List of Roman and Byzantine empresses

! width="7%" |Portrait{{efn|When no contemporary depictions exist, portraits are taken from the 16th-century Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae by Antonio Lafreri (1512–1577), who included a collection of empresses from Julius Caesar to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Needless to say, these portraits are purely imaginary.}}

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor (spouse)

! width="3%" |Ref

|Livia Drusilla

|16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14
({{Age in years, months and days

| rowspan="2" |30 January 59 BC – AD 29
(aged 87)

----Daughter of Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus; married Tiberius Claudius Nero in 43 BC and then Octavian on 17 January 38 BC. Known as Julia Augusta after his death; deified by Claudius on 17 January AD 42.

| rowspan="2" |Octavian Augustus
({{reign}}27 BC – AD 14)

| rowspan="2" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=60}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |September AD 14 – AD 29
(15 years, as augusta)

|  Orestilla{{Efn|Her full name is disputed; Suetonius calls her "Livia Orestilla", but Cassius Dio and later historians call her "Cornelia Orestina". See {{harvnb|Kajava|1984}}.}}

|{{Circa}} AD 37
  (very briefly){{Efn|Divorced "within a few days" according to Suetonius, but "before two months had elapsed" according to Dio. The latter figure may actually refer to the period between the divorce and her exile, which was two years according to Suetonius.{{sfn|Kajava|1984}}}}

|Second wife of Caligula; forced to marry him immediately after her marriage to Gaius Calpurnius Piso. After the divorce they were both exiled for alleged adultery. Probably the shortest-reigning empress.

|rowspan=3|Caligula
({{reign}}37–41)

| rowspan="3" |{{cite book |author=Suetonius |title=De vita |chapter=Caligula|author-link=Suetonius |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#25}}
{{cite book |author=Cassius Dio |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html |title=Historia|chapter=Book 59|author-link=Dio Cassius}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=79}}

|Lollia Paulina

|{{Circa}} AD 38
  (a few months){{Efn|Suetonius states that Caligula divorced Paulina "in a short time". Dio explains that Caesonia was Caligulas' mistress and that she got pregnant during this time. Suetonius writes that Caesonia married on the same day she gave birth, while Dio states that she married one month before giving birth.}}

|Daughter of Marcus Lollius, originally married to Publius Memmius Regulus. Forced to commit suicide.

|Milonia Caesonia

|Summer 39 – 24 January 41
(about 1 year and a half)

|Born on 3 June of an unknown date, married to another man before becoming Caligula's mistress. Murdered alongside Caligula and their daughter Julia Drusilla.

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Antonia Minor
(mother)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Posthumously named augusta in AD 41

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |31 January 36 BC – 1 May 37 AD
(aged 72)

----Mother of Claudius; daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor.

| rowspan="3" |Claudius
({{reign}}41–54)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=62}}

|Valeria Messalina

|24 January 41 – AD 48
(7 years)

|Daughter of Marcus Valerius Messalla. Executed after having an affair with Gaius Silius; suffered damnatio memoriae.

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=84–85}}

|Agrippina the Younger
Julia Agrippina

|1 January 49 – 13 October 54
({{Age in years, months and days|49|1|1|54|10|13}})

|6 November 15 – 23 March 59
(aged 43)

----Daughter of Germanicus Julius Caesar, sister of Caligula, and mother of Nero, named augusta in AD 50. Murdered on the orders of Nero.

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=86–87}}

|Claudia Octavia

|13 October 54 – AD 62
(7 years and a few months)

|39/40 AD – 9 June 62
(aged 22–23)

----Daughter of Claudius and Valeria Messalina. Exiled and later executed.

| rowspan="4" |Nero
({{reign}}54–68)

| rowspan="4" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=90–93}}

|Poppaea Sabina

|AD 62 – AD 65
(3 years)

|30/32 AD – early Summer 65
(aged 33–35)

----Daughter of Titus Ollius; married Rufrius Crispinus {{Circa}} 50, then the future emperor Otho in 58. Named augusta shortly after Claudia's birth in January 63, posthumously deified.

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Claudia
(daughter)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Posthumously named augusta in AD 63

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Only daughter of Nero and Sabina; was born on 21 January 63 and died on May of the same year.

|Statilia Messalina

|early 66 – 9 June 68
(2 years)

|{{Circa}} 35 – c. 70
(aged approx. 35)

----Daughter of Titus Statilius Taurus (consul 44), married consul Marcus Julius Vestinus Atticus in AD 63/64. Married Nero after the forced suicide of her husband.

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Sextilia
(mother)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |69
(as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Mother of Vitellius.

| rowspan="2" |Vitellius
({{reign}}69)

|{{Cite book |last=Boatwright |first=Mary T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxUuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |pages=33, 35 |title=Imperial Women of Rome: Power, Gender, Context |date=2021-05-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-756703-6 |language=en}}

|Galeria Fundana

|19 April – 20 December 69
({{Age in years, months and days|69|4|19|69|12|20}})

|Born on 3 January of an unknown date. Daughter of a pretor; possibly related to Publius Galerius Trachalus.

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=100}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Flavia Domitilla
(daughter)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Posthumously named augusta by AD 80

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Only daughter of Vespasian and Domitilla the Elder, mother of Saint Domitilla

|Vespasian
({{reign}}69–79)

|{{sfn|Vagi|2000|p=210–211}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Julia Flavia
(daughter)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |79 – 91
(as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughter of Titus.

|Titus
({{reign}}79–81)

|

|Domitia Longina

|14 September 81 – 18 September 96
({{Age in years, months and days|81|9|14|96|9|18}})

|11 February 50/55 – c. 126
(aged approx. 70–76)

----Daughter of general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, first married to senator Lucius Aelius Aelianus. Named augusta after her marriage to Domitian. Survived her husband's assassination and died during the reign of Hadrian.

|Domitian
({{reign}}81–96)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=112}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Pompeia Plotina

|28 January 98 – 11 August 117
(19 years, 6 months and 14 days)

|{{circa}} 70 (?) – c. 123
(aged approx. 53)

----Daughter of Lucius Pompeius, named augusta around 105, posthumously deified. She was interested in Epicurean philosophical school. May have been involved in the appointment of Hadrian as successor.

| rowspan="3" |Trajan
({{reign}}98–117)

| rowspan="3" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=119-121}}

{{sfn|Vagi|2000|p=231–233}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Ulpia Marciana
(sister)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{circa}} 105 – 114
(about 9 years, as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |15/30 August {{circa}} 48 – 29 August 122
(aged approx. 74)

