=chez H. J. Jansen |location=Paris |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/13338/?offset=&height_top=50#page=16&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q= |access-date=17 July 2019}}{{cite book |last1=La Billardière |first1=Jacques-Julien Houtou de |title=Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de la Pérouse |date=1800 |page=153|publisher=chez H. J. Jansen |location=Paris |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/13335/?offset=&height_top=50#page=169&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q= |access-date=17 July 2019}} Labillardière collected specimens at Recherche Bay during the d'Entrecasteaux expedition in 1792.

The d'Entrecasteaux expedition made immediate use of the species when they discovered it, the timber being used to improve their oared boats.{{cite book|last=Mulvaney|first=John|title='The axe had never sounded': place, people and heritage of Recherche Bay, Tasmania |publisher=Australian National University|date=c. 2006|edition=Online|chapter=4. Botanising|isbn= 978-1-921313-21-9|chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/aborig_history/axe/mobile_devices/ch04.html|access-date=2009-02-16}} The Tasmanian blue gum was proclaimed as the floral emblem of Tasmania on 27 November 1962. The species name is from the Latin globulus, a little ball or small sphere,{{cite book|author-link1=Roland W. Brown|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|page=119}} referring to the shape of the fruit.

In 1974, James Barrie Kirkpatrick described four subspecies and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census.{{cite journal |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=James Barrie |title=The numerical intraspecific taxonomy of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) |journal=The Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=September 1974 |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=89–104|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1974.tb01618.x }} Each subspecies has a characteristic arrangement of its flower buds:{{cite web |last1=Brooker |first1=M. Ian H. |last2=Slee |first2=Andrew V. |title=Key to the subspecies of Eucalyptus globulus |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/key/2439 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria |access-date=18 July 2019}}

• Eucalyptus globulus subsp. bicostata (Maiden, Blakely & Simmonds) J.B.Kirkp. (formerly Eucalyptus bicostata), commonly known as Victorian blue gum or eurabbie, has sessile flower buds arranged in groups of three;{{cite web|title=Eucalyptus globulus subsp. bicostata|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/61236|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=17 July 2019}}{{cite web |title=Eucalyptus globulus subsp. bicostata |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/entities/eucalyptus_globulus_subsp._bicostata.htm |publisher=Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |access-date=31 March 2021}}
• Eucalyptus globulus Labill. subsp. globulus, commonly known as Tasmanian blue gum, has flower buds arranged singly in leaf axils;{{cite web|title=Eucalyptus globulus subsp. bicostata|url= https://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/entities/eucalyptus_globulus_subsp._globulus.htm|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=31 March 2021}}
• Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii (F.Muell.) J.B.Kirkp. (formerly Eucalyptus maidenii), commonly known as Maiden's gum has flower buds arranged in groups of seven{{cite web|title=Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/61302|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=17 July 2019}}{{cite web |title=Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/entities/eucalyptus_globulus_subsp._maidenii.htm |publisher=Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversdity Research |access-date=31 March 2021}}
• Eucalyptus globulus subsp. pseudoglobulus (Naudin) J.B.Kirkp. (formerly Eucalyptus globulus var. pseudoglobulus), commonly known as Victorian eurabbie has pedicellate flower buds arranged in groups of three.{{cite web|title=Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/61312|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=17 July 2019}}{{cite web |title=Eucalyptus globulus subsp. pseudoglobulus |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/entities/eucalyptus_globulus_subsp._pseudoglobulus.htm |publisher=Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |access-date=31 March 2021}}

Blue gum grows in forests in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, including some of the Bass Strait Islands. Subspecies bicostata occurs in montane and tableland areas between the Carrai Plateau in northern New South Wales and the Pyrenees in Victoria. Subspecies globulus is mainly found in lowland parts of Tasmania, but is also found on some Bass Strait islands including King Island, and in the extreme south-west of Victoria. Subspecies maidenii occurs on near-coastal ranges of south-eastern New South Wales and eastern Victoria. Subspecies pseudoglobulus is mostly distributed in eastern Gippsland but there are isolated populations further inland and in the Nadgee Nature Reserve in south-eastern New South Wales.

There are naturalised non-native occurrences in Spain and Portugal, and other parts of southern Europe incl. Cyprus, southern Africa, New Zealand, western United States (California), Hawaii, Macaronesia,{{GRIN | access-date = 12 December 2017}}

File:EucalyptusGlobulusPatra.jpg|Eucalyptus globulus growing in Patra, Greece.

