Farman MF.7

{{Infobox aircraft

|name = MF.7

|image = Maurice Farman Longhorn S.7 (MF.7) two-seat reconnaissance and trainer biplane (IWM Q 67057).jpg

|caption =

|type = Reconnaissance

|manufacturer = Farman Aviation Works

|designer = Maurice Farman

|first_flight =

|introduction =

|retired = 1922

|status =

|primary_user = French Air Force

|more_users = Royal Flying Corps
Australian Flying Corps
Royal Danish Air Force

|produced =

|number_built =

|unit cost =

|developed_from =

|variants =

}}

The Maurice Farman MF.7 Longhorn is a French biplane developed before World War I which was used for reconnaissance by both the French and British air services in the early stages of the war before being relegated to service as a trainer.

Design and development

File:Maurice Farman 1910.jpg

File:IAN F2330a Biplane Maurice Farman 7 Longhorn Preveza 1912.jpg in 1912]]

File:IAN F2330b Biplane Maurice Farman 7 Longhorn Preveza 1913.jpg in 1913]]

The "Longhorn" is a three bay biplane with a forward elevator mounted on upcurved extensions of the landing skids and an empennage carried on four booms consisting of biplane horizontal stabilizers with an elevator attached to the trailing edge of the upper surface and twin rudders. The airframe was constructed using a combination of ash and silver spruce, and many of the members including the outer interplane struts and the outrigger booms carrying the tail surfaces are hollow.

It is powered by a Renault air-cooled V8 engine driving a pusher propeller mounted at the back of a fabric-covered nacelle. The propeller is mounted on the engine's camshaft, and therefore revolves at half the engine speed. Its name was derived from the distinctive front-mounted elevator and elongated skids.

The design originated with Maurice Farman's second aircraft, which was built in 1910. This was {{convert|12.75|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and had upper and lower wings both spanning {{convert|11|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The wings had rounded ends and the outer pair of interplane struts were fabric-covered to form voisin-style side curtains. The undercarriage was also of Voisin pattern, with a pair of mainwheels mounted on trailing arms below the skids. Lateral control was effected by ailerons mounted on the lower wings only. Pitch control was effected solely by a front-mounted elevator, the tail surfaces consisting of biplane fixed stabilizing surfaces and twin rudders. The gap between the wings was 1.5 m (5 ft).{{cite journal|journal=l'Aérophile|date=June 1910|title=Le Biplan Maurice Farman 1910 |language=fr|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65639070/f253.image.|pages=251–3}}

The side curtains were soon removed, and subsequent aircraft, including that flown by Maurice Tabateau to win the 1910 Coupe Michelin, had square-ended wings and modified tail surfaces, with an elevator added to the upper rear stabilizer.

The 1911 Maurice Farman aircraft flown to win the Michelin Puy de Dôme prize had an increased wingspan, the upper wing spanning 16 m (52 ft 6 in) and the lower 14.5 m (47 ft 7 in). Ailerons were mounted on both upper and lower wings. The undercarriage now had two pairs of wheels attached to the skids using elastic cords.{{cite journal|journal=l'Aérophile|date=15 March 1911|title=Le Biplan Maurice Farman de Pais-Puy de Dome |language=fr|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65523525/f132.image|pages=126–7}}

The Maurice Farman is the subject of a detailed technical description in the issue of Flight dated 6 July 1912. This describes it as a new type but also notes that in essence, the design was at least two years old. The aircraft described differs from earlier aircraft principally in having a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) gap between the wings.{{cite journal|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1912/1912%20-%200604.html|journal=Flight|date=6 July 1911|title =The Maurice Farman Biplane|pages=603–6 }}

Operational history

=Early civil flights=

Early versions of the design were used for instruction purposes at Maurice Farman's flying school at Buc.