----Sister of Trajan. She was given the title of augusta, but apparently did not immediately accept it

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Salonia Matidia
(niece)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |29 August 112 – 119
(7 years, as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |4 July 68 – 23 December 119
(aged 51)

----Daughter of Ulpia Marciana and praetor Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus, in practice adopted daughter of Trajan. Great grand-mother of Marcus Aurelius

|Vibia Sabina

|11 August 117 – c. 137
(c. 20 years)

|c. 85 – 136/137
(aged approx. 52)

----Daughter of senator Lucius Vibius Sabinus, married Hadrian around 100, named augusta around 119, posthumously deified.

|Hadrian
({{reign}}117–138)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=125–126}}

|Faustina the Elder
Annia Galeria Faustina

|10 July 138 – late October 140
(2 years and 3 months)

|{{circa}} 97{{efn|The Feriale Duranum records the birthday of "Faustina wife of Antoninus" as 20/22 September. However, it's not possible to determine if this refers to Faustina I, wife of Titus Aelius Antoninus Pius, or Faustina II, wife of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus{{sfn|Iovine|2018}}|name=Iovine}} – late October 140
(aged approx. 43)

----Daughter of Marcus Annius Verus the Elder, married Antoninus around 120, named augusta in 138, posthumously deified

|Antoninus Pius
({{reign}}138–161)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=130}}

|Faustina the Younger
Annia Galeria Faustina

|7 March 161 – 175
(14 years)

|{{circa}} 130{{efn|name=Iovine}} – 176
(aged approx. 46)

----Daughter of Antoninus Pius, betrothed to Lucius Verus on 25 February 138, married Marcus Aurelius on 13 May (?) 145. Named augusta on 1 December 147 and mater castrorum (mother of the castra) in 174, posthumously deified.

|Marcus Aurelius
({{reign}}161–180)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=137}}

|Lucilla
Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla

|163 (?) – 169
(6 years)

|7 March 149 – 181/182
(aged 32–33)

----Daughter of Marcus Aurelius, betrothed to Lucius Verus in 161, named augusta shortly after the marriage. Exiled to Capri and executed by Commodus.

|Lucius Verus
({{reign}}161–169)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=138}}

|Bruttia Crispina

|178 – 191/2
(3–4 years)

|Daughter of Gaius Bruttius Praesens (consul 153), named augusta after her marriage with Commodus, sometime before 3 August 178. Exiled to Capri for alleged adultery and executed soon after; suffered damnatio memoriae.

|Commodus
({{reign}}180–192){{Efn|Commodus was named co-emperor in 177, at the age of 16.}}

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=144}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Flavia Titiana

|1 January – 28 March 193
({{Age in years, months and days|193|1|1|193|3|28}})

|Daughter of Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus. Her fate is unknown, but she probably was spared alongside her children

|Pertinax
({{reign}}193)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=145}}
{{sfn|Birley|2005|p=174}}

|Manlia Scantilla

|28 March – 1 June 193
({{Age in years, months and days|193|3|28|193|6|1}})

|Named augusta alongside her daughter.

| rowspan="2" |Didius Julianus
({{reign}}193)

| rowspan="2" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=148}}
{{sfn|Vagi|2000|p=261–262}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Didia Clara
(daughter)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |AD 193
(briefly as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Survived the death of Didius Julianus but her fate is unknown.

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Julia Domna

|9 April 193 – 4 February 211
({{Age in years, months and days|193|4|9|211|2|4}})

|October/December {{circa}} 170 – April 217
(aged approx. 47)

----Daughter of Julius Bassianus, high priest of the Elagabal cult. Married Severus in 185, named augusta on 1 June 193, posthumously deified. After 211 she held the title of mater castrorum et senatus et patriae.

|Septimius Severus
({{reign}}193–211)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=152–153}}

|Publia Fulvia Plautilla

|9/15 April 202 – {{circa}} 22 January 205
(1 year and 9 months)

|Daughter of Gaius Fulvius Plautianus. Divorced after the execution of her father; killed by Caracalla in 221; suffered damnatio memoriae.

|Caracalla
   ({{reign}}211–217){{Efn|Caracalla was named co-emperor in 198, still less than 10 years old.}}

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=161}}

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Nonia Celsa (?)

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |217 – 218 (?)
(1 year?)

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Probably fictional.

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Macrinus
({{reign}}217–218)

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{cite book |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Diadumenianus*.html |title=Historia Augusta |chapter=Life of Diadumenianus |publisher=Loeb Classical Library |year=|last=|first=}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Julia Soaemias
(mother)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |8 June 218 – 11 March 222
(as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughter of Julia Maesa, sister of Julia Avita Mamaea, and niece of Julia Domna. Murdered by the Praetorian Guard alongside her son Elagabalus.

| rowspan="4" |Elagabalus
({{reign}}218–222)

| rowspan="4" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=166–168}}

|Julia Cornelia Paula

|{{circa}} 220
(about 1 year or less)

|Of noble descent; divorced.

|Julia Aquilia Severa

|{{circa}} 220 / 221
(about 1 year or less)

----late 221 – March 222
(less than a year)

|A Vestal Virgin of noble descent. Divorced but later remarried to Elagabalus, styled augusta, mater castrorum, senatus ac patriae.

|Annia Faustina
Annia Aurelia Faustina

|221
(a few months)

|Daughter of Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus and descendant of emperor Marcus Aurelius. Divorced shortly after the marriage.

| rowspan="2" style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Julia Maesa
(grandmother)

| rowspan="2" style="background:#F0FFFF;" |218 – after November 224
(as augusta)

| rowspan="2" style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Sister of Julia Domna and mother of Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea. Was instrumental in her grandsons Elagabalus and Severus Alexander's accession.

|Elagabalus
({{reign}}218–222)

| rowspan="2" |{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=168}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Julia Avita Mamaea
(mother)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |222 – 21/22 March 235
(as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughter of Julia Maesa, niece of Julia Domna, and sister of Julia Soaemias. Advised Severus Alexander in government. Murdered by the rebelling troops alongside her son.

| rowspan="2" |Severus Alexander
({{reign}}222–235)

|Cassius Dio Epitome of Book LXXX Fragment

|Sallustia Orbiana
Gnaea Seia Herennia Sallustia Barbia Orbiana

|225 – 227
(2 years)

|Daughter of Lucius Seius Herennius Sallustius; exiled to Africa.