They typically grow from {{convert|30|-|55|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. There are historical claims of even taller trees with Robert Edwards Carter Stearns claiming that when he was alive, they were capable of growing to 400 feet.{{Cite web|url=http://albionmonitor.com/9-18-95/Ehistory.html|title = Blunder from Down Under}} While this claim is often regarded as being exaggerated, the environmentalist Jared Diamond argues in favor of this claim, stating that such trees were likely cut down during the colonization of Australia by the English.Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed pg 382. Tasmanian D. W. Lewin claimed that the tallest was {{convert|101|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/eucalyptihardwoo00lewiuoft|last=Lewin|first=D. W.|year=1906|title=The Eucalypti Hardwood Timbers of Tasmania|publisher=Tasmania, Gray}}

{{Main|Eucalyptus#Eucalyptus as plantation species}}

File:Large Eucalyptus Globulus.JPG – {{convert|46.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height and {{convert|10.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in circumference.]]

Blue gum is one of the most extensively planted eucalypts. Its rapid growth and adaptability to a range of conditions is responsible for its popularity. It is especially well-suited to countries with a Mediterranean-type climate, but also grows well in high altitudes in the tropics.Hillis, W.E., Brown, A.G., Eucalypts for Wood Production, Academic Press, 1984, p20, {{ISBN|0-12-348762-5}}

It comprises 65% of all plantation hardwood in Australia with approximately {{convert|4,500|km²|acres|abbr=on}} planted.{{cite book |url=http://www.affashop.gov.au/PdfFiles/plantations_100dpi.pdf |title=Australia's Plantations 2006 |publisher=Bureau of Rural Sciences |access-date=2007-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929030437/http://www.affashop.gov.au/PdfFiles/plantations_100dpi.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}

In about 1860 Francis Cook planted the tree on the Monserrate Palace, his property at Sintra in Portugal and within twenty years it had attained the height of 100 m and a circumference of 5 m.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021|reason=Very unlikely it grew 100m in 20 years}}{{Dubious|date=May 2021}}By 1878 the tree ″had spread from one end of Portugal to the other″. In 1878 the tree was also planted, partly on Cook's recommendation, in Galway, Ireland to reclaim ″useless bog land″.{{cite news|title=The Eucalyptus for the West of England|work=The Cornishman|issue=16|date=31 October 1878|page=5}}

E. globulus begun to be planted as plantations in Los Lagos and Los Ríos regions of Chile in the 1990s.{{cite journal |last1=Geldres |first1=Edith |last2=Schlatter |first2=Juan E. |date=2004 |title=Crecimiento de las plantaciones de Eucalyptus globulussobre suelos rojo arcillosos de la provinciad Osorno, Décima Región|trans-title=Growth of Eucalyptus globulus plantations on red clay soils in the Province of Osorno, 10th Region, Chile |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/bosque/v25n1/Art08.pdf |journal=Bosque |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=95–101 |language=es |doi= 10.4067/S0717-92002004000100008|access-date=January 12, 2019|doi-access=free }} However at these latitudes around the 40th parallel south the tree is at the southern border of the climatic conditions where it can grow, hence good growth in this part of southern Chile requires good site selection such as sunny north-facing slopes. Some of these plantations grow on red clay soil.

Blue gum timber is yellow-brown, fairly heavy, with an interlocked grain, and is difficult to season.Cribb, A.B. & J.W., Useful Wild Plants in Australia, Collins 1982, p25 {{ISBN|0-00-636397-0}} It has poor lumber qualities due to growth stress problems, but can be used in construction, fence posts and poles.{{Cite web |url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/eucalyptus/globulus.htm |title=Index of Species Information, Eucalyptus globulus |access-date=24 May 2008 |archive-date=29 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829042401/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/eucalyptus/globulus.htm |url-status=dead }}

{{Main|Eucalyptus#Pulpwood}}

The leaves are steam distilled to extract eucalyptus oil. E. globulus is the primary source of global eucalyptus oil production, with China being the largest commercial producer.Edited by Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, Eucalyptus Leaf Oils - Use, Chemistry, Distillation and Marketing, Inkata Press, 1991, p4.{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v5350e/v5350e07.htm |title=Eucalyptus Oil, FAO Corporate Document Repository |access-date=24 May 2008 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502162220/http://www.fao.org/docrep/V5350E/V5350e07.htm |url-status=dead }} The oil has therapeutic, perfumery, flavoring, antimicrobial and biopesticide properties.[http://www.ann.com.au/herbs/Monographs/eucalypt.htm Eucalyptus globulus Monograph, Australian Naturopathic Network]{{cite web |title=Eucalyptus globulus |url=http://anpsa.org.au/e-glo.html |publisher=Australian Native Plants Society (Australia) |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225122633/http://anpsa.org.au/e-glo.html |url-status=dead }}Young-Cheol Yang, Han-Young Choi, Won-Sil Choi, J. M. Clark, and Young-Joon Ahn, Ovicidal and Adulticidal Activity of Eucalyptus globulus Leaf Oil Terpenoids against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae), J. Agric. Food Chem., 52 (9), 2507 -2511, 2004. {{doi|10.1021/jf0354803}} Oil yield ranges from 1.0 to 2.4% (fresh weight), with cineole being the major isolate. E. globulus oil has established itself internationally because it is virtually phellandrene free, a necessary characteristic for internal pharmaceutical use.Edited by Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, Eucalyptus Leaf Oils - Use, Chemistry, Distillation and Marketing, Inkata Press, 1991, p3., & pp78-82. In 1870, Cloez identified and ascribed the name "eucalyptol" — now more often called cineole — to the dominant portion of E. globulus oil.Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, Eucalyptus Leaf Oils, 1991, p6 {{ISBN|0-909605-69-6}}

