Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif

The Taliban captured Mazar-i-Sharif on 8 August 1998 and controlled it thereafter.{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/opposition-troops-closing-in-on-mazar-e-sharif-1.293743 |title=Opposition troops closing in on Mazari Sharif |access-date=2020-01-26 |archive-date=2020-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407050522/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/opposition-troops-closing-in-on-mazar-e-sharif-1.293743 |url-status=live }} After taking the city, Taliban fighters committed a massacre against its Shia population. This led to widespread international condemnation, and further isolation of the Taliban regime.Encarta Encyclopaedia Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Afghanistan. §5.7 de Taliban". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

The campaign to capture Mazar-i-Sharif began on October 17, 2001, when the CIA's eight-member Team Alpha landed in the Dari-a-Suf Valley, about 80 miles south of the city, to link up with General Abdul Rashid Dostum.Harnden, Toby, First Casualty: The Untold Story of the CIA Mission to Avenge 9/11. Little, Brown, 2021. p. 78 They were joined three days later by Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) 595 of the 5th Special Forces Group (United States) of the United States Army. One of the CIA officers involved was Johnny Micheal Spann.

In the days leading up to the battle, Northern Alliance troops advanced on population centers near the city, such as Shol Ghar, which is 25 kilometers from Mazar-i-Sharif. Phonelines into the city were severed, and American officials began reporting accounts of anti-Taliban forces charging Afghan tanks on horseback.Independent Online, [http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?sf=522&set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=ct20011108094547310W610109 US, Taliban both claim success in offensives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414124958/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?sf=522&set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=ct20011108094547310W610109 |date=2020-04-14 }}, November 8, 2001 On November 2, 2001, Green Berets from ODA 543 and three members of the CIA's Team BravoHarnden, "First Casualty," p. 116 inserted into the Dari-a-Balkh Valley, after being delayed by weather for several nights. Their role was to support General Mohammed Atta Nur and his militia. Together they fought through the Dari-e-Souf Valley and had linked up with Dostum and his force and ODA 595 and the CIA Team Alpha, who had also battled through the valley.Neville, Leigh, Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1472807908}}, p.38, p.41

Dostum led the ethnic-Uzbek-dominated faction of the Northern Alliance, the Junbish-i-Milli Islami Afghanistan, in an attack on the village of Keshendeh southwest of the city on November 4, seizing it with his horse-mounted troops.Chipman, Don. "Air power and the Battle for Mazar e Sharif", Spring 2003 General Noor, meanwhile, led 2,000 men of the ethnic-Tajik-dominated Jamiat-e Islami forces against the village of Ag Kupruk directly south of the city, along with six Special Forces soldiers and seven others{{Clarify|date = January 2015}} who directed bombing from behind Taliban lines north of the city. It was seized two days later. Ethnic Hazara forces of Mohammad Mohaqiq's Hezbe Wahdat took part in the offensive.

Propaganda leaflets were dropped from airplanes, showing a woman being struck by a man and asking if this was how the Afghans wanted to live, and listing the radio frequencies over which Americans would be broadcasting their own version of events. Meanwhile, U.S. Special Forces set up laser designators to serve as beacons for guided munitions, highlighting targets around the city.

On November 7, the New York University's Director of Studies on International Cooperation, Barnett Rubin, appeared before a hearing of the American House Committee on International Relations on "The Future of Afghanistan". He claimed that with Mazar-i-Sharif on the brink of invasion, the US was responsible to ensure that there were no reprisal killings of Taliban members by the Northern Alliance. He noted that when the city had been overrun (in 1997 and 1998), thousands had been murdered by both sides.United States House of Representatives, [http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa76058.000/hfa76058_0.htm The Future of Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103142735/http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa76058.000/hfa76058_0.htm |date=2009-01-03 }}, November 7, 2001

File:Laser designator- SOF in Afghanistan.jpg to direct aerial bombardments from the ground in 2001]]