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=173}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

| style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Caecilia Paulina

| style="background:#EBEBEB;" |235 (?)
(very briefly?)

| style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Most likely dead by the time Maximinus became emperor. She was deified by her husband.

| style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Maximinus I
({{reign}}235–238)

| style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfn|Vagi|2000|p=316}}

| style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Fabia Orestilla (?)

| style="background:#EBEBEB;" |238 (?)
(22 days?)

| style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Probably fictional.

| style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Gordian I
({{reign}}238)

| style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfn|DIR|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207095441/http://www.roman-emperors.org/gordo1.htm Gordian I (238 A.D.)]}}

|Tranquillina
Furia Sabinia Tranquillina

|12 May (?) 241 – {{circa}} February 244
(2 years and a half)

|Daughter of Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus; unknown fate.

|Gordian III
({{reign}}238–244)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=189}}

|Marcia Otacilia Severa

|244 – 248 (?)
(c. 4 years)

|Daughter or sister of a man called Severianus.

|Philip
({{reign}}244–249)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=192}}

|Herennia Etruscilla
Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla

|249 – 251
(2 years)

|Of a noble Etrurian descent. Died in 253.

|Decius
({{reign}}249–251)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=197}}

|Gaia Cornelia Supera

|253
(3 months)

|Known from numismatic evidence. Her inscriptions suffered damnatio memoriae.

|Aemilianus
({{reign}}253)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=204}}

|Egnatia Mariniana

|Posthumously named augusta from AD 253

|She died before Valerian's ascension.

| rowspan="2" |Valerian
({{reign}}253–260)

|{{Cite book |editor-last=Johne |editor-first=Klaus-Peter |url=https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=aqvpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA610 |page=610|title=Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235-284) |date=2014-08-19 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-05-008807-5 |language=de}}

|Cornelia Gallonia

|c. 250s

|Her existence is inferred from an inscription from Bulzi in Sardinia published in 2004, which names her as augusta and wife of Valerian.

|{{AE|2004|673}}

|Cornelia Salonina

|253 – 268
(15 years)

|Mother of Valerian II, Saloninus and Marinianus (consul 268). Fate unknown after Gallienus' death.

|Gallienus
({{reign}}253–268)

|{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=212}}

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Sulpicia Dryantilla
(usurper)

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 260

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Wife of the usurper Regalianus, who attempted to usurp power in Pannonia.

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Regalianus
({{reign}}260)

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 273

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" | Name{{Efn|Empresses during the Tetrarchy often adopted their husband's nomen after their marriage. Diocletian's daughter Valeria thus became "Galeria Valeria" upon her marriage to Galerius.}}

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Prisca

|20 November 284 – 1 May 305
({{Age in years, months and days|284|11|20|305|5|1}})

|A Christian, retired after the abdication of Diocletian. Exiled to Syria by Maximinus Daza and later executed by Licinius during the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy, probably in 315.

|Diocletian
({{reign}}284–305)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 726}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=260}}

|Eutropia

|1 April 286 – 1 May 305
({{Age in years, months and days|286|4|1|305|5|1}}, West)

|Possibly the widow of Afranius Hannibalianus. Still alive in 325.

|Maximian
({{reign}}286–305)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 316}}

|Galeria Valeria

|1 May 305 – May 311
(6 years, East)

|Daughter of Diocletian and (probably) Prisca; married Galerius after his elevation as caesar in 293, styled as augusta and mater castrorum. Exiled alongside her mother by Maximinus Daza, and later executed by Licinius

|Galerius
({{reign}}305–311)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 937

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Minervina

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |306 – 307 (?)
(1 year?)

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Referred as the wife of Constantine by the Panegyrici Latini VI, but called a concubine by Aurelius Victor and Zosimus. She died or was divorced by 307.

| rowspan="4" |Constantine I
({{reign}}306–337)

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 602–603}}

|Flavia Maxima Fausta

|March 307 – Summer 326
(19 years)

|{{circa}} 290 (?) – Summer 326
(aged approx. 36)

----Daughter of Maximian and Eutropia, named augusta after Constantine's victory over Licinius in 324. Executed, possibly for adultery with her stepson, Crispus.

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 325–326}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=291–292}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Flavia Julia Helena
(mother)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |324–330
(6 years, as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{circa}} 250–330
(aged approx. 80)

----Mother of Constantine I and ex-wife or mistress of Constantius I.

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 325–326}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=291–292}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Flavia Valeria Constantina (?)
(daughter)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |335–354 (?)
(19 years, as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughter of Constantine. Wife of Hannibalianus and later the caesar Gallus. Her appointment as augusta may be fictional.

|{{sfnm|1a1=PLRE|1loc=Vol 1, pp. 222|2a1=Kienast|2a2=Eck|2a3=Heil|2p=304}}
{{Cite book |last=Holum |first=Kenneth G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oq1ntYVZnt4C&pg=PA31 |title=Theodosian Empresses |date=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-90970-0 |quote=More likely, the rank of Constantina was a convenient fiction that lent weight to the temporary promotion of Vetranio}}

|Unknown name

|9 September 337 – April 340
(2 years and 7 months)

|Obscure figure, married to Constantine II by 335 and alive at the time of his death. Perhaps a daughter of one of Constantine I's half-brothers.

|Constantine II
({{reign}}337–340)

|{{Sfn|Vanderspoel|2020|pp=42–43}}

|Unknown name

|337 – 353
(16 years)

|Nothing known.

|rowspan=3|Constantius II
({{reign}}337–361)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 226}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=302}}

|Eusebia

|c. 353 – c. 360
(about 7 years)

|Probably a daughter of Eusebius (consul 347); supported Julian; died sometime before 361.

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 300–301}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=302}}

|Faustina

|361
(a few months)

|Joined Procopius (r. 365–366) during his brief rule in Constantinople.

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 326}}

|Justina

|late 350 – 11 August 353
(3 years)

|Daughter of governor Justus; married Magnentius as a young girl.

|Magnentius
({{reign}}350–353)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 488–490}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=305, 314}}

|Helena

|{{circa}} February – {{circa}} November 360
(9 months or less)

|Daughter of Constantine I and Fausta; wrongly called "Constantina" in some sources. Died around Julian's accession as sole emperor.

|Julian
({{reign}}360–363)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 409–410}}

|Charito

|27 June 363 – 17 February 364
(7 months and 21 days)

|Daughter of the magister equitum Lucillianus, possibly alive as late as 380.

|Jovian
({{reign}}363–364)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 201}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Marina Severa

|364 – 370
(6 years)

|Divorced and exiled. Later returned to court under her son Gratian.

|rowspan=2|Valentinian I
({{reign}}364–375)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 828}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=314}}

|Justina
(second time)

|{{circa}} 370 – 375
(c. 5 years)

|Married Valentinian I after his divorce with Marina Severa. Mother of Valentinian II. During an invasion by Magnus Maximus, she and her son fled to Theodosius I who defeated Magnus Maximus and reinstalled them. Died around 388.

