First siege of Arsuf
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Arsuf
| image = Gustave dore crusades gerard of avesnes exposed on the walls of asur.jpg
| caption = Gerard of Avesnes exposed on the walls of Arsuf. Illustration by Gustave Doré (1877)
| partof = the Crusades|
| date = Late October – Mid December 1099
| place = Arsuf, Fatimid Caliphate
| coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|display=it}}
| map_type = Israel
| map_label = First siege of Arsuf
| map_relief = yes
| alt =
| map_caption =
| result = Fatimid victory
| combatant1 = {{Flag|Fatimid Caliphate}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Kingdom of Jerusalem}}
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Fatimid Caliphate}} Governor of Arsuf
| commander2 = 18px Godfrey of Bouillon
| strength1 = 500~1,000
| strength2 = 3,000{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=39}}
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown|
}}
{{Campaignbox Crusades Battles}}
The First siege of Arsuf, originally Apollonia, took place in 1099, just after the First Crusade. It was carried out by Godfrey of Bouillon after the city failed to pay a previously agreed tribute.{{Cite book|title=Godfrey of Bouillon: Duke of Lower Lotharingia, Ruler of Latin Jerusalem, c.1060-1100|last=John|first=Simon|date=2017-11-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317126300|language=en}} The attempt to capture the city failed for want of ships.
Background
Arsuf was an ancient city in Judea dating from the late Roman era, situated on a cliff above the Mediterranean Sea, about 21 miles south of Caesarea, now in Israel. The city fell to the Muslims in 640 and was fortified to protect against attacks by the Byzantine armies. Godfrey reached an agreement with the citizens of Arsuf after it was known that he intended to stay in Jerusalem and reconciled with Raymond of Toulouse. The treaty stated that Arsuf would pay tribute to Godfrey and included an exchange of hostages that included Godfrey's knight, Gerard of Avesnes. However the Muslim hostages escaped, giving Arsuf no reason to pay their tribute. Godfrey subsequently besieged the city in October.
Siege
An account by Albert of Aachen stated that Godfrey spent six weeks building mangenae or stone throwers, which were used to support two siege towers.{{Cite book|title=Artillery in the Era of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology, Volume 122|last=Fulton|first=Michael S.|date=2018|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004376922|location=Leiden|pages=90}} The number of Godfrey's men, however, was severely reduced after most of the crusaders returned home via Laodicea.{{Cite book|title=The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000-1714|last=France|first=John|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415371279|location=Oxon|pages=90}} In the end the two assaults made on Arsuf were defeated when the garrison set the siege towers on fire.{{Cite book|last=Tibble|first=Steve|title=The Crusader Strategy - Defending the Holy Land|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=|location=|pages=35–37}} Godfrey was left with no options and ended the siege.
During the siege, while the Crusaders pounded the walls with catapults, the Fatimids had Gerard hung from the mast of an old ship that had been lying in the city. They raised Gerard up to be in view of the attacking Crusaders. Gerard begged Godfrey to take pity on him. Godrey responded that while Gerard was the bravest of knights, but he could not call off the attack. Godfrey said that it was better for Gerard to be the sole casualty than to Arsuf to remain a danger to Christian pilgrims. Gerard then asked that his property be donated to the Holy Sepulchre, of which Godfrey was Defender, instead of the king. The Crusaders continued their attack. Gerard was wounded multiple times, though he managed to survive and make it back to Jerusalem.
The city rulers offered to surrender to Raymond of Saint-Gilles, but Godfrey refused.{{cite book|last1=Runciman|first1=Steven|title=A History of the Crusades, Volume One|date=1951|pages=298}} Raymond even encouraged the garrison at Arsuf to hold out against Godfrey, touting his perceived weakness.{{cite book|last1=Runciman|first1=Steven|title=A History of the Crusades, Volume One|date=1951|pages=308–309}} Within Godfrey's army, Franco I of Maasmechelen, a relative of Godfrey, is known to have died in the battle.
Second siege of Arsuf
Baldwin I started the second siege and finally took the city on 29 April 1101, after a siege by land and sea with no Latin casualties. The Muslim populace surrendered after three days. Baldwin allowed the inhabitants to withdraw to Ascalon, granting them safe conduct, bearing any goods they could carry, and his troops rebuilt the city.The Crusades by Thomas Asbridge, Pg. 123
Change of hands 1187, 1191
In 1187, Arsuf was captured by the Muslims, but fell again to the Crusaders on 7 September 1191 after the Battle of Arsuf, fought between the forces of Richard the Lionheart and Saladin.
Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}
Bibliography
{{Refbegin|30em}}
- Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The First Crusaders, 1095-1131, Cambridge University Press, London, 1997
- {{Runciman-A History of the Crusades|volume=1}}
- {{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W |title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1907 }}
{{Refend}}
{{Israel-hist-stub}}
Category:1090s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem