First siege of Badajoz (1811)

{{Infobox military conflict

|conflict=First siege of Badajoz (1811)

| image= Gebora and 1 Badajoz.jpg

| image_size = 220

|caption=Map of the Battle of the Gebora and the first siege of Badajoz

|partof=Peninsular War

|date=26 January 1811 – 11 March 1811{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=422}}

|place=Badajoz, Spain

|coordinates={{coord|38|52|49|N|6|58|31|W}}

|result=French victory{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=422}}

|combatant1={{flagicon|France}} First French Empire

|combatant2={{flagicon|Spain|1785}} Kingdom of Spain

|commander1={{flagicon|France}} Soult

|commander2={{flagicon|Spain|1785}} Rafael Menacho (KiA); José Imaz

|strength1=17,000{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=422}}

|strength2=21,000 at the beginning{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=422}}
9,000 at the end{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=422}}

|casualties1=1,500 killed or wounded{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=422}}

|casualties2=7,000 killed or wounded{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=422}}
14,000 captured{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=422}}

}}

{{OSM Location map

| coord = {{coord|40.6|-7}}

| zoom = 5

| float = right

| nolabels = 1

| width = 304

| height = 160

| title = Peninsular War
Castile 1811–13

| caption = {{legend|black|current battle}}

| shapeD=n-circle

| shape-colorD=dark blue

| shape-outlineD=white

| label-colorD = dark blue

| label-sizeD = 12

| label-posD = left

| label-offset-xD =

| label-offset-yD =

| label1 = Badajoz

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|38.88|-6.98}}

| mark-title1 = First siege of Badajoz (1811)
from 26 January 1811 to 11 March 1811
Second siege of Badajoz (1811)
from 22 April to 12 May 1811
from 19 May to 10 June 1811
Siege of Badajoz (1812)
from 16 March to 6 April 1812

| label-color1 = black

| shape-color1 = black

| label2 =

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|38.90|-6.98}}

| mark-title2 = Battle of the Gebora at Gebora, on 19 February 1811

| label3 = Campo Maior

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|39|-7.05}}

| mark-title3 = Battle of Campo Maior at Campo Maior, on 25 March 1811

| label-pos3 = right

| label-offset-x3 = 20

| label4 = Albuera

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|38.72|-6.82}}

| mark-title4 = Battle of Albuera at Albuera, on 16 May 1811

| label-pos4 = bottom

| label-offset-x4 = -10

| label5 =

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|38.35|-6.17}}

| mark-title5 = Battle of Usagre at Usagre, on 25 May 1811

| label6 = Arlabán

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|42.98|-2.57}}

| mark-title6 = Battle of Arlabán (1811)
on 25 May 1811
Battle of Arlabán (1812)
on 9 April 1812

| label7 =

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|42.53|-5.93}}

| mark-title7 = Battle of Cogorderos at Cogorderos, on 23 June 1811

| label8 =

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|39.18|-6.17}}

| mark-title8 = Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos at Arroyo dos Molinos, on 28 October 1811

| label9 =

| mark-coord9 = {{coord|38.9|-6.33}}

| mark-title9 = Battle of Navas de Membrillo at Navas de Membrillo, on 29 December 1811

| label10 = Ciudad Rodrigo

| mark-coord10 = {{coord|40.56|-6.54}}

| mark-title10 = Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812) at Ciudad Rodrigo, from 7 to 20 January 1812

| label11 =

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|38.28|-6.07}}

| mark-title11 = Battle of Villagarcia at Villagarcia, on 11 April 1812

| label12 =

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|39.8|-5.67}}

| mark-title12 = Battle of Almaraz at Almaraz, from 18 to 19 May 1812

| label13 =

| mark-coord13 = {{coord|38.37|-5.83}}

| mark-title13 = Battle of Maguilla at Maguilla, on 11 June 1812

| label14 = Astorga

| mark-coord14 = {{coord|42.46|-6.06}}

| mark-title14 = Siege of Astorga (1812) at Astorga, from 29 June to 19 August 1812

| label15 = Salamanca

| mark-coord15 = {{coord|40.89|-5.65}}

| mark-title15 = Battle of Salamanca at Salamanca, on 22 July 1812

| label-offset-x15 = 5

| label-offset-y15 = -2

| label16 =

| mark-coord16 = {{coord|40.86|-5.43}}

| mark-title16 = Battle of García Hernández at Garcihernández, on 23 July 1812

| label17 =

| mark-coord17 = {{coord|40.47|-3.87}}

| mark-title17 = Battle of Majadahonda at Majadahonda, on 11 August 1812

| label18 = Burgos

| mark-coord18 = {{coord|42.35|-3.7}}

| mark-title18 = Siege of Burgos at Burgos, from 19 September to 21 October 1812

| label-pos18 = right

| label19 =

| mark-coord19 = {{coord|42.15|-4.1}}

| mark-title19 = Battle of Venta del Pozo at Villodrigo, on 23 October 1812

| label20 =

| mark-coord20 = {{coord|41.5|-5}}

| mark-title20 = Battle of Tordesillas (1812) at Tordesillas, from 25 to 29 October 1812

}}

The first siege of Badajoz was a siege carried out during the Peninsular War on the Spanish town of Badajoz, by the French general Soult.

