Faustina the Younger

File:0 Faustina Minor - Palazzo Massimo alle Terme - Rome.JPG

Faustina, named after her mother, was her parents' fourth and youngest child and second daughter; she was also their only child to survive to adulthood. She was born and raised in Rome.{{CN|date=May 2024}}

Her second cousin three times removed, Hadrian, had arranged with her father for Faustina to marry Lucius Verus. On 25 February 138, she and Verus were betrothed. Verus' father was Hadrian's first adopted son and his intended heir; however, when Verus' father died, Hadrian chose Faustina's father to be his second adopted son, and eventually, he became Hadrian's successor. Faustina's father ended the engagement between his daughter and Verus and arranged for Faustina's betrothal to her biological maternal cousin, Marcus Aurelius; Aurelius was also adopted by her father.{{CN|date=May 2024}}

File:Marcus Aurelius bust Istanbul Archaeological Museum - inv. 5129 T.jpg, Turkey]]

In April or May 145,{{sfn|Levick|2014|pages=170}} Faustina and Marcus Aurelius were married, as had been planned since 138. Since Aurelius was, by adoption, Antoninus Pius' son, under Roman law he was marrying his sister; Antoninus would have had to formally release one or the other from his paternal authority (his patria potestas) for the ceremony to take place.{{sfn|Birley|2000|pages=90–91}} Little is specifically known of the ceremony, but it is said to have been "noteworthy".{{citation |work=Historia Augusta |title=Antoninus Pius |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Antoninus_Pius*.html#10 |at=10.2}}, qtd. and tr. {{harv|Birley|2000|page=91}}. Coins were issued with the heads of the couple, and Antoninus, as Pontifex maximus, would have officiated. Marcus makes no apparent reference to the marriage in his surviving letters, and only sparing references to Faustina.{{sfn|Birley|2000|page=91}} Faustina was given the title of Augusta on 1 December 147 after the birth of her first child, Domitia Faustina.{{sfn|Levick|2014|pages=63, 170}}

When Antoninus died on 7 March 161, Marcus and Lucius Verus ascended to the throne and became co-rulers. Faustina then became empress. Following the birth of her first child in 147, Faustina obtained the title of Augusta granted to her by the Senate, before her husband Marcus Aurelius became Augustus himself in 161.{{Cite journal |last=Madenholm |first=Terry |date=14 December 2021 |title=Before Barbie: Why Girls Played With Dolls in the Roman Empire |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-12-14/ty-article/before-barbie-why-girls-played-with-dolls-in-the-roman-empire/0000017f-e846-df2c-a1ff-fe571ff80000 |journal=Haaretz}}

File:Aureus struck under Antoninus Pius depicting Faustina the Younger.jpg of Antoninus Pius, struck at the Rome mint, dated c. 147–152. Obv: Bust of Faustina the Younger. Rev: Goddess Concordia standing.]]

Not much has survived from the Roman sources regarding Faustina's life, but what is available does not give a good report. Cassius Dio and the unreliable Historia Augusta accuse Faustina of ordering deaths by poison and execution; she has also been accused of instigating the revolt of Avidius Cassius against her husband. The Historia Augusta mentions adultery with sailors, gladiators, and men of rank; however, Faustina and Aurelius seem to have been very close and mutually devoted.{{Cite web |title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG140785 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=www.britishmuseum.org}}

Faustina accompanied her husband on various military campaigns and enjoyed the excessive love and reverence of Roman soldiers. Aurelius gave her the title of Mater Castrorum or 'Mother of the Camp'. She attempted to make her home out of an army camp. Between 170 and 175, she was in the north, and in 175, she accompanied Aurelius to the east.

File:Faustina (Minor) - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5480793.jpg of Marcus Aurelius, struck at the Rome mint, dated 174. Obv: Bust of Faustina the Younger. Rev: Juno standing.]]

That same year, 175, Aurelius's general Avidius Cassius was proclaimed Roman emperor after the erroneous news of Marcus's death;{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=184}} the sources indicate Cassius was encouraged by Marcus' wife Faustina, who was concerned about her husband's failing health, believing him to be on the verge of death, and felt the need for Cassius to act as a protector in this event, since her son Commodus, aged 13, was still young.{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=184}}{{sfn|Smith|1870|p=441}} She also wanted someone who would act as a counter-weight to the claims of Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, who was in a strong position to take the office of Princeps in the event of Marcus's death.{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=185}} The evidence, including Marcus's own Meditations, supports the idea that Marcus was indeed quite ill,{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=185}} but by the time Marcus recovered, Cassius was already fully acclaimed by the Egyptian legions of II Traiana Fortis and XXII Deiotariana.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

"After a dream of empire lasting three months and six days", Cassius was murdered by a centurion;{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=189}} his head was sent to Marcus Aurelius, who refused to see it and ordered it buried.{{sfn|Smith|1870|p=441}} Egypt recognized Marcus as emperor again by 28 July 175.{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=189}}

The facts concerning the death of Faustina are not definite. She died in the winter of 175 at the military camp in Halala (a city in the Taurus Mountains in Cappadocia). The causes of her death are of speculation of scholars and range from death from natural causes, suicide, an accident, or even possibly assassination in retaliation for her alleged affair with Cassius earlier that year, depending on the source. {{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

Aurelius grieved much for his wife and buried her in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome. She was deified, with her statue placed in the Temple of Venus in Rome and a temple dedicated to her in her honor. Halala's name was changed to Faustinopolis and Aurelius opened charity schools for orphan girls called Puellae Faustinianae or 'Girls of Faustina'.{{citation |work=Historia Augusta |title=Life of Marcus Aurelius |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius/2*.html#26 |at=26.4–9 |access-date=31 March 2014}} The Baths of Faustina in Miletus are named after her.