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 488–490}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=305, 314}}

|  Domnica{{efn|{{harvnb|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=317}}, give her name as "Albia (?) Dominica", but does not elaborate. This name is not mentioned by the PLRE or other sources.}}

|28 March 364 – 9 August 378
(14 years, 4 months and 12 days)

|Daughter of praetorian prefect Petronius. Defended Constantinople against the Goths after the death of Valens in the Battle of Adrianople.

|Valens
({{reign}}364–378)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 265, 690}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|p=317}}

|Constantia

|{{circa}} 374 – early 383
(c. 2 years and 7 months)

|early 362 – early 383
(aged 21)

----

Posthumous child of Constantius II and Faustina; alongside her mother Faustina, was present beside Procopius in 365 to ensure the loyalty of his troops.

|rowspan=2|Gratian
({{reign}}375–383){{efn|Gratian was crowned co-emperor in 367.}}

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 221}}

|Laeta

|before 25 August 383
(a few months)

|Daughter of Tisamene; supplied the city of Rome with food during the siege of Alaric I in 408.

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 492}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" | Name{{Efn|Empress after Aelia Flaccilla adopted "Aelia" as a title, which was then shown in their coinage.{{sfn|Grierson|Mays|1992|p=7}}}}

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="32%" |Life details & notes

! width="17%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Aelia Flaccilla
 Aelia Flavia Flaccilla{{Efn|Flaccilla is called "Flavia" in a few inscriptions. She probably adopted the name following the accession of her husband, who also used "Flavius" as part of his nomenclature. Emperors after the Constantinian dynasty were often addressed as "Flavius", but it was used as an honorific rather than a personal name.{{sfn|Cameron|1988}}}}

|19 January 379 – early 386
(7 years)

|Married Theodosius {{circa}} 376, died in 386.

| rowspan="2" |Theodosius I
({{reign}}379–395)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, pp. 341–342}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=326–327}}

|Galla

|386 – 394
(8 years)

|Daughter of Valentinian I and Justina; died during childbirth.

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 382}}
{{sfn|Kienast|Eck|Heil|pp=326–327}}

|Unknown name

|25 August 383 – 28 August 388
(5 years and 3 days)

|Known as "Saint Elen" in Welsh legend.

|Magnus Maximus
({{reign}}383–388)

|{{sfn|Leeming|2005|p=246}}

|Eudoxia

|27 April 395 – 6 October 404
({{Age in years, months and days|395|4|27|404|10|6}})

|Daughter of the Frankish general Bauto; advised the emperor, and was involved in the downfall of Eutropius. Proclaimed augusta on 9 January 400 during the uprising of Gainas.

|Arcadius
({{reign}}395–408)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 410}}
{{sfn|ODB|pp=174, 740}}

|Maria

|{{circa}} 398 – 407
(c. 9 years)

|Daughter of the general Stilicho, died in 407.

| rowspan="2" |Honorius
({{reign}}395–423)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 1, p. 558}}

|Thermantia
Aemilia Materna Thermantia

|408
(a few months)

|Daughter of Stilicho; banished by Honorius following Stilicho's execution in August 408. Died sometime before 30 July 415.

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 1112}}

|Eudocia

|7 June 421 – 28 July 450
({{Age in years, months and days|421|6|7|450|7|28}})

|{{Circa}} 400 – 20 October 460
(aged approx. 60)

----Born as "Athenais", daughter of Leontius, a philosopher. Proclaimed augusta on 2 January 423. Departed from the court in the 440s following an estrangement with Theodosius. Left numerous writings.

|Theodosius II
({{reign}}408–450)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 408–409}}
{{cite encyclopedia |year= |title=Eudocia |encyclopedia=Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194999/Eudocia}}

|Galla Placidia

|8 February – 2 September 421
(7 months lacking 6 days)

|388 – 27 November 450
(aged approx. 72)

----

Daughter of Theodosius I and Galla. Originally married the Visigothic king Athaulf, married Constantius on 1 January 417. After the instalment of her son Valentinian III as emperor, she became regent alongside Aetius. Died in 450.

|Constantius III
({{reign}}421)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 888–889}}
{{sfn|ODB|p=818}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Justa Grata Honoria
(sister)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Circa}} 437–450
(13 years, as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Circa}} 418–450
(aged approx. 32)

----Daughter of Constantius III. Possibly exiled after an intrigue with Attila the Hun.

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Valentinian III
({{reign}}425–455)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 568–569

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Marcia Euphemia

|12 April 467 – 11 July 472
(5 years and 3 months)

|Only daughter of Marcian, who married her to Anthemius {{circa}} 453. Styled as augusta

|Anthemius
({{reign}}467–472)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 423–424}}

|April – 2 November 472
(7 months)

|Daughter of Valentinian III and Licinia Eudoxia, married Olybrius in 454/454. Still alive {{circa}} 480.

|Olybrius
({{reign}}472)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 887}}

|Unknown name

|24 June 474 – 28 August 475
(1 year, 2 months and 4 days)

|A relative of Empress Verina.

|Julius Nepos
({{reign}}474–475/80){{efn|Julius Nepos continued to claim the imperial title in exile until May 480. He was apparently recognized by Emperor Zeno, but held no real power.}}

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 777}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Verina

|7 February 457 – 18 January 474
(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)

|Sister of Basiliscus. Plotted against Emperor Zeno with Patricius, but was betrayed by Basiliscus. Her son-in-law Marcian rebelled in 479. After being held in captivity under Illus, she endorsed Leontius' usurpation in 484; she died during the ensuing war, probably in 484.

|Leo I
({{reign}}457–474)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 1156}}
{{sfn|ODB|p=2160}}

|rowspan=2|Ariadne

|rowspan=2|29 January 474 – late 515
(39 years and a few months)

|rowspan=2|Daughter of Leo I and Verina, married Zeno in 466/467. Chose Anastasius as successor and married him immediately after Zeno's death. The third longest-reigning empress, after Helena Lekapene and Livia.