On November 7 and 8, as the Taliban were moving 4,000 fighters across the countryside towards Mazar-i-Sharif in preparation for battle, AmericanThe Guardian, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/07/afghanistan.terrorism1 Taliban lose grip on Mazar i Sharif] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917214935/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/07/afghanistan.terrorism1 |date=2018-09-17 }}, November 7, 2001 B-52 bombers bombed Taliban defenders concentrated in the Cheshmeh-ye Shafa gorge that marked the southern entrance to the city, as well as the Haji Gak pass, which was the only Taliban-controlled entrance to the city. This was one of the heaviest campaigns up to that point.Independent Online, [http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?sf=522&set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=ct20011109093051810W610801 Taliban braces for battle over Mazar-e-Sharif] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414125002/https://www.iol.co.za/index.php?sf=522&set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=ct20011109093051810W610801 |date=2020-04-14 }}, November 9, 2001 In 2009, former Taliban commander Maulvi Abdul Akhundzada shared a chilling account of the horrors they witnessed during the bombing:

"When the bombing started, I was commanding some 400 fighters on the front lines near Mazar-e Sharif. The bombs cut down our men like a reaper harvesting wheat. Bodies were dismembered. Dazed fighters were bleeding from the ears and nose from the bombs' concussions. We couldn't bury the dead. Our reinforcements died in their trenches."{{cite book |last1=Yousafzai |first1=Sami |title=The Taliban's Oral History of the Afghanistan War |date=25 September 2009 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/talibans-oral-history-afghanistan-war-79553 |language=en}}

Nevertheless, the Taliban claimed they had infiltrated 500 fighters into the city to prepare for the coming battle.

File:US soldiers on horseback 2001 Afghanistan.jpg and U.S. Air Force Combat Controllers in "the first American cavalry charge of the 21st century"Rumsfeld, Donald. "Annual Report to the President and the Congress", 2002. Chapter 3. with General Dostum and his forces (Taken October 2001)]]

On November 9, 2001, members of the two ODAs and the CIA teams positioned themselves in mountainside hides and began calling in airstrikes against the Taliban at Tangi Pass - the gateway from the Balkh Valley to the city where the US and Northern Alliance agreed to attack. The Taliban responded with indirect fire from BM-21 Grad rockets, which were quickly suppressed by orbiting air support. The airstrikes took their toll on the Taliban and at a signal Atta and Dostum Northern Alliance forces began their assault by foot, horseback, pickup trucks and some captured BMP armored personnel carriers.Neville, Leigh, Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1472807908}}, p.41

Initial rumors claimed that the fighters holding the city were unimpressed by the American bombardment and believed that their opponents refused to advance on the city. At 2 p.m. Northern Alliance forces, under the command of Dostum and Ustad Atta Mohammed Noor, swept across the Pul-i-Imam Bukhri bridgeThe Guardian, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/09/afghanistan.terrorism7 Taliban fall in Mazar-e-Sharif] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307211637/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/09/afghanistan.terrorism7 |date=2016-03-07 }}, November 9, 2001 and seized the city's main military base and the Mazar-e Sharif International Airport.[https://web.archive.org/web/20011110004447/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,183885,00.html Rebels: Mazari Sharif is Ours - TIME] The "ragtag" non-uniformed Northern Alliance forces entered the city from the Balk Valley on "begged, borrowed and confiscated transportation",Hess, Pamela UPI, "US forces on horseback fighting Taliban", November 16, 2001 and met only light resistance.Cahlink, George. [http://www.govexec.com/features/1202/1202s4.htm Building a Presence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905054617/http://www.govexec.com/features/1202/1202s4.htm |date=2008-09-05 }}, December 15, 2002"Special Warfare journal", "The Liberation of Mazar e Sharif: 5th SF group conducts UW in Afghanistan", June 1, 2002

