Evarcha flagellaris

Evarcha flagellaris is a species of jumping spider that was first described by Charles Haddad and Wanda Wesołowska in 2011.{{cite web|author=World Spider Catalog|year=2017|title=Evarcha flagellaris Haddad & Wesolowska, 2011|website=World Spider Catalog|publisher=Natural History Museum|place=Bern|url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/29372/Evarcha_flagellaris|version=18.0|access-date=20 July 2017}} It was one of over 500 species identified by the Polish arachnologist Wesołowska during her career, making her one of the most prolific in the field.{{sfn|Wiśniewski|2020|page=6}} They allocated it to the genus Evarcha, first circumscribed by Eugène Simon in 1902.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=60}} The genus is one of the largest, with members found on four continents.{{sfn|Prószyński|2018|page=132}}

In 1976, Jerzy Prószyński placed the genus was placed in the subfamily Pelleninae, along with the genera Bianor and Pellenes.{{sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003|page=540}} In Wayne Maddison's 2015 study of spider phylogenetic classification, the genus Evarcha was moved to the subtribe Plexippina.{{sfn|Maddison|2015|page=250}} This is a member of the tribe Plexippini, in the subclade Simonida in the clade Saltafresia.{{sfn|Maddison|2015|pages=246, 280}} It is closer to the genera Hyllus and Plexippus.{{sfn|Maddison|Bodner|Needham|2008|page=56}} Analysis of protein-coding genes showed it was particularly related to Telamonia.{{sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003|page=536}} In the following year, Prószyński added the genus to a group of genera named Evarchines, named after the genus, along with Hasarinella and Nigorella based on similarities in the spiders' copulatory organs.{{sfn|Prószyński|2017|page=51}}

Prószyński placed the spider in a new genus Evacin in 2018 based on its similarity to Evarcha striolata and difference to others Evarcha spiders.{{sfn|Prószyński|2017|page=146}} This designation is not widely accepted and the species remains in the Evarcha genus in the World Spider Catalog.{{sfn|Kropf|Blick|Brescovit|Chatzaki|2019|page=445}} The species is named for a Latin word for a whip and recalls the shape of the male embolus.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=63}}

Evarcha flagellaris is small with looks that are typical for the genus. The male has a carapace that is between {{convert|2.0|and|2.1|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} long and {{convert|1.5|and|1.6|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} wide.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=63}} It is oval, high and sloping.{{sfn|Dawidowicz|Wesołowska|2016|page=442}} The top is brown with an indistinct lighter streak in the middle, to the rear of which can be found dark patches made up of brown hairs. The eye field is black with white hairs at the front. White hairs can also be found on the spider's face or clypeus. The underside, or sternum, is yellow. The mouthparts are distinctive with light brown chelicerae, yellow labium and yellow maxillae.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=64}}

The male spider's abdomen is smaller than its carapace, measuring between {{convert|1.9|and|2.0|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} in length and having a width of typically {{convert|1.2|mm|in|abbr=on|2}}.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=63}} It is yellow on top with four brown stripes. The front portion is covered with an orange scutum fringed with thick brown bristles at the rear. The underside is pale. The spider has grey spinnerets. The yellow legs have dark stripes, brown hairs and many spines. The copulatory organs are distinctive. The pedipalp has a long straight projection from its tibia called a tibial apophysis. The palpal bulb is rounded with a bulge sticking out of the middle and a very long whip-like embolus with a slightly kinked end.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=64}}

The female is slightly larger than the male, with a carapace that is between {{convert|2.3|and|2.4|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} long and {{convert|1.7|and|1.8|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} wide and a substantially larger abdomen that is {{convert|3.3|and|3.6|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} long and {{convert|2.3|and|2.4|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} wide.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=63}} The carapace is paler than the male with the majority of the top yellow or light brown and the underside dark yellow. Some brown bristles can be seen, with whitish hairs visible near the eyes, which are surrounded by black rings. The clypeus is low and has a scattering of hairs. The mouthparts are dark yellow.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=64}}

The female abdomen is a yellowish-white ovoid with a similar, but less distinct pattern to the male. There are two beige stripes down the centre, lines of dark patches on the sides, and a few brown bristles scattered on the top. It lacks the scutum on the male. The underside is whitish and marked with two lines of beige dots. The spinnerets are light with grey tips. The spider's legs are yellow to orange with light brown hairs and spines. The copulatory organs are once again distinctive. It has two rounded, widely separated grooves on its epigyne and a very wide pocket at epigastric fold at the very rear of the spider. The copulatory openings lead to slightly-sclerotized and very wide insemination ducts that form a small series of loops on their way to the heavily sclerotized spermathecae or receptacles. These spermathecae are formed of many chambers.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=65}}

The species is similar to the related Evarcha striolata, differing in the presence of the scutum on the male abdomen and the shape of the carapace. The male has a shorter embolus and has a characteristic lump on the palpal bulb. The female is very similar to Evarcha elegans.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=63}} The male differs from the otherwise similar Evarcha karas in its narrow and pointed tibial apophysis and the way that it does not touch the embolus.{{sfn|Wesołowska|2011|page=314}}

Evarcha spiders live across the world, although those found in North America may be accidental migrants.{{sfn|Maddison|Hedin|2003|page=543}} The genus is found across Africa. Evarcha flagellaris lives in Kenya and South Africa. The male holotype for the species was found in the Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve in Free State in 2009. Examples have also been found across the state in Willem Pretorius Game Reserve. Other specimen have been collected in the Rustenburg Nature Reserve, North West, within the Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve in 1977 and 1980 and near Winterton, KwaZulu-Natal, in 2007.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=65}} The first example to be found in Kenya was discovered on the east slope of Mount Elgon in 1948 at an altitude of {{convert|2050|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.{{sfn|Dawidowicz|Wesołowska|2016|page=442}} It is only found in Trans-Nzoia County in the country.{{sfn|Kioko|Marusik|Li|Kioko|2021|page=148}}

The spider thrives in grasslands and woodlands. The holotype was found amongst Vachellia karroo trees. Other examples have been found in open fields, such as the edges of a plantation of kenaf crops.{{sfn|Haddad|Wesołowska|2011|page=65}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2320853}}

Category:Salticidae

Category:Fauna of Kenya

Category:Spiders of Africa

Category:Spiders of South Africa

Category:Spiders described in 2011

Category:Taxa named by Wanda Wesołowska