Fodder

File:Round hay bale at dawn02.jpg bales]]

File:Newton of Cawdor stack of bales - geograph.org.uk - 545290.jpg

File:African boy transporting fodder by bicycle edit.jpg ]]

• Alfalfa (lucerne)
• Barley
• Common duckweed{{cite web |last1=Devlamynck |first1=Reindert |last2=Meers |first2=Erik |title=Valorization of agricultural wastewater streams into an alternative protein source duckweed |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330586208 |date=May 2018}}
• Birdsfoot trefoil
• Brassica spp.
• Kale
• Rapeseed (canola)
• Rutabaga (swede)
• Turnip
• Clover
• Alsike clover
• Red clover
• Subterranean clover
• White clover
• Grass
• Bermuda grass
• Brome
• False oat grass
• Fescue
• Heath grass
• Meadow grasses (from naturally mixed grassland swards)
• Orchard grass
• Ryegrass
• Timothy-grass
• Corn (maize)
• Millet
• Oats
• Sorghum
• Soybeans
• Trees (pollard tree shoots for "tree-hay")
• Wheat

File:A traditional method of storing wheat hay in Punjab.jpg

File:Green fodder.jpg

• Biochar for cattle{{harvnb|Daly|2019|p=}}:Mr Pow said his innovative farming system could help livestock producers become more profitable while helping to address the impact of climate change.
• Bran
• Conserved forage plants: hay and silage
• Compound feed and premixes, often called pellets, nuts or (cattle) cake
• Crop residues: stover, copra, straw, chaff, sugar beet waste
• Fish meal
• Freshly cut grass and other forage plants
• Grass or lawn clipping waste{{sfn|Logsdon |2004 |p={{page missing|date=September 2024}}}}
• Green maize
• Green sorghum
• Horse gram
• Leaves from certain species of trees{{cite web |url=http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Forestry/DFID_impact_case_study_Fodder_trees_FINAL%5B1%5D.pdf |title=Fodder trees for more milk and income |publisher=Department for International Development |access-date=2015-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927051732/http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Forestry/DFID_impact_case_study_Fodder_trees_FINAL%5B1%5D.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-27 }}
• Meat and bone meal (now illegal in cattle and sheep feeds in many areas due to risk of BSE)
• Molasses
• Native green grass
• Oilseed press cake (cottonseed, safflower, sunflower, soybean, peanut or groundnut)
• Oligosaccharides
• Processed insects (i.e. processed maggots{{cite magazine|url = https://www.wired.co.uk/article/food-of-larvae |title = How AgriProtein makes chicken food from maggots|date =9 March 2014|first = João |last =Medeiros|magazine = Wired}})
• Seaweed (including Asparagopsis taxiformis which is used mainly as a supplement to reduce methane emissions by up to 90%)
• Seeds and grains, either whole or prepared by crushing, milling, etc.
• Single cell protein{{cite journal| pmid=3292921 | doi=10.1002/food.19880320302 | volume=32 | title=Single cell protein as food and feed | year=1988 | journal=Nahrung | pages=219–29 | last1 = Giec | first1 = A | last2 = Skupin | first2 = J| issue=3 }}(can also be made from atmospheric {{CO2}})
• Sprouted grains and legumes
• Yeast extract (brewer's yeast residue)

In the past, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease") spread through the inclusion of ruminant meat and bone meal in cattle feed due to prion contamination. This practice is now banned in most countries where it has occurred.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} Some animals have a lower tolerance for spoiled or moldy fodder than others, and certain types of molds, toxins, or poisonous weeds inadvertently mixed into a feed source may cause economic losses due to sickness or death of the animals. The US Department of Health and Human Services regulates drugs of the Veterinary Feed Directive type that can be present within commercial livestock feed.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

File:Farmer mills branches of shrubs for the production of animal fodder in Namibia.jpg