After outlying villages fell to precision air strikes on key command and control centers, approximately 5,000-12,000 Taliban combatants as well as members of al-Qaeda{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/campaign/etc/cron.html |title=Chronology {{!}} Campaign Against Terror {{!}} FRONTLINE {{!}} PBS |website=PBS |access-date=2017-08-27 |archive-date=2018-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033209/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/campaign/etc/cron.html |url-status=live }} and other foreign fighters began to withdraw towards Kunduz to regroup, travelling in pickup trucks, SUVs and flatbed trucks fitted with ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft guns modified for ground combat.Harding, Luke. The Guardian, [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/1123-02.htm Fear of Bloodbath as Alliance advances on Kunduz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205033153/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/1123-02.htm |date=2006-12-05 }}, November 23, 2001 By sunset, the Taliban forces had retreated to the north and east. Some feared that they were massing for a counter-offensive. It was later estimated that 400-600 people died in the battle, although it was not possible to separate civilian and combatant deaths.Los Angeles Times, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-nov-23-mn-7448-story.html Mazar i Sharif yields 400 to 600 bodies], November 23, 2001 Approximately 1,500 Taliban were captured or defected.

File:March 2002 photo of destruction to Sultan Razia school.PNG

As many as 900 Pakistani volunteers reached Mazar-i-Sharif in the following days while the majority of the Taliban were evacuating. Many of these fighters were recruited by a Pakistani Mullah, Sufi Mohammed, who used a loudspeaker riveted onto a pickup truck which blared: "Those who die fighting for God don't die! Those who go on jihad live forever, in paradise!"Seattle Times, [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20020729/survivor29/abducted-innocence-boy-lured-by-taliban-now-held-as-slave Boy lured by Taliban, now held as slave], July 29, 2002The Washington Post, "Taliban's Allies Lost in Strange City", November 11, 2001

When these volunteers reached the city in the days when the Taliban were evacuating, many of them were alone and confused. The group, chiefly consisting of teenage boys, gathered in the Sultan Razia Girls' School, where they began negotiating their surrender, but hundreds of them were ultimately killed. For almost two days as the group gathered in the abandoned Sultan Razia Girls' School and built up their fighting positions, the town officials and Northern Alliance attempted negotiations for their surrender, but the fighters vehemently refused, ultimately killing two peace envoys, one town mullah and a soldier escort. All the while they constantly fired at anyone who moved within the vicinity of the building, including civilian bystanders.

After the envoys' murder, the Northern Alliance began returning fire on the school with machine guns. This gun battle went on for hours. Inside the battered school, someone scrawled on the walls the words of their mullah, "Die for Pakistan", "Never surrender" and "Our philosophy has been surrender or die."The Daily Telegraph, [https://archive.today/20130505064918/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1363124/600-bodies-found-in-Mazar-e-Sharif.html 600 bodies found in Mazar-e-Sharif], November 22, 2001Department of State, [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8222.htm Afghanistan: Country Reports on Human Rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122172956/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8222.htm |date=2020-01-22 }}, 2001Stern, Marcus. Copley News Service, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060816005844/http://www.copleydc.com/marc_mazarschool_0.html Once, it was a girls school]}}

At mid-afternoon, U.S. military advisers approved the building for a bombing run. Army Col. Rick Thomas of the U.S. Central Command said they had determined the school was an appropriate target.

Officials from the United Nations and other organisations claimed that a massacre by Northern Alliance troops had followed after the defenders surrendered in the school, moments before an American warplane dropped two, or four, 1000-pound bombs. The fighters scattered quickly to escape, and the Northern Alliance shot at them as they fled, resulting in an alleged 800 fatalities. Later reports suggested instead that the Northern Alliance had shelled the school, rather than an American warplane dropping bombs on it, but following the battle, United States Air Force Sgt. Stephen E. Tomat was awarded the Silver Star for calling in the air strike on six vehicles and the school.{{Cite web |url=http://www.homeofheroes.com/valor/08_WOT/ss_GWOT/citations_USAF.html |title=Silver Star Citation: Tomat, Stephen E. |access-date=2009-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302204838/http://www.homeofheroes.com/valor/08_WOT/ss_GWOT/citations_USAF.html |archive-date=2018-03-02 |url-status=dead }}Struck, Doug. The Washington Post, [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20011112/insidemazar12/fleeing-taliban-left-pakistanis-in-mazar-e-sharif Fleeing Taliban left Pakistanis in Mazar-e-Sharif], November 12, 2001Neal, A1C Jason A. 43rd Airlift Wing Public Affairs, "Silver cross awarded to three airmen", 2002Military Times, [http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=3783 Medal of Honor Citations for Stephen Tomat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813211142/http://www.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=3783 |date=2014-08-13 }}Call, Steve. "Danger Close: Tactical Air Controllers in Afghanistan and Iraq", 2007. p. 22-23 {{Clear}}