|Zeno
({{reign}}474–491)

|rowspan=2|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, pp. 140–141}}
{{sfn|ODB|pp=166–167}}

|Zenonis

|9 January 475 – August 476
(1 year and 7 months)

|Died alongside her husband after Zeno's restoration.

|Basiliscus
({{reign}}475–476)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=Vol 2, p. 1203}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Euphemia

|10 July 518 – before August 527
(6 years or less)

|Formerly named "Lupicina". According to Procopius's Secret History, originally a slave of barbarian origin.

|Justin I
({{reign}}518–527)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 2, pp. 423}}

|Theodora

|1 April 527 – 28 June 548
({{Age in years, months and days|527|4|1|548|6|28}})

|{{Circa}} 497 – 28 June 528
(aged approx. 40)

----Daughter of Acacius; aunt of Sophia; married Justinian {{Circa}} 524 and became one of his main advisers.

|Justinian I
({{reign}}527–565)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, pp. 1240–1241}}
{{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=11–39}}

|Sophia

|14 November 565 – 5 October 578
(12 years, 10 months and 21 days)

|Niece of Theodora. Became regent alongside Tiberius II after Justin's mental collapse in 573; was pushed out after plotting against Tiberius after Justin's death. She was present in Maurice's court and still alive by 601.

|Justin II
({{reign}}565–578)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, pp. 1179–1180}}
{{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=40–58}}

|(Ino) Anastasia

|26 September 578 – 14 August 582
(3 years, 10 months and 19 days)

|Had already been a widow before marrying Tiberius sometime before his appointment as caesar in 574. Initially opposed by Sophia, she later became the mother-in-law of Maurice and died sometime after, perhaps in 593.

|Tiberius II Constantine
({{reign}}578–582)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, pp. 60–61}}

|Constantina

|13 August 582 – 27 November 602
(20 years, 3 months and 14 days)

|Daughter of Tiberius II and Anastasia. Married caesar Maurice on Tiberius' deathbed. Exiled after Maurice's execution, tried to plot against Phocas but was eventually killed in 605.

|Maurice
({{reign}}582–602)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, pp. 337–339}}

|Leontia

|23 November 602 – 5 October 610 (?)
(7 years, 10 months and 12 days)

|Daughter of Sergius. Her fate after Phocas' execution is unknown.

|Phocas
({{reign}}602–610)

|{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, p. 772}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Fabia Eudokia
Ευδοκία

|5 October 610 – 13 August 612
({{Age in years, months and days|610|10|5|612|8|13}})

|Daughter of Rogas of Libya; died of epilepsy.

| rowspan="4" |Heraclius
({{reign}}610–641)

|{{sfn|DIR|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207031848/http://www.roman-emperors.org/fabia.htm Fabia]}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Eudoxia Epiphania
(daughter)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |4 October 611 – ?
(as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughter of Heraclius and Fabia Eudokia.

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{cite web | title=Epiphania (daughter of Heraclius) | last=Garland | first=Lynda | author-link=Lynda Garland | url=http://roman-emperors.org/epiphan.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010530045404/http://roman-emperors.org/epiphan.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2001-05-30 | work=De Imperatoribus Romanis}}

|Martina
Μαρτίνα

|{{circa}} 613 – 11 February 641
(about 7 years)

|Daughter of Martinus; niece of Heraclius, which led to controversies around her marriage. Became regent of her young son Heraclonas after Constantine's death. Was soon deposed, mutilated, and exiled by Valentinus in favor of Constans II, who was also a minor at the time.

|{{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=61–72}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Augustina & Martina
(daughters)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |4 January 639 – ?
(unknown tenure as augustae)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Crowned augustae alongside their mother Martina the Elder.

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{sfn|PLRE|loc=vol. 3, pp. 154, 838

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Unknown name

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Circa}} 695 – 698 (?)
(c. 3 years)

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Nothing known

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Leontius
({{reign}}695–698)

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}}

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Unknown name

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Circa}} 698 – 705 (?)
(c. 7 years)

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Nothing known

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Tiberius III
({{reign}}698–705)

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}}

|Theodora of Khazaria
Θεοδώρα

|{{circa}} 21 August 705 – 4 November 711
(c. {{Age in years, months and days|705|8|21|711|11|4}})

|The first foreign-born empress. Sister of Busir, Khagan of Khazaria. Became Justinian's second wife during his exile in 703; crowned{{Efn|Empresses were proclaimed augusta at their coronation.}} alongside her son Tiberius in 705.

|Justinian II
({{reign}}685–695; 705–711)

|{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=1084–1085, 2084|2a1=DIR|2loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211203155245/http://www.roman-emperors.org/theodoii.htm Theodora]|3a1=Grierson|3y=1962|3pp=50–51}}

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Unknown name

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Circa}} 711 – 713 (?)
(c. 2 years)

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Nothing known

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Philippicus
({{reign}}711–713)

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}}

|Irene
Ειρήνη

|{{Circa}} 713 – 715
(c. 2 years)

|Little information recorded other than her name

|Anastasius II
({{reign}}713–715)

|{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}}

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Unknown name

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Circa}} 715 – 717 (?)
(c. 2 years)

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Nothing known

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |Theodosius III
({{reign}}715–717)

|style="background:#EDEDED;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="15%" |Name

! width="24%" |Tenure

! width="35%" |Life details & notes

! width="16%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Maria
Μαρία

|25 March 717 – 18 June 741 (?)
(24 years, 2 months and 24 days?)

|Crowned on 25 December 718. Mother of Constantine V

|Leo III
({{reign}}717–741)

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D52/F57.htm Maria 3]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ15891/html Maria (#4723)]}}

|Tzitzak Irene
Εἰρήνη

|733 – 750
(17 years)

|Daughter of khagan Bihar of Khazaria. Opposed the iconoclasm of her husband; died shortly after Leo IV's birth

| rowspan="3" |Constantine V
 ({{reign}}741–775){{Efn|Constantine V was crowned co-emperor in 720.}}

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D23/F11.htm Eirene 3]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12535/html Eirene (#1437)]}}

|Maria
Μαρία

|{{Circa}} 751 – 752
(c. 1 year)

|Died soon after her marriage.

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D52/F55.htm Maria 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ15893/html Maria (#4725)]}}

|Eudokia
Ευδοκία

|{{Circa}} 753 – 14 September 775 (?)
(c. 22 years?)

|Already married by November 764, crowned on 1 April 769; fate unknown.

