Filipino language

The Philippines is a multilingual state with 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups. Many of these languages descend from a common Malayo-Polynesian language due to the Austronesian migration from Taiwan. The common Malayo-Polynesian language split into different languages, and usually through the Malay language, the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia, these were able to adopt terms that ultimately originate from other languages such as Japanese, Hokkien, Sanskrit, Tamil, and Arabic. The Malay language was generally used by the ruling classes and the merchants from the states and various cultures in the Philippine archipelago for international communication as part of maritime Southeast Asia. In fact, Filipinos first interacted with the Spaniards using the Malay language. In addition to this, 16th-century chroniclers of the time noted that the kings and lords in the islands usually spoke around five languages.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Spanish intrusion into the Philippine islands started in 1565 with the fall of Cebu. The eventual capital established by Spain for its settlement in the Philippines was Manila, situated in a Tagalog-speaking region, after the capture of Manila from the Muslim Kingdom of Luzon ruled by Raja Matanda with the heir apparent Raja Sulayman and the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Tondo ruled by Lakan Dula. After its fall to the Spaniards, Manila was made the capital of the Spanish settlement in Asia due to the city's commercial wealth and influence, its strategic location, and Spanish fears of raids from the Portuguese and the Dutch.{{cite web |title=Spanish Colony 1565 - 1898 |url=https://sites.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw2.html#:~:text=Legazpi%20selected%20Manila%20for%20the,Philippine%27s%20agricultural%20or%20mineral%20resources. |website=sites.ualberta.ca |access-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130150/https://sites.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw2.html#:~:text=Legazpi%20selected%20Manila%20for%20the,Philippine%27s%20agricultural%20or%20mineral%20resources. |url-status=dead }}

The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the {{Lang|fil|Vocabulario de la lengua tagala}}, was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura,{{cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/77034/vocabulario-de-la-lengua-tagala|title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala|author=Ambeth Ocampo|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=August 1, 2014}} and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomás Pinpin in Pila, Laguna. A latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein (known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote a dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernández.Juan José de Noceda, Pedro de Sanlúcar, Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, Manila 2013, pg iv, Komision sa Wikang Filipino Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlúcar and published as {{Lang|fil|Vocabulario de la lengua tagala}} in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly{{Google books |plainurl= |id=PTIOAAAAIAAJ |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala}}; Manila (1860). re-edited, with the latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila.Juan José de Noceda, Pedro de Sanlúcar, Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, Manila 2013, Komision sa Wikang Filipino

Spanish served in an official capacity as language of the government during the Spanish period. Spanish played a significant role in unifying the Philippines, a country made up of over 7,000 islands with a multitude of ethnicities, languages, and cultures. Before Spanish rule, the archipelago was not a unified nation, but rather a collection of independent kingdoms, sultanates, and tribes, each with its own language and customs. During the American colonial period, English became an additional official language of the Philippines alongside Spanish; however, the number of speakers of Spanish steadily decreased.{{cite web |title=Educadores y sabios adredemente olvidados |url=http://lgpolar.com/page/read/119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122133028/http://lgpolar.com/page/read/119 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-01-22 |access-date=March 22, 2021 |website=www.webcitation.org}} The United States initiated policies that led to the gradual removal of Spanish from official use in the Philippines. This was not done through an outright ban, but rather through a strategic shift in language policy that promoted English as the primary language for education, governance, and law. Spanish was designated an optional and voluntary language under the 1987 Constitution, along with Arabic.