File:December 2001 Mazar Airfield.jpg

File:Students of Sultan Razia Girls School in 2002.jpg

The fall of the city proved to be a "major shock",Call, Steve. "Danger Close", {{ISBN|1-58544-624-6}}, 2007. pp. 24-25 since the United States Central Command had originally believed that the city would remain in Taliban hands well into the following yearMaloney, Sean M. [http://www.army.mil/professionalwriting/volumes/volume2/october_2004/10_04_1.html Afghanistan: From here to eternity?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115064058/http://www.army.mil/professionalwriting/volumes/volume2/october_2004/10_04_1.html |date=2009-01-15 }}, Spring 2004 and that any battle would be "a very slow advance". Mazar-i-Sharif was strategically important. Its capture opened supply routes and provided an airstrip inside the country for American aircraft.The New York Times, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E4D61438F933A25752C1A9679C8B63&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/F/Food The Battle for Mazar-e-Sharif] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407050545/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/10/opinion/the-battle-for-mazar-i-sharif.html |date=2020-04-07 }}, November 10, 2001 The battle was the Taliban's first major defeat and precipitated a rapid transfer of territory in northern Afghanistan.{{cite news| title=A view from behind the lines in the US air war: Special operatives are key to the success of American airstrikes in Afghanistan| work=The Christian Science Monitor| author=Scott Peterson|author-link=Scott Peterson (journalist)| date=December 4, 2001}}Feinberg, Cara. The American Prospect, [http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=opportunity_and_danger Opportunity and Danger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810205725/http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=opportunity_and_danger |date=2011-08-10 }}, November 15, 2001 Following rumors that Mullah Dadullah might be headed to recapture the city with as many as 8,000 Taliban fighters, a thousand U.S. Army Rangers were airlifted into the city, which provided the first solid foothold from which Kabul and Kandahar could be reached.Khan, M. Ismail. DAWN, [http://www.dawn.com/2001/11/10/top2.htm Mazar falls to Alliance: Taliban says they're regrouping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110035824/http://www.dawn.com/2001/11/10/top2.htm |date=2010-11-10 }}, November 10, 2001Crane, Conrad. [http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ssi/crane_hydra.pdf Facing the Hydra: Maintaining Strategic Balance while Pursuing a Global War Against Terrorism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829044457/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ssi/crane_hydra.pdf |date=2017-08-29 }}, May 2002

US Army Civil Affairs Teams from the 96th Civil Affairs Battalion and Tactical Psychological Operations Teams from the 4th Psychological Operations Group assigned to both the Green Berets and Task Force Dagger were immediately deployed to Mazar-e-Sharif to assist in winning the hearts and minds of the inhabitants.Neville, Leigh, Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1472807908}}, p.42

