Ezekiel 8

The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}}

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^Q; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}{{efn|Ezekiel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.{{cite book| last= Shepherd|first= Michael |title= A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets | series= Kregel Exegetical Library | publisher= Kregel Academic | year= 2018 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_iNZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|isbn= 978-0825444593 | page= 13}}}}

: And it came to pass in the sixth year, in the sixth month, on the fifth day of the month,

:: as I sat in my house with the elders of Judah sitting before me,

: that the hand of the Lord God fell upon me there.{{bibleref2|Ezekiel|8:1|KJV}}: KJV

• "In the sixth year, in the sixth month, on the fifth day of the month": According to the New Oxford Annotated Bible,The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, Indexed. Michael D. Coogan, Marc Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, Editors. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 2007. pp. 1190-1191 Hebrew Bible. {{ISBN|978-0195288810}} this day falls on September 17, 592 BCE; this is also the result of calculations by German theologian Bernhard Lang.Lang, Bernhard (1981) Ezechiel. Darmstadt. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesselschaft, cited in Kee et al 2008, p. 209.

Ezekiel is depicted sitting in his own house, with the elders of Judah seated before him. The same format occurs in {{bibleref2|Ezekiel|14:1|NKJV}} and {{bibleref2-nb|Ezekiel|20:1|NKJV}}; theologian Julie Galambush suggests that "apparently the community recognized Ezekiel's prophetic status and regularly sought YHWH's oracles through him".

File:126.The Prophet Ezekiel.jpg, shown here in this illustration from 1866 by Gustave Doré, witnesses women mourning the death of Tammuz outside the Second Temple.{{sfn|Pryke|2017|page=195}}{{sfn|Warner|2016|page=211}}{{sfn|Middlemas|2005|pages=114–115}}]]

: So He brought me to the door of the north gate of the Lord’s house;

: and to my dismay,

:: women were sitting there weeping for Tammuz. (NKJV){{bibleref2|Ezekiel|8:14|NKJV}}

"Weeping for Tammuz": an "ancient ritual of Sumerian origin,"{{sfn|Clements|1996|p=38}} "counterpart of Sumerian Dumuzi, the fertility-god associated with shepherding and vegetation".{{sfn|Bromiley|1995|p=86}} The weeping is to commemorate the death of seasonal fertility, and the cult stresses for the mourning aspect of it.{{sfn|Bromiley|1995|p=87}} The Phoenicians called it "Adon" (or "Lord"), from where the Greek cult "Adonis" took root.{{sfn|Bromiley|1995|p=729}} The cult of Ishtar and Tammuz may have been introduced to the Kingdom of Judah during the reign of King Manasseh{{sfn|Pryke|2017|page=193}} and the Old Testament contains numerous allusions to them.{{sfn|Pryke|2017|pages=193–195}} Ezekiel's testimony is the only direct mention of Tammuz in the Hebrew Bible,{{sfn|Smith|2002|page=182}}{{sfn|Middlemas|2005|page=115}} but the cult of Tammuz may also be alluded to in {{bibleverse|Isaiah|17:10–11|9}}:{{sfn|Smith|2002|page=182}}{{sfn|Middlemas|2005|page=115}}

"Because thou hast forgotten the God of thy salvation, and hast not been mindful of the rock of thy strength, therefore shalt thou plant pleasant plants, and shalt set it with strange slips: In the day shalt thou make thy plant to grow, and in the morning shalt thou make thy seed to flourish: but the harvest shall be a heap in the day of grief and of desperate sorrow."

: So He brought me into the inner court of the Lord’s house; and there, at the door of the temple of the Lord, between the porch and the altar, were about twenty-five men with their backs toward the temple of the Lord and their faces toward the east, and they were worshiping the sun toward the east. (NKJV){{bibleref2|Ezekiel|8:16|NKJV}}

• "Worshipping the sun": This practice in Israel is mentioned in {{bibleref2|2 Kings|23:5,11}} and also "evidenced by artifacts".

• Jaazaniah the son of Shaphan
• Son of man
• Tammuz
• Related Bible parts: Joel 2, Luke 11, 2 Corinthians 12

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{citation|last=Breitenberger|first=Barbara|date=2007|title=Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFePRxm1jAC&q=Cyprus&pg=PA10|location=New York City, New York and London, England|isbn=978-0-415-96823-2}}
• {{cite book | last = Bromiley | first = Geoffrey W. | title = International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z | year = 1995 | publisher = Eerdmans| isbn = 9780802837844

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&pg=PA574}}

• {{Cite book |last = Clements |first = Ronald E |title = Ezekiel |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |year = 1996 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cB5WoWI3FRAC&pg=PA216

|isbn = 9780664252724 }}

• {{Cite book |last =Joyce |first= Paul M. |title =Ezekiel: A Commentary |publisher =Continuum |year =2009 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=LRepfsso2p0C |isbn =9780567483614

}}

• {{cite book | last1 = Kee |first1 = Howard Clark | title = The Cambridge Companion to the Bible | first2 = Eric M. | last2 = Meyers| first3 = John |last3 = Rogerson | first4 = Amy-Jill |last4 = Levine | first5 = Anthony J. | last5 = Saldarini | editor-first = Bruce | editor-last= Chilton | edition=2, revised | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780521691406}}
• {{citation|last=Middlemas|first=Jill|date=2005|title=The Troubles of Templeless Judah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrMUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199283866}}
• {{citation|last=Pryke|first=Louise M.|date=2017|title=Ishtar|publisher=Routledge|location=New York and London|isbn=978-1-138--86073-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ}}
• {{citation|last = Smith|first = Mark S.|date=2002|author-link = Mark S. Smith|title = The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&pg=PA28|edition = 2nd|isbn = 9780802839725}}
• {{citation|last1=van der Toorn|first1=Karel|last2=Becking|first2=Bob|last3=Willem|first3=Pieter|title=Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible|publisher=William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company|edition=second|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|date=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA8|isbn=978-0-8028-2491-2}}
• {{citation|last=Warner|first=Marina|date=2016|orig-year=1976|title=Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DATDAAAQBAJ|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-963994-6}}
• {{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

{{Wikisource|Ezekiel (Bible)}}

• [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1208.htm Ezekiel 8 Hebrew with Parallel English]
• [http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16106 Ezekiel 8 Hebrew with Rashi's Commentary]

{{Book of Ezekiel}}

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08

Category:Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Category:Adonis