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D24/F53.htm Eudokia 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12730/html Eudokia (#1626)]}}

|Anna
Άννα

|June 741 – 2 November 743
(2 years and 5 months)

|Daughter of Leo III, married Artabasdos in 717. Banished after her husband's failed coup; not recorded as augusta

|Artabasdos
({{reign}}741–743)

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D04/F05.htm Anna 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ11528/html Anna (#443)]}}

| rowspan="3" |Irene of Athens
Εἰρήνη

| rowspan="3" |3 November 769 – 31 October 802
(33 years lacking 3 days)

| rowspan="3" |{{Circa}} 752 – 9 August 803
(aged approx. 51)

----A member of the Sarantapechos family; crowned on 17 December 769. Became de facto ruler after Leo's death as her son's regent. Ended the First iconoclasm with the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. She took full power after deposing and blinding her son on 19 August 797. She was herself deposed and banished in 802, later dying of natural causes.

|Leo IV
 ({{reign}}775–780){{Efn|Leo IV was crowned co-emperor in 751.}}

| rowspan="3" |{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1008–1009|2a1=Garland|2y=1999|2pp=73–94}}
{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D23/F09.htm Eirene 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12537/html Eirene (#1439)]}}

|Maria of Amnia
Μαρία

|November 788 – January 795
(6 years and 2 months)

|Grand-daughter of Saint Philaretos; born {{Circa}} 773. She was forced to become a nun. Died sometime after 824.

| rowspan="2" |Constantine VI
({{reign}}780–797)

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D52/F56.htm Maria 2]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ15895/html Maria (#4727)]}}

|Theodote
Θεοδότη

|September 795 – 19 August 797
(1 year and 11 months)

|Cousin of Saint Theodore the Studite; originally a koubikoularia, she was crowned in August 795. Deposed by Irene.

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D78/F07.htm Theodote 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19150/html Theodote (#7899)]}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Unknown name{{Efn|The name and background of Nikephoros I's wife is not given in any primary source.{{sfnm|1a1=Garland|1y=1999|1p=230|2a1=Niavis|2y=1984|2p=83}} Some modern historians mistakenly call her Prokopia, out of confusion with her daughter (and later also empress) Prokopia.{{sfn|DIR|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190801231441/http://www.roman-emperors.org/stauric.htm Staurakios (A.D. 811)]}}}}

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |—

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Unmentioned in literary sources, possibly dead before Nikephoros became emperor

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Nikephoros I
({{reign}}802–811)

|style="background:#EBEBEB;" |{{sfnm|1a1=Garland|1y=1999|1p=230|2a1=Niavis|2y=1984|2p=83}}

|Theophano of Athens
Θεοφανώ

|20 December 807 – 2 October 811
({{Age in years, months and days|807|12|20|811|10|2}})

|A relative of Irene of Athens, considered as a candidate for the throne after Staurakios' defeat at the Battle of Pliska, retired as a nun alongside him; not recorded as augusta

|Staurakios
({{reign}}811)

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D80/F03.htm Theophano 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19426/html Theophano (#8164)]}}

|Prokopia
Προκοπία

|2 October 811 – 11 July 813
({{Age in years, months and days|811|10|2|813|7|11}})

|Daughter of Nikephoros I and sister of emperor Staurakios; retired as a nun

|Michael I Rangabe
({{reign}}811–813)

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D65/F99.htm Prokopia 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ17552/html Prokopia (#6351)]}}

|Theodosia
Θεοδοσία

|11 July 813 – 25 December 820
({{Age in years, months and days|813|7|11|820|12|25}})

|Daughter of Arsaber, patrikios and rival emperor in 808. Become a nun after the murder of her husband; retained several of her privileges

|Leo V
({{reign}}813–820)

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D77/F25.htm Theodosia 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19038/html Theodosia (#7790)]}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Thekla
Θέκλα

|25 December 820 – {{Circa}} 824
(c. 4 years)

|Daughter of the rebel Bardanes Tourkos. Died some years after Michael's accession.

|rowspan=2|Michael II
({{reign}}820–829)

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D73/F36.htm Thekla 2]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18489/html Thekla (#7259)]}}

|Euphrosyne
Εὐφροσύνη

|{{Circa}} 824 – 2 October 829
(c. 6 years)

|Daughter of Constantine VI and Maria, became a nun after the fall of Irene, but was later recalled and married Michael, perhaps at the age of 50. Still alive by 836.

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D25/F21.htm Euphrosyne 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18489/html Thekla (#7259)]}}

|Theodora the Armenian
Θεοδώρα

|5 June 830 – 20 January 842
({{Age in years, months and days|830|6|5|842|1|20}})

|{{Circa}} 815 – {{Circa}} 867
(aged approx. 52)

----Became de facto ruler on 20 January 842, as regent of her infant son Michael III, alongside Theoktistos. Ended the Second iconoclasm in 843. Deposed and exiled by her son after forcing him to marry Eudokia Dekapolitissa. They both reconciled shortly before Michael's death.

|rowspan=2|Theophilos
({{reign}}829–842)

|{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=2037–2038|2a1=PBE|2loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D73/F51.htm Theodora 2]|3a1=PmbZ|3loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18519/html Theodora (#7286)]}}
{{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=95–108}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Anna & Anastasia
(daughters)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |c. 830s
(unknown tenure as augustae)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Daughters of Theophilos and Theodora, named augustae alongside their sister Thekla.

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=99}}

|Thekla the Younger
Θέκλα

|842 – 15 March 856
(14 years)

|Daughter of Theophilos and Theodora, named augusta alongside her sisters Anna and Anastasia. Appeared to have been associated to the imperial office with an even higher status than Michael. She later became a mistress to Basil I, but was sidelined after he married.

|style="background:#baddff;" |Co-empress 842–856

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D73/F35.htm Thekla 1]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18491/html Thekla (#7261)]}}

|Eudokia Dekapolitissa
Ευδοκία Δεκαπολίτισσα

|855 – 24 September 867
(12 years)

|Forced to marry Michael III, who was in love with Eudokia Ingerina, by Theodora and Theoktistos; fate unknown.

|Michael III
({{reign}}842–867)

|{{sfnm|1a1=PBE|1loc=[https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D24/F55.htm Eudokia 3]|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12735/html Eudokia Dekapolitissa (#1631)]}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Eudokia Ingerina
Ευδοκία Ιγγερίνα

|26 May 866 – 882
(16 years)

|{{circa}} 840 – 882
(aged approx. 42)