The fall of the city generated reports of jubilant excitement among locals,Karon, Tony. TIME, [https://web.archive.org/web/20011110004447/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,183885,00.html Mazar-i Sharif is ours], November 9, 2001 followed by reports of summary executions and the kidnapping of civilians by the Northern Alliance.Zia, Amir. Associated Press, "UN Reports Mazar-e-Sharif executions", November 12, 2001 The Pakistani prisoners who were captured fleeing the school were held as "slaves" and often sexually abused by their Northern Alliance captors, who demanded a ransom from their families for their return. The American-backed forces now controlling the city immediately began broadcasting from Radio Mazar-e-Sharif, the former Taliban Voice of Sharia channel, on 1584 kHz,Clandestine Radio Watch, [http://www.schoechi.de/crw/crw088e.html Afghan Balkh radio from Balkh Province, Mazar-e Sharif, inDari 10 Nov 01 (via BBCM via DXLD 1-169)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114013750/http://www.schoechi.de/crw/crw088e.html |date=2009-01-14 }} including an address from former President Burhanuddin Rabbani. Foreign media outlets were denied access to American troops or to battle sites at this time.Rich, Frank. "The Greatest Story Ever Sold", 2006. p. 30

The airfield, the city's main prize for the Americans, had been badly damaged by their bombardment and had been boobytrapped with explosives planted by the Taliban in and around the property as they left. This created a rift between the United Kingdom and the United States. The former charged that the aerial bombardment had been ill-advised, that the United States had failed to pay sufficient attention to humanitarian concerns and had refused to consult with its allies.Kellner, Douglas. "From 9/11 to Terror War", 2003. p. 112 The destroyed runways were patched by Afghans. The first cargo plane landed ten days after the battle. The airbase was not declared operational until December 11. While prior military flights had had to be launched from Uzbekistan or aircraft carriers in the Arabian Sea, the Americans now could fly more frequent sorties against the Taliban frontlines, carrying heavier payloads that replace the fuel necessary for the longer flights.Dolan, Chris J. "In War We Trust", 2005. p. 150

The Turkistan Islamic Party's "Islamic Turkistan" magazine in its 4th edition released an obituary of Bilal all Turkistani who was killed in 1422 Hijri year in Afghanistan during the fall of the Taliban's Islamic Emirate in Mazar e Sharif's Ganja fortress.{{cite magazine |author=عبد الله منصور |date= |title=الشهيد الشيخ بلال التركستاني - (كما نحسبه) |url=https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/e1b8a5izb-al-islc481mc4ab-al-turkistc481nc4abs-turkistan-islamic-party-22turkistc481n-al-islc481mc4abyyah-422.pdf |magazine=تركستان الإسلامية |issue=السنة الأولى العدد الرابع |page=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923053439/https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/e1b8a5izb-al-islc481mc4ab-al-turkistc481nc4abs-turkistan-islamic-party-22turkistc481n-al-islc481mc4abyyah-422.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-23 |url-status=dead }}

After the battle, the Northern Alliance advanced towards the city of Kunduz, which was the last remaining Taliban stronghold in northern Afghanistan. The siege lasted two weeks with the city being captured on November 25.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/22/afghanistan.brianwhitaker |title= Northern stronghold ready to capitulate |access-date=2009-08-15 |last= Harding |first=Luke |author2=Watt, Nicholas |author3=Whitaker, Brian |date=22 November 2001 |work=The Guardian}} Around 8,000 Taliban fighters were captured. They were taken to Mazar-i-Sharif and then to Sheberghan prison in Jowzjan Province. Between 400 and 3,000 prisoners were reportedly massacred by the Northern Alliance during the journey and buried in mass graves in the Dasht-e Leili desert west of Sheberghan.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/14/afghanistan.lukeharding|title=Afghan Massacre Haunts Pentagon |work=The Guardian|date=2002-09-14 |location=London |first=Luke |last=Harding |access-date=2010-05-12}}

The fall of Mazar-i-Sharif and the events surrounding it were dramatized in the 2018 film 12 Strong, directed by Nicolai Fuglsig and based on the book Horse Soldiers by Doug Stanton.

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Afghanistan War|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazar-i-Sharif, Fall Of}}

Category:United States invasion of Afghanistan

Category:Sieges of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)

Category:Battles of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) involving the United States

Category:Operations involving American special forces

Category:21st century in Balkh Province

Category:November 2001 in Afghanistan

Category:Battles in 2001

Category:Battles involving the Taliban

Category:Al-Qaeda activities

Category:2000s sieges