On October 28, 1910 Maurice Tabateau won the Coupe Michelin prize by flying {{convert|464.72|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 6 hr 1 min 35 s {{cite journal|journal=l'Aérophile|date=15 November 1910|title=Pour La Coupe Michelin 1910 |language=fr|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65639070/f508.image.|page=506}}

On 7 March 1911 Eugène Renaux flew an example to win the Michelin Prize offered for a passenger-carrying flight from Paris to the summit of the Puy de Dôme.{{cite journal|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1911/1911%20-%200205.html|journal=Flight|date=11 March 1911|title =Renaux wins the Michelin Puy de Dome Prize}}

A variant with an extra bay, increasing the span of the upper wing to {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}, was used by Géo Fourny to set an endurance record of {{convert|720|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 11 hr 29 min 11 s on 2 September 1911. This was one of the two aircraft entered by Maurice Farman for the French military aircraft competition held in November 1911.{{cite journal|journal=l'Aérophile|date=15 September 1911|title=Les Records de Distance et Durée San Escale |language=fr|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65523525/f445.image|pages=439–40}} The second aircraft was of similar span, but was rigged so that it had staggered wings.

=Military use=

The Australian Flying Corps (AFC), provided with the MF.7 by the British Indian Army, operated it during the Mesopotamian campaign of 1915–16.
Some Maurice Farman 7 were sold to Spain and served with the Servicio de Aeronáutica Military since 1913.
Four MF.7s were sold to Norway and served with the Norwegian Army Air Service.
MF.7s were used by the Imperial Japanese forces in the World War I Battle of Tsingtao, with one downed by the German force's sole working aircraft. This was the first documented downing of an airplane in battle.
A Greek example was converted to a hydroplane flown by Michael Moutoussis with Aristeidis Moraitinis as observer and carried out the world's first air-naval co-operation mission during the First Balkan War.

Operators

;{{UK}}

Royal Flying Corps{{harvnb|Bruce|1982|p=241}}
No. 2 Squadron RFC
No. 3 Squadron RFC
No. 4 Squadron RFC
No. 5 Squadron RFC
No. 6 Squadron RFC
No. 7 Squadron RFC
No. 9 Squadron RFC
No. 15 Squadron RFC
No. 30 Squadron RFC
No. 41 Squadron RFC

;{{AUS}}

Australian Flying Corps
Central Flying School AFC at Point Cook, Victoria
Mesopotamian Half Flight

;{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}

Corpo Aeronautico Militare

;{{ESP}}

Spanish Air Force

;{{MEX}}

Mexican Air Force

;{{FRA}}

French Air Force

;{{BEL}}

Belgian Air Force

;{{NOR}}

Norwegian Army Air Service operated four aircraft until the late 1920s

;{{JPN}}

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

;{{DEN}}

Royal Danish Air Force

;{{RUS}}

Imperial Russian Air Service

;{{flag|Greece|royal}}

Survivors

Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Paris
Norsk Teknisk Museum, Oslo

Specifications (MF.7)

{{Aircraft specs

|ref=Encyclopedia of Military AircraftJackson, Robert, The Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, Paragon, 2002. {{ISBN|0-7525-8130-9}}{{cite book| last = Angelucci| first = Enzo|title = The Rand McNally encyclopedia of military aircraft, 1914-1980| publisher = The Military Press| date = 1983| pages = 21| isbn = 0-517-41021-4 }}

|prime units?=met

|crew=2

|length m=11.35

|span m=15.4

|height m=3.45

|gross weight kg=855

|eng1 number=1

|eng1 name=Renault 70 hp

|eng1 type=V-8 air-cooled piston engine

|eng1 kw=52

|max speed kmh=95

|ceiling m=4,000

}}

References

Bibliography

{{cite book |last1=Liron |first1=Jean |title=Les avions Farman |year=1984 |publisher=Éditions Larivière |location=Paris |oclc=37146471|series=Collection Docavia|volume=21}}
{{cite book |last=Bruce |first=J. M. |title=The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing) |year=1982 |location=London |publisher=Putnam |isbn=0-370-30084-X}}

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234752/http://www.luftfahrtmuseum.com/htmi/itf/mf7lh.htm Luftfahrtmuseum]
{{cite journal |date=July 6, 1912 |title=The Maurice Farman Biplane |format=PDF |journal=Flight |volume=IV |issue=27 |id=No. 184 |pages=603–606 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1912/1912%20-%200603.html |access-date=June 10, 2011 }} Contemporary technical description of the MF.7 with photographs and drawings.

MF.07

Category:1910s French sport aircraft

Category:1910s French military trainer aircraft

Category:1910s French military reconnaissance aircraft

Category:Aircraft first flown in 1912

Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft

Category:Canard aircraft

Category:Biplanes