While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided that:

{{blockquote|The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages.}}

On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating the Institute of National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with making a study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language.{{cite PH act

|url = https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/11/13/commonwealth-act-no-184/

|title = AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL LANGUAGE INSTITUTE AND DEFINE ITS POWERS AND DUTIES

|chamber = CA

|number = 184

|publisher = Official Gazette of the Philippine Government

|date = 13 November 1936

|access-date = May 22, 2020

|archive-date = April 9, 2023

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230409062012/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/11/13/commonwealth-act-no-184/

|url-status = dead

}} Later, President Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra, who sat as the chair of the Institute and as the representative of Samar-Leyte-Visayans, the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing the Ilokano-speaking regions), Filemon Sotto (the Cebu-Visayans), Casimiro Perfecto (the Bikolanos), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (the Panay-Visayans), Hadji Butu (the languages of Muslim Filipinos), and Cecilio Lopez (the Tagalogs).{{cite book|title=Basic Tagalog|author=Aspillera, P.|publisher=M. and Licudine Ent.|location=Manila|date=1981}}

The Institute of National Language adopted a resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving the adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language. Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora, which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation.{{cite PH act

|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937

|title=Proclaming the national language of the Philippines based on the "Tagalog" language

|chamber=EO

|number=134

|publisher=Official Gazette of the Philippine Government

|date=December 30, 1937

|access-date=May 22, 2020

|archive-date=September 24, 2021

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924180022/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937/

|url-status=dead

}} On December 31 of the same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving the following factors:

1. Tagalog is widely spoken and is the most understood language in all the Philippine Regions.
2. It is not divided into smaller daughter languages, as Visayan or Bikol are.
3. Its literary tradition is the richest of all Philippine languages, the most developed and extensive (mirroring that of the Tuscan language vis-à-vis Italian). From at least before 1935, more books were written in Tagalog than in any other Philippine language.
4. Tagalog has always been the language of Manila, the political centre of the Philippines in much of its history as a multiethnic country and a considerable economic centre of the Philippine islands since time immemorial.
5. The Katipunan generally used the Tagalog language for its operations, and the Philippine Revolution and the First Philippine Republic operationally used Spanish afterwards, but many of the leaders of the revolution spoke Tagalog, more so among ethnic groups from central to southern Luzon including some adjacent islands. Tagalog also became a choice for some non-Tagalog Filipino revolutionary leaders and nationalists in some of their publications, especially if they were to publish in Manila. The Katipunan extended the meaning of the term Tagalog to all people native to the Philippine islands, including Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Kapampangans, etc, and extended the term Katagalugan to the whole Philippine islands not just native Tagalog-speaking areas, building a Tagalog Republic, the reason being a unified opposition against Spanish hegemony.

On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946{{cite web|url=http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/7/77471|title=- Presidential Proclamations|website=elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph}} (coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year, the Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ ({{langx|en|Grammar of the National Language}}) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced the 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard of the national language.{{cite web |title =Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |access-date = June 22, 2010}} The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language.

In 1959, the language became known as Pilipino in an effort to disassociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group.{{cite journal

|author=Andrew Gonzalez

|year=1998

|title=The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines

|journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development

|volume=19

|issue=5, 6

|url=http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf

|access-date=March 24, 2007

|page=487

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616101625/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf

|archive-date=June 16, 2007

|doi=10.1080/01434639808666365

}} The changing of the name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non-Tagalogs, especially Cebuanos who had previously not accepted the 1937 selection.{{citation | author = Andrew Gonzalez | year = 1998 | title = The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines | journal = Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development | volume = 19 | issue = 5, 6 | url = http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf | access-date = March 24, 2007 | pages = 487–488 | doi = 10.1080/01434639808666365 |postscript =.}}

The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism": one campaigning against Tagalog and the other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963, Negros Occidental congressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took a case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led a "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted a number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a "Manila Lingua Franca" which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with an Akademia ng Wikang Filipino, to replace the balarila with a Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino, to replace the 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit the creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta.{{cite book |url=http://kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/FAQ_2.4.15-1.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions on the National Language |publisher=Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |access-date=March 28, 2018 |archive-date=August 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827184315/http://kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/FAQ_2.4.15-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Michael L. |date=August 29, 2014 |title=Behind Filipino (2) |work=Inquirer.net |department=Pinoy Kasi |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/77916/behind-filipino-2}}