It commenced on 27 January 1811,{{sfn|Gates|1986|p=245}} despite the fact that Gazan's infantry division of 6,000 men, which was escorting the siege train, would not arrive until 3 February.{{sfn|Oman|1911|p=41}} The previous day, Soult had sent General Latour-Maubourg's six cavalry battalions across the Guadiana to blockade the fortress's northern approach.{{sfn|Oman|1911|p=38}}

Background

The stalemate in the west started with the first siege of Badajoz.

Prelude to the siege

In order to draw some of the Allied forces away from Masséna and the Lines of Torres Vedras,{{sfn|Glover|1974|p=142}} Soult had led an expedition of 20,000 men into Extremadura with the aim of capturing the Spanish fortress at Badajoz.

Dividing his army into two contingents, he advanced into Extremadura via the two main passes leading from Andalusia into the Guadiana valley, with the intention of rejoining at Almendralejo.{{sfn|Oman|1911|pp=31–32}} Although the columns commanded by Latour-Maubourg had been confronted by 2,500 Spanish and Portuguese cavalry near Usagre on 3 January 1811, it was only a screen covering the retreat beyond the Guadiana of a Spanish infantry division commanded by General Mendizábal. Latour-Maubourg was therefore able to take up his position near Almendralejo and await the arrival of Soult's second French column.{{sfn|Oman|1911|p=32}}

=Siege of Olivenza=

Not yet being able to besiege so strong a fortress as Badajoz because of his reduced force, Soult changed his original plans and sent his light cavalry under Brigadier General André Briche to take Mérida and leaving four squadrons of dragoons at Albuera to watch the garrison at Badajoz, he marched with the remainder of his army to invest Olivenza.{{sfn|Oman|1911|p=35}}

Siege

In September 1810, Rafael Menacho was promoted to field marshal and appointed military and civil governor of Badajoz, as well as commanding officer of its garrison.{{in lang|es}} García-Menacho y Osset, Eduardo. [https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/26728/rafael-menacho-y-tutllo "Rafael Menacho y Tutlló".] Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 16 February 2023.

At the beginning of 1811, the garrison at Badajoz consisted of 4,100 men. However, before withdrawing towards Portugal, Mendizábal had added two battalions more (1st and 2nd of the Second Regiment of Seville) raising the Spanish troops there to 5,000.Oman, Charles (1911). [https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/56812/pg56812-images.html#FNanchor_74 A History of the Peninsular War, Vol. IV, pp. 40, 54-56, 61, footnote 75.] Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 16 February 2023.

Following Mendizábal's rout at Gebora, the remnants of his army (1,108 men of La Carrera's division, 554 of Virues's division, and 995 of battalions of Garcia's division) took refuge at Badajoz, bringing the number of troops at the garrison up to over 8,000 men.

On 3 March, Menacho sent out a sortie which spiked the twelve guns of the two nearest besieging batteries. However, while he was watching the progress of the action from the ramparts of the castle, he was killed by a chance shot. The following week, the new commander, Brigadier José Imaz, called a council of war which decided to surrender to Mortier.

=Oman's comment=

Oman, in his A History of the Peninsular War, Vol. IV (1911), was especially critical of Imaz's surrender, summing it up as follows:

Badajoz was found by the victors to contain rations for 8,000 men sufficient to last for over a month, more than 150 serviceable cannon, 80,000 lb. of powder, 300,000 infantry cartridges, and two bridge equipages. There is not the slightest doubt that if Menacho had lived the place would have held out till it was relieved by Beresford. For the latter, who was finally ordered to move to its relief on March 12th, would have reached its neighbourhood on the 18th. (Oman 1911, p. 61.)

Aftermath

The stalemate in the west proceeded with the second siege of Badajoz.

References

Bibliography

{{cite book | last=Bodart | first=Gaston | year=1908 | title=Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905) | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ | url-access=registration | access-date=27 May 2021}}
{{citation

| last = Gates

| first = David

| publication-date = 2002

| year = 1986

| title = The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War

| publisher = Pimlico

| isbn = 978-0-7126-9730-9

}}