----Daughter of Inger (senator); former lover of Michael III, who married her to Basil shortly before his coronation as co-emperor; not recorded as augusta

|Basil I
({{reign}}867–886){{Efn|Basil I was crowned co-emperor in 866.}}

|{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=739|2a1=PBE|2loc=[http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D24/F54.htm Eudokia 2]|3a1=PmbZ|3loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12736/html Eudokia Ingerina (#1632)]}}

|Theophano Martinakia
Θεοφανώ Μαρτινιακή

|883 – 893
(14 years)

|{{circa}} 867 – 10 November 897
(aged approx. 30)

----Daughter of Constantine Martinakios; retired to a monastery and died in 897.

|rowspan=5|Leo VI
({{reign}}886–912){{Efn|Leo VI was crowned co-emperor in 870.}}

|{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=2064|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19427/html Theophano (#8165)]}}
{{sfn|Grumel|1936}}

|Zoe Zaoutzaina
Ζωὴ Ζαούτζαινα

|late 898 – early 899
(1 year and 8 months)

|Possibly a lover of Leo, said to have poisoned her former husband, Theodoros Guniatzitzes.

|{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ30660/html Zoe Zautzina (#28505)]}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Anna of Constantinople
(daughter)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |c. May 900
(as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |In May 900, Leo VI had his daughter Anna crowned augusta, however she was soon sent to the West to marry Louis III.

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=113}}

|Eudokia Baïana
Εὐδοκία Βαϊανή

|Summer 900 – 12 April 901
(1 year)

|Married Leo after the death of Zoe. Died during childbirth

|{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ23912/html Eudokia Baïane (#21759)]}}

|Zoe Karbonopsina
Ζωὴ

|9 January 906 – 11 May 912
(5 years, 4 months and 2 days)

|A relative of writer Theophanes and general Himerios, originally a concubine of Leo. She was expelled after Leo's death, but returned and deposed the regency of Patriarch Nicholas in February/March 914, ruling on behalf of her son Constantine VII. She was sidelined after the rise of Romanos I in 919 and was forced to become a nun.

|{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=2228|2a1=PmbZ|2loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ30661/html Zoe Karbonopsina (#28506)]}}

|Unknown name

|{{Circa}} 912 – 913 (?)

|Nothing known

|Alexander
({{reign}}912–913)

|{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=230}}

|Helena Lekapene
Ἑλένη Λεκαπηνή

|4 May 919 – 9 November 959
(40 years, 6 months and 5 days)

|April 907 – 19 September 961
(aged 54)

----Daughter of Romanos I and Theodora, married shortly after Romanos' coup; crowned after Theodora's death. Became very influential in court until Constantine became sole ruler (945), later dying of an illness. The second longest-reigning empress.

|Constantine VII
({{reign}}913–959)

|{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ24727/html Helene Lakapene (#22574)]}}

|Theodora
Θεοδώρα

|17 December 920 – 20 February 922
(1 year, 2 months and 3 days)

|The second wife of Romanos, married {{circa}} 907; crowned on 6 January 921.

|Romanos I Lekapenos
({{reign}}919–944)

|{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ29757/html Theodora (#27602)]}}

|Sophia

|20 May 921 – August 931

|Daughter of the patrician Niketas

|Christopher Lekapenos
({{reign}}921–931)

|{{cite book | first = Steven | last = Runciman | title = The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium |location=Cambridge| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1988 | orig-year=1929 | isbn = 978-0-521-35722-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XHVzWN6gqxQC}}

|Anna Gabala

|933 – 27 January 945

|Daughter of a certain Gabalas.

|Stephen Lekapenos
({{reign}}924–945)

|

|Helen

|939 – 14 January 940

|First wife of Constantine Lekapenos.

|rowspan=2|Constantine Lekapenos
({{reign}}924–945)

|

|Theophano Mamas

|2 February 940 – 27 January 945

|Second wife of Constantine Lekapenos.

|

|Eudokia
Εὐδοκία

|945 – 949
(4 years)

|Daughter of Hugh of Italy, originally named Bertha. Betrothed to Romanos II in September 944, she died in 949, aged no more than 10 years old. She is not recorded as augusta.

|Romanos II
({{reign}}959–963){{Efn|Romanos II was crowned co-emperor in 945.}}

|{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ23309/html Berta-Eudokia (#21156)]}}

|rowspan=2|Anastaso Theophano
Θεοφανώ

|rowspan=2|955/6 – 11 December 969
(13–14 years){{Efn|She stopped being empress for 6 months in 963, between the death of Romanos II (15 March) and her marriage to Nikephoros II (20 September).}}

|rowspan=2|{{circa}} 940 – c. 980 (?)
(aged approx. 40)

----Daughter of Krateros and Maria. Married Nikephoros II on 20 September 963, shortly after his coup. Skylitzes accuses her of poisoning Romanos, but this seems to be a later invention, as Leo the Deacon states that he died of an illness. She did, however, conspire with John Tzimiskes to murder Nikephoros. She is last mentioned in 978.

|Romanos II
({{reign}}959–963){{Efn|Romanos II was crowned co-emperor in 945.}}

|rowspan=2|{{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=126–135}}
{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ30280/html Theophano (#28125)]

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|rowspan=3|Eudokia Makrembolitissa
Ευδοκία Μακρεμβολίτισσα

|rowspan=3|23 November 1059 – November 1071
(12 years)

|rowspan=3|Daughter of John Makrembolites and niece of Patriarch Michael I, born {{Circa}} 1030, married Constantine {{Circa}} 1049; de facto ruler in 1067 on behalf of her son Michael VII between Constantine's death (23 November) and her marriage to Romanos (1 January). She resumed her regency in October 1071, after Romanos' fall, but was expelled and forced to become a nun. She was later recalled by Nikephoros III in 1078.

|Constantine X Doukas
({{reign}}1059–1067)

|rowspan=3|{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1pp=739–740|2a1=PBW|2loc=[http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Eudokia/1/ Eudokia 1]}}
{{Sfn|Garland|1999|pp=168–179}}

|rowspan=2|Maria of Alania
Μαρία

|rowspan=2|1066 / 1071 – 1 April 1078
(7–11 years)

|rowspan=2|{{Circa}} 1052 / 1056 – 1118
(aged 62–66)

----Daughter of Bagrat IV of Georgia. Married Nikephoros shortly after the deposition of Michael VII in April 1078. Spent her last days in a Georgian monastery.