Increasing intensities and frequencies of drought events put rangeland agriculture under pressure in semi-arid and arid geographic areas. Innovative emergency fodder production concepts have been reported, such as bush-based animal fodder production in Namibia. During extended dry periods, some farmers have used woody biomass fibre from encroacher bush as their primary source of cattle feed, adding locally-available supplements for nutrients as well as to improve palatability.{{Citation |last1=Mupangwa |first1=Johnfisher |title=Utilising Encroacher Bush in Animal Feeding |date=2023 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2427-1_14 |work=Towards Sustainable Food Production in Africa: Best Management Practices and Technologies |pages=239–265 |editor-last=Fanadzo |editor-first=Morris |access-date=2023-07-13 |series=Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-2427-1_14 |isbn=978-981-99-2427-1 |last2=Lutaaya |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Shipandeni |first3=Maria Ndakula Tautiko |last4=Kahumba |first4=Absalom |last5=Charamba |first5=Vonai |last6=Shiningavamwe |first6=Katrina Lugambo |editor2-last=Dunjana |editor2-first=Nothando |editor3-last=Mupambwa |editor3-first=Hupenyu Allan |editor4-last=Dube |editor4-first=Ernest}}{{Citation |last1=Shiningavamwe |first1=Katrina Lugambo |title=Feed intake, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Damara lambs fed bush-based rations from four encroacher bush species |date=2024-05-14 |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4241387/v1 |access-date=2024-06-13 |doi=10.21203/rs.3.rs-4241387/v1 |last2=Lutaaya |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Mupangwa |first3=Johnfisher}}{{cite web|publisher =Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry |date =2018|title = Report on the Bush-to-Feed Pilot Projet in the African Wild Dog Community Forest|url = http://www.forestry.gov.na/documents/32982/937523/NAFOLA+Report+on+bush/8be204be-eb4f-4156-bac7-610ae9c35315?version=1.0}}{{Cite news|date=2018-11-30|title=Manual on how to produce animal feed from local encroached bush launched |work= Namibia Economist| url=https://economist.com.na/40365/agriculture/manual-on-how-to-produce-animal-feed-from-local-encroached-bush-launched/|access-date= |first = Donald|last = Matthys}}{{Cite news|date=2016-10-18|title=Turning bush to feed in face of drought|work=The Namibian|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/157045/archive-read/Turning-bush-to-feed-in-face-of-drought|access-date=2020-06-22|archive-date=2020-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625070201/https://www.namibian.com.na/157045/archive-read/Turning-bush-to-feed-in-face-of-drought|url-status=dead}}

File:Fodder Solutions.jpg

Fodder in the form of Sprouted cereal grains such as barley, and legumes can be grown in commercial quantities. Sprouted grains can significantly increase the nutritional value of the grain compared with feeding the ungerminated grain to stock.{{cite book | title=Review of Hydroponic Fodder Production for Beef Cattle | last1=Sneath | first1=Roger | last2=McIntosh | first2=Felicity | date=October 2003 | page=15 | publisher=Meat & Livestock Australia | access-date=7 June 2018 | isbn=1740365038}} They use less water than traditional forage, making them ideal for drought conditions. Sprouted barley and other cereal grains can be grown hydroponically in a carefully-controlled environment.{{cite book | title=Review of Hydroponic Fodder Production for Beef Cattle | last1=Sneath | first1=Roger | last2=McIntosh | first2=Felicity | date=October 2003 | publisher=Meat & Livestock Australia | access-date=7 June 2018 | quote= Hydroponic sprouts may have profitable application in intensive, small-scale livestock situations with high value outputs, where land and alternative feed costs are high, and where the quality changes (eg less starch, more lysine, vitamins, etc) due to sprouting are advantageous to the particular livestock. | isbn=1740365038}} Hydroponically-grown sprouted fodder at {{Nowrap|150 mm}} tall with a {{Nowrap|50 mm}} root mat is at its peak for animal feed. Although barley is a grain, barley sprouts are approved by the American Grassfed Association as livestock feed.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

• Cannon fodder (metaphorical usage)
• Circular agriculture
• Factory farming
• Feed manufacturing
• Food-feed system
• Pasture

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |title=All Flesh Is Grass |last=Logsdon |first=Gene |publisher=Swallow Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8040-1069-2 |location=Ohio University |at=Chapter 20}}
• {{cite web | url = https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2019-10-18/wa-farmer-uses-beetles-and-charcoal-to-combat-climate-change/11613846

| title =Poo-eating beetles and charcoal used by WA farmer to combat climate change | last =Daly | first =Jon | date =18 October 2019

| website =ABC.net.au | publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}

• Zhou, Yiqin. Compar[ison of] Fresh or Ensiled Fodders (e.g., Grass, Legume, Corn) on the Production of Greenhouse Gases Following Enteric Fermentation in Beef Cattle. Rouyn-Noranda, Qué.: Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 2011. N.B.: Research report.
• {{cite book |last1=Ritthausen |first1=Karl Heinrich |title=Die Eiweisskörper der Getreidearten, Hülsenfrüchte und Ölsamen: Beiträge zur Physiologie der Samen der Culturgewächse, der Nahrungs- und Futtermittel |date=1872 |publisher=Verlag von Max Cohen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8U9AAAAYAAJ |language=de |ref=none}}

{{Wiktionary}}

{{commons}}

• [http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/farmingfood/animalfeed/animalfeedlegislation UK Food Standards Agency, Animal feed legislation and guidance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213235422/http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/farmingfood/animalfeed/animalfeedlegislation |date=2010-12-13 }}
• [http://www.fao.org/ag/AGa/AGAP/FRG/Feedsafety/feedsafety.htm FAO Feed Safety guidelines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202144046/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGa/AGAP/FRG/Feedsafety/feedsafety.htm |date=2010-12-02 }}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Animal feed