Fall guy

{{Short description|Person who is wrongly blamed for a bad outcome}}

{{about|the usage and origins of the colloquial phrase|other uses of the term|Fall Guy (disambiguation){{!}}Fall Guy}}

Fall guy is a colloquial phrase that refers to a person to whom blame is deliberately and falsely attributed in order to deflect blame from another party.

Origin

The origin of the term "fall guy" is unknown and contentious. Many sources place it in the early 20th century,{{cite web|title=Origin of "fall guy" - alt.usage.english | Google Groups|url=https://groups.google.com/group/alt.usage.english/browse_thread/thread/01f4571ca01a5354/c7794bc822a3d42c?lnk=raot&&_done=%2Fgroup%2Falt.usage.english%2Fbrowse_thread%2Fthread%2F01f4571ca01a5354%2Fc7794bc822a3d42c%3Flnk%3Draot%26|access-date=2013-03-01}}{{better source|date=November 2022}} while some claim an earlier origin. In April 2007, William Safire promoted a search to unearth its origins.William Safire, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/magazine/01wwln-safire.t.html "Sweet Spot"], New York Times Magazine, 1 Apr 2007William Safire, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/29/magazine/29wwlnsafire.t.html "Fall Guy"], The New York Times Magazine, 29 Apr 2007{{what|So, what did Safire come up with? Two cites given, no indication.|date=November 2022}}

The term "fall guy" for one whom blame was directed upon in order to shield others had appeared in mass public culture in the U.S. at least by the 1920s. In 1925 it was the title of a Broadway play, The Fall Guy, by James Gleason and George Abbott, starring future Hollywood character actors Ernest Truex and Dorothy Patterson. This was turned into a crime film by Hollywood in 1930, The Fall Guy, with the "fall guy" again used by a gangster as an unwitting narcotics courier. It saw widespread use in the crime-dominated film noir era of the mid-to-late 1940s into the early 1950s.

A related use of "fall guy" was for one to be left "holding the bag",{{cite web|title=Q&A Left Holding the Bag|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-lef1.htm|publisher=World Wide Words|date=2002-11-30|access-date=2006-12-03| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070103051159/http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-lef1.htm| archive-date= 3 January 2007 | url-status= live}} meaning to be abandoned to be caught and implicated in a crime, particularly holding stolen goods, either by design or circumstance. This in turn led to the term bagholder, the victim of a fraudulent investment scheme. A related term was "patsy", which typically (but not exclusively) referred to someone set up before the fact to take a fall, as opposed to simply being left "holding the bag" when something went wrong in carrying out a crime.

= Errant Teapot Dome conflation=

One suggestion that has been made in popular culture but discounted by Safire{{how|date=October 2022}} is that the word's origin dates to the administration of U.S. President Warren G. Harding (1921–1923), when Albert B. Fall, a U.S. Senator from New Mexico who served as Secretary of the Interior during Harding's years in office, became notorious for his involvement in the infamous Teapot Dome Scandal.William Safire, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/29/magazine/29wwlnsafire.t.html "Fall Guy"], The New York Times Magazine, 29 Apr 2007{{better source needed|date=December 2020}}

= In the U.S. political arena =

A 1940s use of "fall guy" implying one inheriting work or responsibility - by default - appeared in the 1940s. A paper on "Isolationism is not dead" quotes an anonymous editorial from a paper in the Pacific Northwest on the topic of the Bretton Woods financial accord and the Food Conferences in which the US was depicted as the "fall guy, the one to carry the load".{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

By the 1950s the use of the term had morphed in the context of unions and industrial society to refer to the low man on the totem pole as one to whom the unpleasant tasks in a job or situation would be assigned.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

By the 1950s and 1960s, "fall guy" could be used in lieu of "whipping boy", someone to be ritually pilloried in the absence of (or avoiding punishing) a more specifically responsible party. In a 1960 paper called the "Politics of Pollution", Robert Bullard wrote public officials seeking to deflect criticism over landfills found a "fall guy" in the form of the faceless figures in "the federal government, state governments and private disposal companies".{{cite journal|last=Bullard|first=Robert D.|author2=Beverly Hendrix Wright |title=The Politics of Pollution: Implications for the Black Community|journal=Phylon|date=1986|volume=47|issue=1|pages=71–78 |jstor=274696 |doi=10.2307/274696}}

Examples

File:JFK Assassination File 104-10005-10321.pdf a "fall guy" for the assassination of John F. Kennedy]]

Some specific examples of the use of "fall guy" include:

Accused assassin of John F. Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald, was characterized as a "fall guy" in the traditional criminal sense (regardless of the fact that the assassination was a political event overlaying the criminal act of murder{{efn|The killing was a murder under Texas law, but it was not a federal crime to assassinate a President at that time.[https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/20/us/jfk-assassination-5-things] CNN, 5 Things you may not know about JFK’s assassination, "Despite the assassinations of three U.S. presidents – Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield and William McKinley – killing or attempting to harm a president wasn’t a federal offense until 1965, two years after Kennedy’s death."}}) by writer Joachim Joesten{{who|date=October 2022}} in the title of his 1964 book Oswald, Assassin or Fall Guy?.

:In reviewing the Joesten book for the New Times American journalist Victor Perlo reinforced the theme that Oswald "was 'a fall guy,' to use the parlance of the kind of men who must have planned the details of the assassination".{{cite web|url=http://karws.gso.uri.edu/jfk/The_critics/Joesten/Joestenbio.html |title=Biography of Joachim Joesten |publisher=Karws.gso.uri.edu |access-date=2013-03-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205201538/http://karws.gso.uri.edu/jfk/The_critics/Joesten/Joestenbio.html |archive-date=2012-02-05 }}

Former United States Attorney General John Mitchell claimed he was being set up as a "fall guy" in the traditional sense of one "hung out to dry" or left "holding the bag" in the Watergate scandal.{{cite news|last=Press |first=United |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/20/archives/mitchell-rejects-role-of-fall-guy-has-clear-conscience-says-he-did.html |title=MITCHELL REJECTS ROLE OF 'FALL GUY' - Has 'Clear Conscience' Says He Did Nothing Wrong 'Mentally 'or Morally' in the Watergate Scandal Mitchell Rejects 'Fall Guy' Role And Denies Guilt on Watergate |work=New York Times|date=1973-05-20 |access-date=2013-03-01}} In Public Doublespeak: On Mistakes and Misjudgments Terence Moran{{who|date=October 2022}} uses the term in reference to a transcript of both Richard Nixon and John Dean. He also cites a scene from The Maltese Falcon in which Wilmer, the young gunman, is sold out and left to "take the fall".{{cite journal|jstor=375189|title=Public Doublespeak: On Mistakes and Misjudgments|first=Terence P.|last=Moran|date=1 January 1975|journal=College English|volume=36|issue=7|pages=837–843|doi=10.2307/375189}}

The phrase was used regarding the Iran–Contra scandal by Representative Louis Stokes during a 1987 session of Congress, maintaining Oliver North chose to play a "fall guy" by remaining steadfast and loyal during the hearings to those he had worked for to protect them.See official transcript, but also "The discourse of American civil society: A new proposal for cultural studies". Jeffrey C. Alexander and Philip Smith. Theory & Society: Vol 22, No 2, p 189.