Fourth World
{{short description|Extension of the three-world model}}
{{other uses}}
{{distinguish|Four Worlds}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
The Fourth World is an extension of the three-world model, used variably to refer to
- Sub-populations socially excluded from global society, such as uncontacted peoples;
- Hunter-gatherer, nomadic, pastoral, and some subsistence farming peoples living beyond the modern industrial norm.{{cite web |url=http://www.acpp.org/sevents/0809.html |title=International day of the world's indigenous people |work=Asian Center for the Progress of Peoples |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204114415/http://www.acpp.org/sevents/0809.html |archive-date=4 December 2008}}
- Sub-populations existing in a First World country, but with the living standards of those of a Third World.
The term is not commonly used. "Fourth World" has also been used to refer to other parts of the world in relation to the three-world model.
Etymology
Fourth World follows the First World, Second World, and Third World classification of nation-state status; however, unlike the former categories, Fourth World is not spatially bounded, and is usually used to refer to size and shape which does not map onto citizenship in a specific nation-state. It can denote nations without a sovereign state, emphasizing the perceived non-recognition and exclusion of ethnically- and religiously-defined peoples from the politico-economic world system, such as the First Nations groups throughout North, Central and South America. Spanish sociologist Manuel Castells of the University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication has made extensive use of the term fourth world.{{cite book |first=Manuel |last=Castells |author-link=Manuel Castells |chapter=32: The Rise of the Fourth World |chapter-url=http://ftp.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/p6700/readings/castells-rise.pdf |title=The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Held |editor2-first=Andy |editor2-last=McGrew |location=Cambridge |publisher=Polity Press |date=2000 |isbn=978-0745631356 |pages=348–354 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031120853/http://ftp.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/p6700/readings/castells-rise.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2022 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |first=Manuel |last=Castells |author-link=Manuel Castells |chapter=2: The Rise of the Fourth World: Informational Capitalism, Poverty, and Social Exclusion |title=End of Millennium |volume=3 |edition=Second |editor1-first=Manuel |editor1-last=Castells |editor1-link=Manuel Castells |date=29 January 2010 |isbn=9781405196888 |doi=10.1002/9781444323436.ch2}}
Coinage
The term was coined in 1969 by Father Joseph Wresinski when he renamed the charity he had founded in 1957 with families from the Noisy-le-Grand (France) shanty town to ATD Quart Monde.
The term was recycled in the 1970s by Mbuto Milando, first secretary of the Tanzanian High Commission, in conversation with George Manuel, Chief of the National Indian Brotherhood (now the Assembly of First Nations). Milando stated that "When Native peoples come into their own, on the basis of their own cultures and traditions, that will be the Fourth World."{{Cite book |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=0-7735-3006-1 |id={{ISBN|9780773530065}}, {{ISBN|0773523324}}, {{ISBN|9780773523326}} |last=Hall |first=Tony |title=The American Empire and the Fourth World: The bowl with one spoon |location=Montreal; Ithaca |series=McGill-Queen's native and northern series, 34. |year=2003 |page=238}}{{Cite book |publisher=Between the Lines |isbn=0-921284-67-5 |id={{ISBN|9780921284673}}, {{ISBN|0921284667}}, {{ISBN|9780921284666}} |last=McFarlane |first=Peter |title=Brotherhood to nationhood: George Manuel and the making of the modern Indian movement |location=Toronto |year=1993 |page=160}}
Since publication of Manuel's The Fourth World: An Indian Reality (1974), the term Fourth World became synonymous with stateless, poor, and marginal nations.{{cite web |url=http://www.cwis.org/fwdp/International/statebrk.txt |title=The breakdown of states |first=Richard |last=Griggs |publisher=Center for World Indigenous Studies}} Since 1979, think tanks such as the Center for World Indigenous Studies have used the term in defining the relationships between ancient, tribal, and non-industrial nations and modern industrialised nation-states.{{cite web |url=http://www.cwis.org/fwdp/International/moscow93.txt |title=Toward the coexistence of nations and states |first=Rudolph C. |last=Ryser |date=September 1993 |publisher=Center for World Indigenous Studies |access-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725013701/http://www.cwis.org/fwdp/International/moscow93.txt |archive-date=25 July 2008 | url-status = dead }} With the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, communications and organizing amongst Fourth World peoples have accelerated in the form of international treaties between aboriginal nations for the purposes of trade, travel, and security.{{cite news |url=http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28202554.html |title=United League of Indigenous Nations formed |work=Indian Country Today |date=10 August 2007 |first=Redwing |last=Cloud}}
In the Indian left movement, M. P. Parameswaran's ideas on the fourth world caused widespread debates, which eventually led to his expulsion from the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in 2004.{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/16/stories/2004021602610700.htm |work=The Hindu |date=2004-02-16 |title=CPI(M) expels M.P. Parameswaran}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/01/stories/2004030104560500.htm |work=The Hindu |date=2004-03-01 |title=KSSP to continue with existing policies}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
See also
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite book |last=Castells |first=Manuel |title=End of Millennium, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture |volume=III |publisher=Blackwell |orig-year=1998 |year=2000 |edition=second |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-631-22139-5}}
External links
- [http://www.cwis.org/FWJ/ Fourth World Journal]
- [http://www.atd-fourthworld.org/ International Movement ATD Fourth World]
- [http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/CLAS/AboutUs/centers-institutes/Pages/Centers.aspx Fourth World Center for the Study of Indigenous Law and Politics] at University of Colorado at Denver ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090611002651/http://carbon.cudenver.edu/fwc/ on archive.org])
- [http://www.tamilnation.org/selfdetermination/fourthworld/index.htm Fourth World: Nations without a State - Nadesan Satyendra]
- [http://www.fwe.cwis.org/ Fourth World Eye] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118152608/http://fwe.cwis.org/ |date=18 January 2008 }}
- [http://cwis.org/fwdp/index_fwdp.php Fourth World Documentation Program]
{{South-South}}
{{Global economic classifications}}