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|caption1=Sestertius celebrating the birth of Commodus and his twin brother

|caption2=Marble statue of Faustina's daughter and joint empress Lucilla, Bardo National Museum, Tunisia

|caption3=Commodus as Hercules, Capitoline Museums

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In their thirty years of marriage, Faustina and Marcus Aurelius had at least fourteen children, including two sets of twins. Only six of them survived to adulthood, five daughters and the son Commodus.{{Cite book |last=Birley |first=Anthony R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYRFge0NnsC&q=Anthony+Birley%2C+Marcus+Aurelius |title=Marcus Aurelius: A Biography |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-69569-0 |pages=103–108, 114, 206–208 |language=en}}

Faustina's role as a mother was glorified, and with the birth of her daughter Fadilla, coins were issued portraying her as Juno Lucina.

Their known children were:

• Domitia Faustina (147–151), died in childhood;
• Titus Aelius Antoninus (born and died in 149), twin of Aurelius, died in infancy;
• Titus Aelius Aurelius (born and died in 149), twin of Antoninus, died in infancy;
• Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (150–182), married her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus, then Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, had issue from both marriages;
• Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (born in 151), married Gnaeus Claudius Severus, had a son;
• Tiberius Aelius Antoninus (born in 152, died before 156), died in childhood;
• Unknown child (died before 158), died in childhood;
• Annia Aurelia Fadilla (born in 159), married Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus, had issue;
• Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (born in 160), married Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus, had a son;
• Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (161–165), elder twin brother of Commodus, died in childhood;
• Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (Commodus) (161–192), twin brother of Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, later emperor, married Bruttia Crispina, no issue;
• Marcus Annius Verus Caesar (162–169), died in childhood;
• Hadrianus, died in infancy;
• Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170 – died before 217), married Lucius Antistius Burrus, no issue.

{{Nerva-Antonine family tree|state=collapsed}}

{{reflist}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book |last1=Beckmann |first1=Martin |title=Faustina the Younger: coinage, portraits, and public image |date=2021 |publisher=American Numismatic Society |location=New York |isbn=9780897223669}}
• {{cite book|first=Anthony R. |last=Birley |title=Marcus Aurelius: A Biography |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |author-link=Anthony Birley |isbn=0415171253 }}
• {{cite book|last=Birley|first=Anthony|author-link=Anthony Birley|title=Marcus Aurelius: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrIMlfGg2uoC|publisher=Taylor & Francis e-Library|location=London and New York|year=2001|series=Roman Imperial Biographies|isbn=978-0415171250}}
• {{cite book|first=Barbara |last=Levick |date=2014 |title=Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195379419 }}
• {{cite book|last=Minaud |first=Gérard |title=Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romain – Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés |location=Paris |publisher=L'Harmattan |date=2012 |chapter=La vie de Faustine, femme de Marc-Aurèle|trans-chapter=The life of Faustina, wife of Marcus Aurelius |pages=189–210 |language=fr}}
• {{cite book|last=Priwitzer |first=Stefan |title=Faustina minor – Ehefrau eines Idealkaisers und Mutter eines Tyrannen. Quellenkritische Untersuchungen zum dynastischen Potential, zur Darstellung und zu Handlungsspielräumen von Kaiserfrauen im Prinzipat |trans-title=Faustina minor - wife of an ideal emperor and mother of a tyrant. Source-critical analyses of the dynastic potential, representation and scope for action of imperial wives in the Principate |location=Bonn |publisher=Dr. Rudolf Habelt |date=2008 |series=Tübinger althistorische Studien, 6}}
• Scriptores Historiae Augustae (nominally Julius Capitolinus), Marcus Antoninus xix.1–9, xxvi.4–5, 7–9, xxix.1–3
• {{cite book|last=Smith |date=1870 |first=William |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology |author-link=William Smith (lexicographer)}}

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Faustina Minor}}

• {{wikisource inline|list=
• {{cite Americana|wstitle=Faustina, Annia |page=68|short=x|noicon=x}}
• {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Faustina, Annia Galeria|volume=10|page=213|short=x|noicon=x}}

}}

• {{cite web | title=Faustina II | website=Livius | date=28 July 2013 | url=https://www.livius.org/fa-fn/faustina/faustina_ii.html | access-date=18 August 2018 | archive-date=18 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518103206/http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/faustina/faustina_ii.html | url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |url=http://www.forumancientcoins.com/historia/coins/r3/r1321.htm |title=Roman Empire: Faustina Junior (II) (Annia Galeria Faustina) |website=www.forumancientcoins.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105013412/http://www.forumancientcoins.com/historia/coins/r3/r1321.htm |archive-date=5 January 2007}}
• {{cite web | title=DIR Marcus Aurelius | website=Roman Emperors | date=30 January 2001 | url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/marcaur.htm | access-date=18 August 2018}}
• {{cite web |url=http://www.johnbmcnamara.com/cpr027.htm |title=Huge Roman Bronze Sestertius of Diva Faustina Coin Pebdant |website=www.johnbmcnamara.com

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209191018/http://www.johnbmcnamara.com/cpr027.htm |archive-date=9 December 2006}}

• {{cite web |url=http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Faustina%20Junior |title=Faustina The Younger |website=The Collaborative Numismatics Project

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706035308/http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Faustina%20Junior |archive-date=6 July 2017}}

{{Roman empresses}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Faustina the Younger}}

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