The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention. While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of the delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether.{{cite web|title=What the PH constitutions say about the national language|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/65477-national-language-philippine-constitutions|website=Rappler|date=August 7, 2014 }} A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the 1973 Constitution, in both its original form and as amended in 1976, designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of a common national language, termed Filipino, to replace Pilipino. Neither the original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking the National Assembly to:{{Harvnb|Constitution of the Philippines|1973}}{{Harvnb|Amended Constitution of the Philippines|1976}}

{{blockquote

| text = take steps toward the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino.

| sign =

}}

In 1987, a new constitution designated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language.{{Harvnb|Constitution of the Philippines|1987}} That constitution included several provisions related to the Filipino language.

Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that:

{{blockquote

| text = as Filipino evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.

| sign =

}}

And also states in the article:

{{blockquote

| text = Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.

| sign =

}}

and:

{{blockquote

| text = The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.

| sign =

}}

Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed the Institute of National Language as Institute of Philippine Languages.{{cite web|url=http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/5/8126|title=- Executive Orders|website=elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph}} Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created the {{lang|fil|Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino}} (Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages.{{cite PH act

| url = http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7104.htm#.VFm4vzxxnDc

| title = Commission on the Filipino Language Act

| chamber = RA

| number = 7104

| date = August 14, 1991

| access-date= November 5, 2014}} On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino is the

{{blockquote

| text = indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in the Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups.{{cite web

| url = http://wika.pbworks.com/Resolusyon%20Blg%2092-1

| title = Resolusyon Blg. 92-1

| access-date = 2007-03-24

| date = 13 May 1992

| publisher = Commission on the Filipino Language

| language = fil

}}

| sign =

}}

However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 went neither so far as to categorically identify, nor so far as to dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92–1 is the prerogative of the Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language.{{original research inline|date=February 2017}}

Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004, with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code fil.{{cite web |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: fil |url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=fil |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |access-date=July 24, 2007}}

On August 22, 2007, it was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English, in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines. De la Rama said it was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna, Cavite, Quezon, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Batangas, Rizal, and Metro Manila, all of which mentioned are natively Tagalog-speaking.{{cite web |title=3 Bulacan courts to use Filipino in judicial proceedings |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view/20070822-84080/3-Bulacan-courts-to-use-Filipino-in-judicial-proceedings |url-status=dead |publisher=Globalnation.inquirer.net |date=August 22, 2007 |access-date=April 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604230158/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view/20070822-84080/3-Bulacan-courts-to-use-Filipino-in-judicial-proceedings |archive-date=June 4, 2013}}

Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino as Buwan ng Wika (Language Month). Previously, this lasted only a week and was known as Linggo ng Wika (Language Week). The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language).

In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language. this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of the Filipino writer Francisco Baltazar, author of the Tagalog epic Florante at Laura.

In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year.{{cite web|url=https://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1954/proc_12_1954.html|title=Proklama Blg. 12, March 26, 1954, lawphil.net}} This proclamation was amended the following year by President Ramon Magsaysay by Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13–19, every year.{{cite web|url=https://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1955/proc_186_1955.html|title=Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, 1955, lawphil.net|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-date=June 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618120800/https://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1955/proc_186_1955.html|url-status=dead}} Now coinciding with the birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration".