|Michael VII Doukas
({{reign}}1071–1078){{Efn|Michael VII was crowned co-emperor in 1060.}}

|rowspan=2|{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1298|2a1=PBW|2loc=[http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Maria/61/ Maria 61]}}
{{sfn|Garland|2006}}

! width="7%" |Portrait

! width="16%" |Name

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Irene Doukaina
Ειρήνη Δούκαινα

|1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118
({{Age in years, months and days|1081|4|1|1118|8|15}})

|{{Circa}} 1066 – 19 February 1138
(aged approx. 72)

----Daughter of Andronikos Doukas (cousin of Michael VII). Married Alexios {{Circa}} 1078, crowned on 11 April 1081. Forced to retire to a monastery after the failed plot of her daughter Anna Komnene and her son-in-law Nikephoros Bryennios.

| rowspan="2" |Alexios I Komnenos
({{reign}}1081–1118)

|{{sfnm|1a1=ODB|1p=1009|2a1=PBW|2loc=[http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Eirene/61/ Irene 61]}}
{{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=180–198}}

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Anna Dalassene
(mother)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |April 1081 – 1 November 1100/02
(19–21 years, as augusta)

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{Circa}} 1025 – 1 November 1100/02
(aged approx. 75–77)

----Mother of Alexios I; greatly involved in administration, although she later retired to a monastery.

| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |{{sfn|ODB|p=578

! width="7%" |Picture

! width="20%" |Name

! width="22%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="18%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Margaret of Hungary
Μαρία

|early 1186 – 8 April 1195
(9 years)

----19 July 1203 – 27 Jan. 1204
(6 months and 8 days)

|Daughter of Béla III of Hungary; born in 1175. Married Crusader Boniface following the Sack of Constantinople, becoming queen of the Kingdom of Thessalonica. Not recorded as augusta

|Isaac II Angelos
({{reign}}1185–1195; 1203–1204)

|{{Sfn|Garland|1999|p=224}}

|Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
Ευφροσύνη Δούκαινα Καματηρά

|8 April 1195 – 18 July 1203
(8 years, 3 months and 10 days)

|Daughter of Andronikos Kamateros and relative of caesar John Doukas and the Komnenoi. Effectively ruled the Empire on behalf of her husband. She was captured by the Crusaders in 1204, but was later released in 1209/10.

|Alexios III Angelos
({{reign}}1195–1203)

|{{sfn|Garland|1999|pp=210–224}}

----The honorific augusta (ΑΥΓΟΥCΤΑ) appears on her picture.

|Eudokia Angelina
Ευδοκία Αγγελίνα

|c. 1204

|Daughter of Alexios III Angelos.

|Alexios V Doukas
({{reign}}1204)

|{{cite web |title=Евдокија, прва протерана принцеза: Стефану Првовенчаном нанела је велику срамоту, па ју је голу отерао из Србије |url=https://vidovdan.org/istorija/evdokija-prva-proterana-princeza-stefanu-prvovencanom-nanela-je-veliku-sramotu-pa-ju-je-golu-oterao-iz-srbije/ |website=Видовдан |date=2018-03-03}}

! width="7%" |Picture

! width="20%" |Name

! width="21%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Anna Komnene Angelina
Άννα Κομνηνή Αγγελίνα

|1205 – {{Circa}} 1212
(7 years or less)

|Daughter of Alexios III and Euphrosyne; died a few years after the marriage.

|rowspan=3|Theodore I Laskaris
({{reign}}1205–1221)

|{{Sfn|Angelov|2019|p=xv}}

|Philippa of Armenia
Φιλίππα

|1214 – 1216
(2 years)

|Cousin of Leo I of Armenia. A troubled marriage that ended in divorce and with Theodore even disinheriting his son.

|{{Sfn|Angelov|2019|p=32}}

|Maria of Courtenay
Μαρία

|1219 – November 1221
(2 years)

|Daughter of Latin emperor Peter. Became regent of her younger brother Baldwin II as Latin empress in 1228, but died shortly after.

|{{Sfnm|1a1=Angelov|1y=2019|1p=32|2a1=Bellinger|2y=1999|2p=544}}

|Irene Laskarina
Ειρήνη Κομνηνή (Λασκαρίνα)

|December 1221 – Summer 1240
(19 years)

|Daughter of Theodore I and Anna Komnene Angelina. She married Andronikos Palaiologos in February 1216, but he died shortly after. Irene should have married John very soon after, for Theodore II was born in 1221. She had an accident after his birth and retired under the monastic name "Eugenia".

|rowspan=2|John III Vatatzes
({{reign}}1221–1254)

|{{sfn|Murata|2021}}
{{sfn|Macrides|2007|pp=148–150}}

|Anna of Hohenstaufen
Άννα

|{{circa}} 1240 – 3 November 1254
(approx. 14 years)

|Daughter of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, born as "Constance". Married John sometime before May 1241; died in the Kingdom of Aragon (Spain) in 1307.

|{{sfn|Macrides|2007|pp=275}}

|Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
Ἑλένη

|Spring 1235 – 1252
(17 years)

|Daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, born {{circa}} 1224. Theodore was most probably proclaimed emperor during the marriage.

|Theodore II Laskaris
({{reign}}1254–1258){{efn|Theodore II was proclaimed co-emperor in 1235, but was never crowned.}}

|{{sfn|PLP|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n1213/mode/2up?view=theater Helene (#6000)]}}
{{sfnm|1a1=Beihammer|1y=2013|1p=412|2a1=Angelov|2y=2019|2pp=128–9}}

! width="7%" |Picture

! width="16%" |  Name{{Efn|Some Palaiologan empresses displayed over-complicated surnames, probably as an imitation of their husband's (although theirs were justified by their long ancestry, see Family tree of Byzantine emperors). The full surname of the Palaiologan emperors was "Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos".}}

! width="25%" |Tenure

! width="30%" |Life details & notes

! width="19%" |Emperor

! width="3%" |Ref

|Theodora Palaiologina
Θεοδώρα Δούκαινα Κομνηνή Παλαιολογίνα

|1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282
(23 years and 10 days)

|Granddaughter of Isaac Doukas Vatatzes, brother of Nicaean emperor John III. Married Michael in 1253/4, crowned again in Constantinople after its reconquest in 1261. Died on 4 March 1303

|Michael VIII Palaiologos
({{reign}}1259–1282)

|{{sfn|PLP|loc=[https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n1145/mode/2up?view=theater Dukas Isaakios (#5691)]; [https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3871/mode/2up?view=theater Palaiologina, Theodora Doukaina Komnene (#21380)]