Tasmanian blue gum leaves are used as a herbal tea.[http://www.21food.com/showroom/24442/product/Eucalyptus-Globulus-Labill-Leaf-Pieces-Tea.html Eucalyptus Globulus Labill Leaf Pieces Tea]

E. globulus bark contains quinic, dihydroxyphenylacetic and caffeic acids, bis(hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP))-glucose, galloyl-bis(HHDP)-glucose, galloyl-HHDP-glucose, isorhamentin-hexoside, quercetin-hexoside, methylellagic acid (EA)-pentose conjugate, myricetin-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-rhamnoside, mearnsetin, phloridzin, mearnsetin-hexoside, luteolin and a proanthocyanidin B-type dimer, digalloylglucose and catechin.{{cite journal|pmid=21761864|year=2011|last1=Santos|first1=SA|last2=Freire|first2=CS|last3=Domingues|first3=MR|last4=Silvestre|first4=AJ|last5=Pascoal Neto|first5=C|title=Characterization of phenolic components in polar extracts of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Bark by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry|volume=59|issue=17|pages=9386–93|doi=10.1021/jf201801q|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry}} The hydrolyzable tannins tellimagrandin I, eucalbanin C, 2-O-digalloyl-1,3,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 6-O-digalloyl-1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, as well as gallic acid and (+)-catechin can also be isolated.{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/10286020008039912|title=Hydrolyzable Tannins and Related Polyphenols fromEucalyptus globulus|year=2000|last1=Hou|first1=Ai-Jun|last2=Liu|first2=Yan-Ze|last3=Yang|first3=Hui|last4=Lin|first4=Zhong-Wen|last5=Sun|first5=Han-Dong|journal=Journal of Asian Natural Products Research|volume=2|issue=3|pages=205–12|pmid=11256694|s2cid=7759379}}

Tricetin is a rare flavone aglycone found in the pollen of members of the Myrtaceae, subfamily Leptospermoideae, such as E. globulus.The Unique Occurrence of the Flavone Aglycone Tricetin in Myrtaceae Pollen. Maria G. Campos, Rosemary F. Webby and Kenneth R. Markham, Z. Naturforsch, 2002, 57c, pages 944-946 ([http://www.znaturforsch.com/ac/v57c/s57c0944.pdf article])

• List of superlative trees

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Eucalyptus globulus}}

• [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/eucglo/botanical_and_ecological_characteristics.html Botanical characteristics of Eucalyptus globulus]
• [http://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/tas.emblem.html Australian National Botanic Gardens]
• [http://git-forestry-blog.blogspot.com/2007/12/citizen-labillardieres-heritage.html Chronology of the discovery of Eucalyptus globulus] Iglesias Trabado, Gustavo (2007). In: [http://git-forestry-blog.blogspot.com/ EUCALYPTOLOGICS]

File:Starr_050818-4121_Eucalyptus_globulus.jpg|Shedding bark.

File:Starr_050125-3236_Eucalyptus_globulus.jpg|Flower bud.

File:Starr 051123-5467 Eucalyptus globulus.jpg|Flowers and leaves

File:Starr_050818-4120_Eucalyptus_globulus.jpg|Fruit.

File:Eucalyptus Globulus fruit 3-6 valves.jpg|3, 4, 5 & 6 valved fruits.

File:Eucalyptus_globulus_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-147.jpg|An illustration from Köhler's Medicinal Plants (1887).

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globulus

Category:Myrtales of Australia

Category:Trees of Australia

Category:Flora of Tasmania

Category:Flora of Victoria (state)

Category:Taxa named by Jacques Labillardière

Category:Crops originating from Australia

Category:Medicinal plants of Oceania

Category:Trees of mild maritime climate

Category:Garden plants of Australia

Category:Ornamental trees

Category:Symbols of Tasmania