In 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos.{{cite web|url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/07/15/proklamasyon-blg-1041-s-1997-2/|title=Proklamasyon Blg. 1041, s. 1997 – GOVPH}}

It is argued that current state of the Filipino language is contrary to the intention of Republic Act (RA) No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages.[http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/congrec/14th/1st/1RS-11.pdf Congressional Record : Plenary Proceedings of the 14th Congress, First Regular Session : House of Representatives] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629110922/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/congrec/14th/1st/1RS-11.pdf |date=June 29, 2011 }}, Vol. 1, No. 11, August 14, 2007, pp. 455-460 (Rep. López opens the discussion){{needs citation|date=October 2024}}

It is further argued that, while the official view (shared by the government, the {{Lang|fil|Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino|italic=no}}, and a number of educators) is that Filipino and Tagalog are considered separate languages, in practical terms, Filipino may be considered the official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it.{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=F2SRqDzB50wC }} |year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-087775-4|pages=[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=F2SRqDzB50wC |page=1035 }} 1035–1038]|last=Wolff|first=J.U.}} Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based".{{cite web|url=http://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/911-the-filipino-language-that-might-have-been.html|title=The Filipino language that might have been|author=Paul Morrow|date= July 16, 2010|publisher=Pilipino Express|access-date=July 18, 2012}} The language is usually called Tagalog within the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known as Filipino to differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin, the latter national. This is similar to the comparison between Castilian and Spanish, or Mandarin and Chinese.

Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same, sharing, among other things, the same grammatical structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at the Mariano Marcos State University in Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, or any of the other Philippine languages. He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104, which requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages, something toward which the commission was working.{{cite web |title=New center to document Philippine dialects |url=http://www.asianjournal.com/?c=53&a=20983 |publisher=Asian Journal |date=June 18, 2007 |access-date=June 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703172807/http://www.asianjournal.com/?c=53&a=20983 |archive-date=July 3, 2008 |via=www.inquirer.net}}{{cite web |title=Wika / Maraming Wika, Matatag na Bansa – Chairman Nolasco |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/w/page/8021683/Maraming%20Wika%2C%20Matatag%20na%20Bansa%20-%20Chairman%20Nolasco |website=wika.pbworks.com |access-date=February 15, 2018}} On August 24, 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows:

{{blockquote|Are "Tagalog," "Pilipino" and "Filipino" different languages? No, they are mutually intelligible varieties, and therefore belong to one language. According to the KWF, Filipino is that speech variety spoken in Metro Manila and other urban centers where different ethnic groups meet. It is the most prestigious variety of Tagalog and the language used by the national mass media.

The other yardstick for distinguishing a language from a dialect is: different grammar, different language. "Filipino", "Pilipino" and "Tagalog" share identical grammar. They have the same determiners (ang, ng and sa); the same personal pronouns (siya, ako, niya, kanila, etc.); the same demonstrative pronouns (ito, iyan, doon, etc.); the same linkers (na, at and ay); the same particles (na and pa); and the same verbal affixes -in, -an, i- and -um-. In short, same grammar, same language.}}

In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related term Tagalista is frequently used. While the word Tagalista literally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and "Imperial Manila", the word Tagalista is used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues".{{cite book |last=Martinez |first=David |title=A Country of Our Own: Partitioning the Philippines |publisher=Bisaya Books |location=Los Angeles |year=2004 |page=202 |isbn=9780976061304}}

File:WIKITONGUES- James speaking Filipino, English, and Spanish.webm]]

This is a translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.{{cite web|date=2015-10-06|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html|access-date=2021-02-13|website=www.un.org}} Usually, the diacritics are not written, and the syntax and grammar are based on that of Tagalog.

{{Portal|Philippines|Language}}

• Philippine literature
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• Filipino Sign Language
• Filipino orthography
• Filipino alphabet
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• Suyat
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• Tagalog language
• Tagalog phonology
• Tagalog Wikipedia
• Taglish
• List of loanwords in Tagalog
• Commission on the Filipino Language
• UP Diksiyonaryong Filipino

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|date = January–February 2013

|work = Balanghay: The Philippine Factsheet

|title = The Filipíno Language

|url = http://www.ncca.gov.ph/downloads/balanghay.pdf

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131012073429/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/downloads/balanghay.pdf

|archive-date = October 12, 2013

}}

• {{citation

|author-last = Patke

|author-first = Rajeev S.

|author2-last = Holden

|author2-first = Philip

|year = 2010

|title = The Routledge Concise History of Southeast Asian Writing in English

|publisher = Routledge

|place = Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom

|isbn = 978-0-203-87403-5

|ref = {{harvid| Patke|2010}}

}}

• {{citation

|author-last = Paz

|author-first = Leo

|author2-last = Juliano

|author2-first = Linda

|editor-last = Hudson

|editor-first = Thom

|editor2-last = Clark

|editor2-first = Martyn

|year = 2008

|work = Case Studies in Foreign Language Placement: Practices and Possibilities

|title = Filipino (Tagalog) Language Placement Testing in Selected Programs in the United States

|pages = 7–16

|place = Honolulu, Hawaii

|publisher = University of Hawaii, National Language Resource Center

|isbn = 978-0-9800459-0-1

|ref = {{harvid|Paz|2008}}

}}

• {{citation

|author-last = Rubrico

|author-first = Jessie Grace U.

|year = 2012

|title = Indigenization of Filipino: The Case of the Davao City Variety

|publisher = University of Malaya

|place = Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

|url = https://www.academia.edu/2283970

}}

{{refend}}

• New Vicassan's English–Pilipino Dictionary by Vito C. Santos, {{ISBN|971-27-0349-5}}
• Learn Filipino: Book One by Victor Eclar Romero {{ISBN|1-932956-41-7}}
• Lonely Planet Filipino/Tagalog (Travel Talk) {{ISBN|1-59125-364-0}}
• Lonely Planet Pilipino Phrasebook {{ISBN|0-86442-432-9}}
• UP Diksyonaryong Filipino by Virgilio S. Almario (ed.) {{ISBN|971-8781-98-6}}, and {{ISBN|971-8781-99-4}}
• English–Pilipino Dictionary, Consuelo T. Panganiban, {{ISBN|971-08-5569-7}}
• Diksyunaryong Filipino–English, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, {{ISBN|971-8705-20-1}}
• New English–Filipino Filipino–English Dictionary, by Maria Odulio de Guzman {{ISBN|971-08-1776-0}}
• [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=xyYkxBmiA7AC |page=479 }} "When I was a child I spoke as a child": Reflecting on the Limits of a Nationalist Language Policy] by Danilo Manarpaac. In: [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=xyYkxBmiA7AC }} The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies] by Christian Mair. Rodopi; 2003 {{ISBN|978-90-420-0876-2}}. p. 479–492.

{{InterWiki|code=tl}}

{{Wikivoyage|Filipino phrasebook|Filipino|a phrasebook}}

• [http://www.kwf.gov.ph Commission on the Filipino Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412182142/http://www.kwf.gov.ph/ |date=April 12, 2020 }}
• [http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/plenary_papers/andrew_gonzales.pdf Language planning in multilingual countries: The case of the Philippines], discussion by linguist and educator Andrew Gonzalez
• {{cite news|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590|title=The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off|first=Alan|last=Weedon|date=August 10, 2019}} "...a third of the Filipino language is derived from Spanish words, constituting some 4,000 'loan words'".
• {{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277951403|title=The Politics of "P" and "F": A Linguistic History of Nation-Building in the Philippines|last=Tupas|first=Ruanni|journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development|volume=36|issue=6|pages=587–597|year=2015|doi=10.1080/01434632.2014.979831|s2cid=143332545}}
• {{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/2284011|title=Indigenization of Filipino: The Case of the Davao City Variety|first=Jessie Grace U. |last=Rubrico|year=2012|publisher=Language Links Foundation, Incorporated|via=academia.edu}}
• {{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/2154046|title=Drafting the 1987 Constitution : The Politics of Language|last=Atienza|first=Ela L.|journal=Philippine Political Science Journal|year=1994|volume=18|issue=37–38|pages=79–101|doi=10.1080/01154451.1994.9754188}} Published online: April 18, 2012

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